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Файл:Английский язык. Учебное пособие для студентов направления подготовки бакалавров 150700.62 - «Машиностроение»
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and disks,magnetic bubble memories, optical data storage read by lasers,
videodisks, and electron beam-address able memory systems. In addition,
improvements have been made in the methods of programming computers
(and other programmable machines). Modern programming languages are
easier to use and are more powerful in their data-processing and logic
capabilities.
Advances in sensor technology have provided a vast array of
measuring devices that can be used ascomponents in automatic feedback
control systems. These devices include highly sensitive electromechanical
probes, scanning laser beams, electrical field techniques, and machine
vision. Some of these sensor systems require computer technology for their
implementation. Machine vision, for example, requires the processing of
enormous amounts of data that can be accomplished only by high-speed
digital computers. This technology is proving to be a versatile sensory
capability for various industrial tasks, such as part identification, quality
inspection,and robot guidance.
Finally, there has evolved since World War II a highly
advanced mathematical theory of control systems (control system). The
theory includes traditional negative feedback control, optimal control,
adaptive control, and artificial intelligence. Traditional feedback control
theory makes use of linear ordinary differential equations to analyze
problems, as in Watt's flying-ball governor. Although most processes are
more complex than the flying-ball governor, they still obey the same laws
of physics that are described by differential equations. Optimal control
theory and adaptive control theory are concerned with the problem of
defining an appropriate index of performance for the process of interest and
then operating it in such a manner as to optimize its performance. The
difference between optimal and adaptive control is that the latter must be
implemented under conditions of a continuously changing and
unpredictable environment; it therefore requires sensor measurements of
the environment to implement the control strategy.
Artificial intelligence is an advanced field of computer science
in which the computer is programmed to exhibit characteristics commonly
associated with human intelligence. These characteristics include the
capacity for learning, understanding language, reasoning, solving problems,
rendering expert diagnoses, and similar mental capabilities. Developments
in artificial intelligence are expected to provide robots and other
“intelligent” machines with the ability to communicate with humans and to
accept very high-level instructions rather than the detailed step-by-step
programming statements typically required of today's programmable
machines. For example, a robot of the future endowed with artificial
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intelligence might be capable of accepting and executing the command
“assemble the product.” Present-day industrial robots must be provided with
a detailed set of instructions specifying the locations of the product's
components, the order in which they are to be assembled, and so forth.
VOCABULARY:
significant– значительный
sensor– датчик
derivation– источник, происхождение
execute – выполнять
propel– приводить в движение
predecessor– предшественник
miniature– миниатюрный
capable– способный
include – включать
bubble – пузырь
improvement– улучшение
capability– возможность
probes – зонды
vision – видение
implementation – реализация
enormous– огромный
prove– доказать
versatile– разносторонний
capability– возможность
guidance– руководство
evolve– развивать
artificial– искусственный
linear– линейный
equations– уравнения
obey- подчиняться
adapt– приспособлять
environment– среда
exhibition– выставка
step-by-step– шаг за шагом
endow– наделять
location– месторасположение
order– порядок
assemble– собирать
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EXERCISES:
1. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. What kind of developments of automation have occurred during the 20th
century?
2. What does modern storage media include?
3. What is control system?
4. What can you say about artificial intelligence?
5. What is the ability of future robots?
2. Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:
1. automation technology
2. fixed automation
3. assembly machines
4. non-productive time
5. programmable automation
6. computer terminal
7. numerical-control machine-tool
CONTROL TEXT:
«FAMOUS PEOPLE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY:
IGOR SILKORSKLY, ANDREY TUPOLEV»
Sikorsky Igor Ivanovich was a well-known aircraft engineer and
manufacturer.
Sikorsky was born in 1889 in Kiev, in the Ukraine, and got his
education at the naval college in St. Petersburg, and later in Kiev and Paris.
He was the first to make experiments in helicopter design. In 1913 he
designed, built, and flew the first successful aeroplane. Later he built
military aircrafts for Russia and France.
In 1919 Sikorsky moved to the United States and later helped to
organize an aircraft company that produced a series of multiengine flying
boats for commercial service. Sikorsky became an American citizen in
1928. In the late 1930s he returned to developing helicopters and produced
the first successful helicopter in the west. Helicopters designed by Sikorsky
were used mostly by the US Army Air Forces during World War II. He died
in 1972 at the age of 83.
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Tupolev Andrey Nikolayevich, famous aircraft designer, was born
in 1888. He graduated from the Moscow Higher Technical School, where
he designed the first Russian wind tunnel. He helped to found the Central
Aerohydrodynamics Institute in 1918 and later worked as the head of its
design bureau. During his career he directed the design of more than 100
military and commercial aircraft, including the TU-2 and TU-4 bombers
used in the World War II. In 1955 he designed the TU-104, the first
passenger jet airliner. His TU-144 supersonic jet liner began its commercial
passenger flights in 1977.
