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Файл:Английский язык. Учебное пособие для студентов направления подготовки бакалавров 150700.62 - «Машиностроение»
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TEXT C: «ROBOTS IN PERSPECTIVE»
If you think robots belong to space movies, think again. Right now,
all over the world, robots are on the move. Putting chocolates into boxes,
walking into live volcanoes, driving trains in Paris and defusing bombs in
Northern Ireland are their common tasks. Today's robots are doing more and
more things humans can't do or don't want to do.
The idea of creating an intelligent machine is very old. Homer
described gold girls, mechanical helpers built by Hephaistos, the
Greek god of smiths. In 1495, Leonardo da Vinci designed a
mechanical man. But only the invention of transistors and integrated
circuits in the 1950s and 1960s made real robots possible. Compact,
reliable electronics and computers added brains to already existing
machines. In 1959, researchers demonstrated the possibility of robotic
manufacturing ashtrays.
The Czech word 'robota', meaning hard work, was first used by the
writer Karel Chapek in the story where robots are invented to help people
by performing simple tasks, but being used to fight wars, they turn on their
human masters and take over the world. There's no precise definition of a
robot. It is normally defined as a programmable machine imitating an
intelligent creature. Getting information from its surroundings and doing
something physical (moving or manipulating objects) qualify a machine as a
robot.
Name a boring or dangerous job. Somewhere, a robot is probably
doing it. Robots are ideal for doing jobs that require repetitive, precise and
fast movements. Robots are good at doing the same thing without asking for
a safe working environment, salary, breaks, food and sleep, without getting
bored or tired, without making mistakes. Factories are so highly automated
that most human workers carry out only supervising and maintaining the
robots.
People keep finding new uses for robots - making and packing
drugs and foods, soldering tiny wires to semiconductor chips, inserting
integrated circuits onto printed circuit boards used in electronics, working in
radioactive "hot zones", exploring space.
All work and no play make anyone dull - even a robot. Soccerplaying robots gather each year at RoboCup, an international event
collecting over 100 teams from 35 countries. Robotic players use radio
signals to coordinate their actions with their team-mates. Teams are placed
in divisions based on size, ranging from the size of a pizza box. By 2050,
the organizers of RoboCup count on developing a team of fully
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autonomous humanoid robots that can beat the human world champion team
in soccer.
«DEVELOPMENT OF ROBOTICS»
Robotics is based on two related technologies: numerical control and
teleoperators. Numerical control is a method of controlling machine tool
axes by means of numbers that have been coded on punched paper tape or
other media. It was developed during the late 1940s and early 1950s. The
first numerical control machine tool was demonstrated in 1952 in the United
States at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Subsequent research
at MIT led to the development of the APT (Automatically Programmed
Tools) language for programming machine tools.
A teleoperator is a mechanical manipulator that is controlled by a
human from a remote location. Initial work on the design of teleoperators
can be traced to the handling of radioactive materials in the early 1940s. In
a typical implementation, a human moves a mechanical arm and hand at
one location, and these motions are duplicated by the manipulator at another
location.
Industrial robotics can be considered a combination of numericalcontrol and teleoperator technologies. Numerical control provides the
concept of a programmable industrial machine, and teleoperator technology
contributes the notion of a mechanical arm to perform useful work. The
first industrial robot was installed in 1961 to unload parts from a die-casting
operation. Its development was duelargelyto the efforts of the Americans
George C. Devol, an inventor, and Joseph F. Engelberger, a businessman.
Devol originated the design for a programmable manipulator, the U.S.
patent for which was issued in 1961. Engelberger teamed with Devol to
promote the use of robots in industry and to establish the first corporation
in robotics—Unimation, Inc.
VOCABULARY:
defuse – разрядить, нейтролизовать
circuit– схема
reliable – надежный
precise definition– точное определение
repetitive – повторяющийся
even – даже
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team-mates– товарищей по команде
count – считать
soccer – футбол
robotics – робототехника
numerical control– цифровое управление
teleoperators– телеоператоры
axe-ось
by means–с помощью
subsequent– последующее
human– человек
location– расположение
trace– проследить
implementation– реализация
concept– концепция
contribute– способствть, вносить вклад
notion– понятие
development– развитие
due largely– из-за значительной степени
promote– содействовать
establish– установить
EXERCISES:
1. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. What can robots do?
