Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Английский язык. Учебное пособие для студентов направления подготовки бакалавров 150700.62 - «Машиностроение»
.pdf
71
done by robots:
1. the operation is repetitive, involving the same basic work motions
every cycle,
2. the operation is hazardous or uncomfortable for the human
worker (for example: spray painting, spot welding, arc welding, and certain
machine loading and unloading tasks),
3. the workpiece or tool is too heavy and difficult to handle,
4. the operation allows the robot to be used on two or three shifts.
VOCABULARY:
handling — обращение
transfer — передача, перенос
location — местонахождение
pick up — брать, подбирать
arrangement — устройство
utilize — утилизировать, находить применение
gripper — захват
grasp— схватывать
spot welding — точечная сварка
continuous — непрерывный
arc welding — электродуговая сварка
spray painting — окраска распылением
frame — рама
spray-painting gun — распылитель краски
grinding — шлифование
polishing — полирование
spindle — шпиндель
manual — ручной
labour — труд
hazardous — опасный
shift — смена
EXERCISES:
1. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. How are robots used in manufacturing?
2. What is «material handling»?
3. What does a robot need to be equipped with to do loading and unloading
72
operations?
4. What does robot manipulate in robotic processing operation?
5. What is the most common application of robots in automobile
manufacturing?
6. What operations could be done by robot in car manufacturing industry?
7. What are the main reasons to use robots in production?
8. How can robots inspect the quality of production?
9. What operations could be done by robots in hazardous or uncomfortable
for the human workers conditions?
2. Переведите предложения на английский язык:
1. Существует несколько различных сфер использования
автоматизации в производстве.
2. Для использования жесткой автоматизации необходимы большие
инвестиции.
3. Жесткая автоматизация широко используется в химической
промышленности.
4. Станки с числовым программным управлением — хороший пример
программируемой автоматизации.
5. Гибкая автоматизация делает возможным перепрограммирование
оборудования.
6. Время простоя оборудования оборачивается большими убытками.
7. Использование гибкой автоматизации делает возможным
производство разнообразной продукции.
CONTROL TEXT:
«FAMOUS PEOPLE OF SCIENCE:
VLADIMIR GRIGORYEVICH SHUKHOV»
Vladimir Grigoryevich Shukhov was a Russian engineer-polymath,
scientist and architect renowned for his pioneering works on new methods
of analysis for structural engineering that led to breakthroughs in industrial
design of world's first hyperboloid structures, diagrid shell structures,
tensile structures, gridshell structures, oil reservoirs, pipelines, boilers, ships
and barges.
Besides the innovations he brought to the oil industry and the
construction of numerous bridges and buildings, Shukhov was the inventor
of a new family of doubly curved structural forms. These forms, based on
non-Euclidean hyperbolic geometry, are known today as hyperboloids of
revolution. Shukhov developed not only many varieties of light-weight
73
hyperboloid towers and roof systems, but also the mathematics for their
analysis. Shukhov is particularly reputed for his original designs of
hyperboloid towers such as the Shukhov Tower.
Vladimir Shukhov was born in a town of Graivoron, Belgorod
uezd, Kursk Governorate (in present-day Belgorod Oblast) into a petty
noble family. His father Grigory Ivanovich Shukhov was a minor
government official, promoted for his efforts in the Crimean War. For a
while, Grigory served as Mayor of Graivoron and later as an administrator
in Warsaw.
In 1864 Vladimir entered Saint Petersburg gymnasium from which
he graduated with distinction in 1871. During his high school years he
showed mathematical talents, once demonstrating to his classmates and
teacher an original proof of the Pythagorean theorem.
After graduating from the gymnasium, Shukhov entered the
Imperial Moscow Technical School, in which his teachers included Pafnuty
Chebyshev, Aleksey Letnikov, and Nikolay Zhukovsky. In the beginning of
the year 1876 Shukhov graduated from school with distinction and a Gold
Medal. Chebyshev offered him a job as a lecturer in mathematics at the
Imperial Moscow Technical School, but Shukhov decided to seek a job in
the engineering industry instead.