EXERCISES:
1. Переведите текст.
2. По тексту задайте 3 вопроса и ответьте на них.
UNIT 4
MACHINE TOOLS
I. Text A: «Machine-tools», «Lathe».
Text B: «Milling, boring, drilling machines. Shapers and Planers»,
«Dies».
Text C: «Automation».
II.Control text: «Famous people of science and technology: George
Stephenson, Robert Slephenson».
TEXT A: «MACHINE-TOOLS»
Machine-tools are used to shape metals and other materials. The
material to be shaped is called the workpiece. Most machine-tools are now
electrically driven. Machine-tools with electrical drive are faster and more
accurate than hand tools: they were an important element in the
development of mass-production processes, as they allowed individual
parts to be made in large numbers so as to be interchangeable.
All machine-tools have facilities for holding both the workpiece
and the tool, and for accurately controlling the movement of the cutting tool
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relative to the workpiece. Most machining operations generate large
amounts of heat, and use cooling fluids (usually a mixture of water and
oils) for cooling and lubrication.
Machine-tools usually work materials mechanically but other
machining methods have been developed lately. They include chemical
machining, spark erosion to machine very hard materials to any shape by
means of a continuous high-voltage spark (discharge) between an
electrode and a workpiece. Other machining methods include drilling using
ultrasound, and cutting by means of a laser beam. Numerical control of
machine-tools and flexible manufacturing systems have made it possible for
complete systems of machine-tools to be used flexibly for the manufacture
of a range of products.
VOCABULARY:
machine-tools – станки
amount – количество
shape – форма
to allow – позволять, разрешать
accurate – точный
electrically driven – с электроприводом
facility – приспособление
workpiece – деталь
fluid – жидкость
development – развитие
to lubricate – смазывать
interchangeable – взаимозаменяемый
discharge – разряд
by means of – посредством
relative –относительный
beam – луч
drilling – сверление
range – ассортимент, диапазон
flexible – гибкий
spark erosion – электроискровая обработка
«LATHE»
Lathe is still the most important machine-tool. It produces parts of
circular cross-section by turning the workpiece on its axis and cutting its
surface with a sharp stationary tool. The tool may be moved sideways to
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produce a cylindrical part and moved towards the workpiece to control the
depth of cut. Nowadays all lathes are power-driven by electric motors. That
allows continuous rotation of the workpiece at a variety of speeds. The
modern lathe is driven by means of a headstock supporting a hollow
spindle on accurate bearings and carrying either a chuck or a faceplate, to
which the workpiece is clamped. The movement of the tool, both along the
lathe bed and at right angle to it, can be accurately controlled, so enabling
a part to be machined to close tolerances. Modern lathes are often under
numerical control.
VOCABULARY:
lathe – токарный станок
surface – поверхность
circular cross-section – круглое поперечное сечение
outside ways – в сторону
variety – разнообразие, разновидность
depth – глубина
stationary–неподвижный, стационарный
tolerance – допуск
spindle – шпиндель
headstock – передняя бабка
faceplate – планшайба
to enable – давать возможность
chuck – зажим, патрон
EXERCISES:
1. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. What are machine-tools used for?
2. How are most machine-tools driven nowadays?
3. What facilities have all machine-tools?
4. How are the cutting tool and the workpiece cooled during machining?
5. What other machining methods have been developed lately?
6. What systems are used now for the manufacture of a range of products
without the use of manual labor?
7. What parts can be made with lathes?
8. How can the cutting tool be moved on a lathe?
9. How is the workpiece clamped in a lathe?
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10. Can we change the speeds of workpiece rotation in a lathe?
11. What is numerical control of machine tools used for?
2. Подберите к словосочетаниям эквиваленты на английском
языке:
1. обрабатываемый материал
2. электропривод
3. более точный
4. отдельные детали
5. процесс массового производства
6. приспособления для держания резца и детали
7. операции по механической обработке детали
8. высоковольтный разряд
9. сверление ультразвуком
10. резание с помощью лазерного луча
11. гибкие производственные системы
12. детали круглого сечения
13. поворачивать деталь вокруг ее оси
14. двигать в сторону, двигать по направлению к детали
15. глубина резания
16. непрерывное вращение детали
17. движение резца вдоль станины
3. Переведите предложения на английский язык:
1. Токарный станок позволяет производить детали круглого сечения.
2. Деталь зажимается в патроне или на планшайбе токарного станка.
3. Резец может двигаться как вдоль станины, так и под прямым углом к
ней.
4. Современные токарные станки часто имеют цифровое управление.
TEXT B: «MILLING, BORING, DRILLING MACHINES.