2. What does the word 'robota' mean?
3. How is the robot defined?
4. What can you say about RoboCup?
5. What is robotics based on?
6. What is the activity of the teleoperator?
7. When was the first industrial robot installed?
2. Закончите предложения информацией из текста:
1. Robotics is … .
2. The first numerical control machine tool was … .
3. A teleoperator … .
4. Robots are … .
5. Industrial robotics can … .
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6. Leonardo da Vinci was … .
7. The Czech word 'robota' means … .
8. Factories are … .
9. Soccer-playing robots gather… .
10. The first industrial robot was … .
CONTROL TEXT:
«FAMOUS PEOPLE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: JAMES
PRESCOTT JOULE»
James Prescott Joule, famous British physicist, was born in 1818
in Salford, England.
Joule was one of the most outstanding physicists of his time. He is
best known for his research in electricity and thermodynamics. In the course
of his investigations of the heat emitted in an electrical circuit, he
formulated the law, now known as Joule's law of electric heating. This law
states that the amount of heat produced each second in a conductor by
electric current is proportional to the resistance of the conductor and to the
square of the current. Joule experimentally verified the law of conservation
of energy in his study of the conversion of mechanical energy into heat
energy.
Joule determined the numerical relation between heat and
mechanical energy, or the mechanical equivalent of heat, using many
independent methods. The unit of energy, called the joule, is named after
him. It is equal to 1 watt-second. Together with the physicist William
Thomson (Baron Kelvin), Joule found that the temperature of a gas falls
when it expands without doing any work. This phenomenon, which became
known as the Joule-Thomson effect, lies in the operation of modern
refrigeration and air-conditioning systems.
EXERCISES:
1. Переведите текст.
2. По тексту задайте 3 вопроса и ответьте на них.
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UNIT 7
FERROUS METALS
I. Text A: «Ferrous Metals».
Text B: «Alloy Grey Iron».
Text C: «Robots in manufacturing ».
II.Control text: « Famous people of science: Vladimir Grigoryevich
Shukhov».
TEXT A: «FERROUS METALS»
Ferrous metals consist of ironcombined with carbon, silicon,
phosphorus and other elements.
Carbon is the most important of all elements present in ferrous
alloys. Ferrous metals are used in industry in two general forms; steeland
castiron, which differ in the quantity of carbon content. These two ferrous
alloys are derived from pigironwhich is produced in a blastfurnacein the
form of pigs.
Metals are usually melted and poured into a form which is called a
«mould». This process is known as casting. The cast metal is shaped in the
mould where it cools and solidifies. Thus one can cast different objects
known as castings. The shopwhere metals are cast is called a «foundry».
Castings are used in building engines, automobiles and airplanes, and
different types of machinery. Steel is iron with a very little carbon content
(from 0,05 to 1.7 per cent), which makes it much stronger than iron and is
therefore widely used in machine-building. But very much carbon makes
steel brittle, which reduces its strength. Therefore the carbon content in steel
is confined to certain limits. Cast iron contains a higher percentage of
carbon than steel does (more per cent).It is very cheap, in fact, it is the
cheapestthe engineering metals used in machine-building.
Greyironfoundries are the most numerous because grey iron can be cast
into almost any conceivable shape and size. Grey iron is also adapted to a
great variety of castings, such as automobile, gas, steam, and hydraulic
engine cylinders, bedplatesfor machines, car wheels, agricultural
machinery parts, furnace and stove parts, water pipes, gears, and general
machinery parts.
The nature of the metal used for grey iron castings is such that
castings can be made so hard that ordinary, tool steel will not cut them or,
on the other hand, so soft that they can be readily machined. However, in
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comparison with other casting metals grey iron is weak and will not stand
great shock. Hence, the engineer must allow a large factor of safety when
specifying the use of grey iron castings, especially where great strength is
required, or specify that the castings must be made from some other metal.
The alloy of grey castings is composed of iron, carbon, silicon, phosphorus,
manganese, and sulphur. These elements are used in different proportions
depending on the grade of castings.
VOCABULARY:
confine – ограничивать, заключать
brittle - хрупкий
bed plates – опорные плиты
conceivable – постижимый
gears – шестерни
manganese - марганец
cast iron – отлив железа; чугун
sulphur – сера
сombine – сочетать
carbon – углерод
silicon – кремний
phosphorus – фосфор
blast – дутьё, дуть
furnace - печь
mould – литейная форма, отливать
solidify - затвердевать
foundry – литейная (завод)
tool steel – режущая сталь, инструментальная сталь
machine – подвергать механической обработке
EXERCISES:
1. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. What are the main two groups of metals?