In May 1876 Shukhov went to Philadelphia, to work on the
Russian pavilion at the Centennial Exposition, the first official World's Fair
in the United States, and to study the inner workings of the American
construction and engineering industries.
In 1877 Shukhov returned to Russia and joined the drafting office
of the Warsaw–Vienna railroad.
Shukhov always found time for a passionate hobby – photography.
The photographic works of Shukhov opened new trends ahead of their
flourishing of Fine art photography. He made photos in various genres:
reporting, city landscape, portrait, constructivism. About two thousand
photos and negatives made by Shukhov have survived until this day.
After the October Revolution Shukhov decided to stay in the
Soviet Union despite having received alluring job offers from around the
world. Many signal Soviet engineering projects of the 1920s were
associated with his name.
Shukhov died on February 2, 1939 in Moscow and was buried at
the Novodevichy Cemetery.
74
EXERCISES:
1. Переведите текст.
2. По тексту задайте 3 вопроса и ответьте на них.
UNIT 8
NON-FERROUS METALS
I. Text A: «Non-ferrous metals».
Text B: «Aluminium Alloys».
Text C: «Flexible Manufacturing System(FMS)».
II.Control text: «Famous people of science: Georgy Nikolayevich
Babakin ».
TEXT A: «NON-FERROUS METALS»
Non-ferrous metals are more expensive than ferrous metals and are
used only when some characteristic not possessed by iron or steel is
essential or desirable in application. These characteristics are: high
electrical and thermal conductivity, high corrosion resistance, non-
magnetic qualities, light weight, etc.
The metals most frequently used to make non-ferrous mend
castings are copper, tin, zinc, lead, nickel, gold and aluminium. Some of
the basic non-ferrous metals and their characteristics are described below.
Cooperis a reddish-brown, tough metal. It has very-high electric
conductivity and high corrosion-resistant qualities Copper is used for
making electrical contacts and wires, pipes, telephone cables, tanks, water
heaters, etc.
Zinc is a hard, brittle, bluish-white rnetal that is employed in the
pure form as sheet-zinc.
Lead is a very heavy bluish-grey metal which is very soft. This
metal is highly resistant to corrosion, but its strength is so low that it must
be supported by a core of some other metal. Lead is used for liningpipes,
acid tanks and coating electrical cables.
Aluminium is a soft, silvery white metal. It is light in weight, has
high corrosion-resistant qualities and is used for automobile and airplane
75
parts as well as for making different light-weight objects used in everyday
life such as: frames, cooking utensils, chairs, etc.
Tin is a silvery, corrosion-resistant metal. Tin is hardly used in
pure form, but is employed as an alloying element.
Nickel is a hard, tough, silvery metal. It has high corrosionresistant qualities and is used for plating-other metals such as iron or brass.
There are many applications of non-ferrous metals in the unalloyed
state, but in most cases, some alloying element is added.
The above-mentioned non-ferrous metals may be mixed in various
proportions to form many alloys, chief among them being brasses, bronzes,
and aluminium alloys. There is a wide range of use for non-ferrous alloys.
Their nature differs greatly from that of the ferrous group. By varying the
proportions of non-ferrous metals, alloys that are hard or soft, weak or
strong, can be produced. When alloying, the metal with the highest melting
point should be melted first, then the one with the next highest melting
point, and so on until all of the metals that are to make up the alloy are
melted together. For example, to make a red-brass alloy, the copper is
melted first, then the zinc then the lead, and at last the tin. As soon as the
mixture is hot enough to run the castings, it should be taken out of the
furnace, otherwise the zinc, tin and lead may burn away.
Brasses are yellowish or reddish alloys of copper and zinc in
different proportions (about 60 per cent copper and 40 per cent zinc, but
some brasses contain as high as 90 per cent copper with only 10 per cent
zinc). An addition of tin makes brasses stronger. Brasses are very
ductileand may be treated without healing them. They are corrosionresistant and are used for making musical instruments, bearings, etc.