SHAPERS AND PLANERS»
In a milling machine the cutter (фреза) is a circular device with a
series of cutting edges on its circumference. The workpiece is held on a
table that controls the feed against the cutter. The table has three possible
movements: longitudinal, horizontal, and vertical; in some cases it can
also rotate. Milling machines are the most versatile of all machine tools.
Flat or contoured surfaces may be machined with excellent finish and
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accuracy. Angles, slots, gear teeth and cuts can be made by using various
shapes of cutters.
Drilling and Boring Machines
To drill a hole usually hole-making machine-tools are used. They
can drill a hole according to some specification, they can enlarge it, or they
can cut threads for a screw or to create an accurate size or a smooth finish of
a hole.
Drilling machines (сверлильныестанки) are different in size and
function, from portable drills to radial drilling machines, multispindle
units, automatic production machines, and deep-hole-drilling machines.
Boring (расточка) is a process that enlarges holes previously
drilled, usually with a rotating single-point cutter held on a boring bar and
fed against a stationary workpiece.
Shapers and Planers
The shaper (поперечно-строгальныйстанок) is used mainly to
produce different flat surfaces. The tool slides against the stationary
workpiece and cuts on one stroke, returns to its starting position, and then
cuts on the next stroke after a slight lateral displacement. In general, the
shaper can make any surface having straight-line elements. It uses only one
cutting-tool and is relatively slow, because the return stroke is idle. That is
why the shaper is seldom found on a mass production line. It is, however,
valuable for tool production and for workshops where flexibility is
important and relative slowness is unimportant.
The planer (продольно-строгальныйстанок) is the largest of the
reciprocating machine tools. It differs from the shaper, which moves a tool
past a fixed workpiece because the planer moves the workpiece to expose a
new section to the tool. Like the shaper, the planer is intended to produce
vertical, horizontal, or diagonal cuts. It is also possible to mount several
tools at one time in any or all tool holders of a planer to execute multiple
simultaneous cuts.
Grinders
Grinders (шлифовальныестанки) remove metal by a rotating
abrasive wheel. The wheel is composed of many small grains of abrasive,
bonded together, with each grain acting as a miniature cutting tool. The
process gives very smooth and accurate finishes. Only a small amount of
material is removed at each pass of the wheel, so grinding machines
require fine wheel regulation. The pressure of the wheel against the
workpiece is usually very light, so that grinding can be carried out on
fragile materials that cannot be machined by other conventional devices.
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VOCABULARY:
milling machine – фрезерный станок
series – серия, ряд
cutting edge – режущий край, острие
to feed – подавать
circumference – окружность
longitudinal– продольный
horizontal – горизонтальный
vertical – вертикальный
versatile – универсальный
flat – плоский
contoured – контурный
angle – угол
slot – прорезь, паз
hole – отверстие
gear teeth – зубья шестерни
thread – резьба
drill – дрель, сверло, сверлить
to slide – скользить
to enlarge – увеличивать
lateral – боковой
portable – портативный
stroke – ход
unit – единица, целое, узел
straight – прямой
previously – ранее
to mount – крепить
displacement – смещение
to execute – выполнять
idle – на холостом ходу
wheel – круг, колесо
workshop – цех, мастерская
holder – держатель
simultaneous – одновременный
bonded – скрепленный
multiple – многочисленный
to remove – удалять
grinder – шлифовальный станок
pass – проход
conventional – обычный
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fine – точный
device – устройство, прибор
fragile – хрупкий
EXERCISES:
1. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. What is the shape of a cutter in a milling machine?
2. What moves in a milling machine, a table or a cutter?
3. What possible movements has the table of a milling machine?
4. What kind of surfaces and shapes may be machined by a milling
machine?
5. What can we use a drilling machine for?
6. What kinds of drilling machines exist?
7. What is rotated while boring, a cutter or a work-piece?
8. Describe the work of a shaper (planer).
9. What must be done to execute multiple simultaneous cuts on a planer?
10. What is the working tool in a grinder?
11. Can we obtain a very smooth surface after grinding and why?
12. Can we grind fragile materials and why?
2. Переведите предложения на английский язык:
1. Токарный станок все еще остается самым важным станком.
2. Все современные токарные станки оборудованы электроприводами.
3. Движение инструмента контролируется с высокой точностью.
4. Электропривод позволяет обрабатывать заготовку на различных
скоростях.
«DIES»
Dies are tools used for the shaping solid materials, especially those
employed in the pressworking of cold metals.
In presswork, dies are used in pairs. The smaller die, or punch, fits
inside the larger die, called the matrix or, simply, the die. The metal to be
formed, usually a sheet, is placed over the matrix on the press. The punch is
mounted on the press and moves down by hydraulic or mechanical force.
A number of different forms of dies are employed for different
operations. The simplest are piercing dies (пробивнойштамп), used for
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