Bronze is an alloy containing primarily copper and tin, but other
elements may be added to the alloy to increase its properties such as
hardness and resistance to wear. The most common bronzes are known as
tin bronze, phosphor bronze, and manganese bronze. Straight bronze is
usually a mixture of copper and tin, but there are many bronzes that contain
zinc and lead, especially the cheap mixtures. Phosphor bronze may be made
by adding a little phosphorus to the mixture. If phosphor tin is used and
alloyed with the copper, better results will be obtained than if the
phosphorus is mixed with the copper. Manganese bronze alloys are usually
made by using both copper that contains from 5 to 15 per cent of manganese
and copper that contains no manganese.
76
VOCABULARY:
posses – обладать, владеть
zinc - цинк
essential – неотъемлемая
brass - латунь
employ – нанимать, применять,
soft – мягкий, использовать
support – поддерживать, опора
rust - ржаветь
core – сердечник, стержень
chief - главный
tough – прочный, жёсткий
lead - свинец
acid tank – бак для кислоты
tin - олово
utensils – принадлежности
copper - медь
plating – гальваническое покрытие
lining – облицовка
ductile – пластичный, вязкий
damp – влажный, сырой
bearings – подшипники, опора
tin bronze – оловянистая бронза
polish – полировать, шлифовать
coating – покрытие, облицовка
reddish-brown – красновато-коричневый
thermal conductivity – теплопроводность, коэффициент теплоты
bluish-white – голубовато-белый
EXERCISES:
1. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. What ferrous metals do you know?
2. What are the main characteristics of non-ferrous metals?
3. What are the properties of copper and what is it used for?
4. What do you know about lead?
5. What purposes is aluminium used for?
6. What are the properties of other non-ferrous metals?
77
7. What metals are used for producing non-ferrous castings?
8. What do you know about brasses?
9. What do you know about bronzes?
10. What are the main properties of non-ferrous castings?
11. Why are attempts made to replace non-ferrous metals by ferrous ones?
2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на слово make:
1. Addition of copper, zinc and iron makes aluminium stronger.
2. The Soviet makes of new cranes are well known all over the world.
3. The foreman makes the learners pay attention to the casting process.
TEXT B: «ALUMINIUM ALLOYS»
Aluminium is used extensively for castings that are to be light in
weight, light in colour, or that must not rust. Since aluminium is too soft for
making castings, it is necessary to mix some other metals with it. The
metals that alloy freely with aluminium are copper, zinc, and iron. Usually,
where aluminium alloys are made, the aluminium predominates.
All non-ferrous castings will take a high polish and will not rust so
easily as the ferrous metals, a characteristic that makes them especially
useful in wet or damp place. Non-ferrous metals are rather expensive and
therefore nowadays scientists try to replace them with some ferrous alloys
of lower cost possessing the same properties.
Aluminium alloys versus types of steel
There are aluminium alloys with somewhat-higher tensile strengths
than the commonly used kinds of steel, simply replacing a steel part with an
aluminium alloy might lead to problems.
With completely new metal products, the design choices are often
governed by the choice of manufacturing technology. Extrusions are
particularly important in this regard, owing to the ease with which
aluminium alloys, particularly the Al–Mg–Si series, can be extruded to form
complex profiles.
In general, stiffer and lighter designs can be achieved with aluminium
alloys than is feasible with steels. For instance, consider the bending of a
thin-walled tube: the second moment of area is inversely related to the
stress in the tube wall, i.e. stresses are lower for larger values. The second
moment of area is proportional to the cube of the radius times the wall
thickness, thus increasing the radius (and weight) by 26% will lead to a
78
halving of the wall stress. For this reason, bicycle frames made of
aluminium alloys make use of larger tube diameters than steel or titanium in
order to yield the desired stiffness and strength. In automotive engineering,
cars made of aluminium alloys employ space frames made of extruded
profiles to ensure rigidity. This represents a radical change from the
common approach for current steel car design, which depend on the body
shells for stiffness, known as unibody design.
Aluminium alloys are widely used in automotive engines, particularly
in cylinder blocks and crankcases due to the weight savings that are
possible. Since aluminium alloys are susceptible to warping at elevated
temperatures, the cooling system of such engines is critical. Manufacturing
techniques and metallurgical advancements have also been instrumental for
the successful application in automotive engines.
An important structural limitation of aluminium alloys is their
lower fatigue strength compared to steel. In controlled laboratory
conditions, steels display a limit, which is the stress amplitude below
which no failures occur – the metal does not continue to weaken with
extended stress cycles. Aluminium alloys do not have this lower fatigue
limit and will continue to weaken with continued stress cycles. Aluminium
alloys are therefore sparsely used in parts that require high fatigue strength
in the high cycle regime (more than 107stress cycles).
VOCABULARY:
extensively – широко
rust – ржавчина
mix – смешивать
freely – свободно
polish– польский
replace– заменять
inversely– обратно
employ space– использовать пространство
unibody – цельным
cylinder blocks – блоки цилиндров
crank cases – картеры
advancements– достижения
application– применение
fatigue – усталость
limit– предел
amplitude– амплитуда
weaken– ослаблять
79
cycles– циклы
sparsely– редко
EXERCISES:
1. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. What is aluminium used for?
2. What metals do alloy freely with aluminium?
3. What characteristic do non-ferrous metals have got?
4.W here arealuminium alloys used?
5.W hat isan important structural limitation of aluminium alloys?
2. Составьте вопросы к предложениям:
1. Copper is used for making electrical contacts and wires because of its
high electrical conductivity.
2. Aluminium" possesses high corrosion-resistant qualities.
3. Non-ferrous castings differ greatly from ferrous ones.
4. Aluminium is extensively used for castings that are to be light in weight.
3. Переведите слова, определяя часть речи:
to conduct, conductor, conductivity; red, reddish; silver, silvery; to possess,
possessive, possession; to plate, plating; to alloy, alloying; to resist,
resistance, resistant; strong, strength, to strengthen; hard, hardness, to
harden, hardening; pure, impure, purity, impurity, to purify, purification.
4. Переведите предложения на русский язык согласно примеру:
Example: Для того чтобы увеличить производство металла,
необходимо применить новые методы его выплавки.
То increase the output of metal it is necessary to apply new
methods of smelting.
1. Для того чтобы увеличить прочность бронзы и сопротивление на
износ, к ее составу можно добавить, кроме меди и олова, некоторые
другие элементы.
2. Фосфорную бронзу можно получить добавлением небольшого
количества фосфора к смеси меди и олова.
80
3. В практике литейного производства цветные металлы стараются
заменить более дешевыми ферросплавами, которые обладают такими
жесвойствами.
4. Алюминий используется для изготовления различных предметов
домашнего обихода.
5. Для того чтобы сделать железо коррозии - устойчивым, его можно
покрыть никелем.
TEXT C: FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEM (FMS)
A Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) is the current level of
automation in the field of manufacturing. The application of FMS requires
advanced technical know-how.
A Flexible Manufacturing System may be defined as a system
dealing with high level distributed data processing and automated material
flow using computer-controlled machines, cells, industrial robots,
inspection machines and so on, together with computer integrated materials
handling and storage systems.
Here manufacturing is considered to be a syhcmtwhich
integrates different processes and requires a properly defined input to create
the expected output.
Input may be raw material and/or data which have to be
processed using various auxiliary components of the system, such as tools,
fixtures and clamping devices, sensors and their feedback data. The output,
may also be data and/or material which can be processed on further units
(often called cells) of the manufacturing system.
An FMS can also be defined as a computer-controlled
configuration of semi-independent work stations and a material handling
system designed to efficiently manufacture more than one kind of part
number at low to medium volumes. The definition highlights the three
essential physical components of an FMS:
a) standard numerically controlled machine tools;
b) a conveyance network to move parts and perhaps tools
between machines and fixturing stations;
c) an overall control-system that coordinates the machine
tools, the parts and the workpieces.
The number of machines in a system typically ranges from 2 to
20 or more. The conveyance system may consist of carousels, conveyors,
carts, robots, automated guided vehicles, etc.
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]