2. What elements do ferrous metals consist of?
3. What is the differ-once between iron and steel?
4. What is casting?
5. What do we call the shop where metals are cast?
6. Why issteel widely used in machine-building?
7. What are the main types of iron castings?
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2. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания:
ferrous metals, steel, cast iron, mould, alloy, pig iron, blast furnace, grey
iron, to solidify, foundry, to cast, engineering metals, tool steel, to machine,
alloy grey iron, to furnish, malleable iron, to anneal, tensile strength, nonferrous metals, on account of, grade, to elongate, range, shop.
3. Образуйте от следующих глаголов существительные и
переведите их:
to cast, to alloy, to anneal, lo compare, to manufacture, to machine, to
equip, to produce.
TEXT B: «ALLOY GREY IRON»
Alloy Grey Iron. In many lines of manufactureand engineering,
common grey iron castings have lacked in strength and wearing qualities,
so that many experiments have been conducted with a view to overcome
this shortcoming. This has been accomplished, and the alloy is known as
alloy grey iron, which is easy to machine because most of the carbon
present is in free or uncombined state. It is used much, if not entirely, for
making steam- and gas-engine cylinders, also for many other castings that
require greater strength and wearing qualities than are furnished by
common grey iron. Alloy grey iron is one of the latest alloys developed and
has a promising future. It has a tensile strength of 40,000 to 60,000 lbs. per
square inch as it comes from the mould, and when it is heat-treated, a
much greater strength is produced. Malleable ironcastings are being
increasingly used every year in the manufacture of machinery.
Many castings that were formerly made of grey cast iron are now
made of malleable iron. One of the reasons for using malleable iron instead
of grey iron is that malleable iron is much stronger than grey iron castings,
particularly in the matter of resisting shock. Malleable iron castings can be
made muchthinner in section. However, they are seldom used in the form
they come from the moulds, as they are hard and brittle, and therefore they
should be annealed.Malleable iron before annealing is usually spoken of as
white iron. White iron is difficult to machine because most of the carbon
present is in chemical combination with the iron. Malleable iron can be cast
into very large bodies on account of its high shrinkage and because of ilie
difficulty of annealing. It is the most easily machined of all ferrous alloys. It
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has to be melted very hot and poured very rapidly, because it solidifies
quickly. Malleable iron castings are used in agricultural machinery,
railroad equipment, automobile parts, and many other products.
The metal is usually tested for tensile strengthand elongation.The
tensile strength ranges from 38,000 to 55,000 lbs. per square inch and the
elongation is usually about 20 to 25 per cent.
VOCABULARY:
engineering metal – технический металл
malleable – ковкий
shop – цех, мастерская
shock – удар
grade – градус, качество, сорт
melt – таять, плавить
shortcoming – недостаток
entirely – полностью
furnish – поставлять, снабжать
tensile – растяжимый
resist – сопротивляться
casting – отливка
anneal – отжигать, отпускать
railroad – рельса
shrinkage – сокращение, сжатие
crucible – тигель
on account of – вследствие, из-за
conduct – проводить
range – ряд, предел, ставить в ряд
overcome – преодолеть
elongation – удлинение, растягивание
hence – следовательно
blast furnace – доменная печь
therefore – следовательно
tenacity – вязкость, прочность
coke – кокс, коксовать
wearing quality – изношенное качество
becharged – расходуемый
open-hearth – открытый очаг, мартеновская печь
cupola furnace – вагранка
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EXERCISES:
1. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. What is alloy grey iron?
2. What is alloy grey iron used for?
3. Where is malleable iron used in?
4. What is much stronger malleable iron or grey iron castings?
5. What is white iron?
6. What is the metal tested for?
7. What is the range of the tensile strength?
8. What is the range of the elongation?
2. Поставьте вопросы к предложениям так, чтобы выделенные
слова были ответами:
1. Many experiments have been conductedto improve the qualities of grey
iron castings.
2.Some castings require great strength and wearing qualities.
3. Malleable iron castings are much stronger than grey iron castings.
4.Malleable iron can be cast into very large bodies.
5.Metals are usually tested for tensile, strength and elongation.
3. Переведите предложения и преобразуйте их из действительного
залога в страдательный:
Example: Metals are usually melted and poured by founders into a form
which is called a "mould".
Founders usually melt and pour metals into a form which is called a
"mould".
1. Different metals are produced by people in different ways.
2. Three methods are now used by us for producing pig" iron.
3. Ferrous metals are used in industry in two general forms such as steel and
cast iron.
4. The iron ore charged into the furnace has been melted by the heal
produced by the coke burning in the blast of "hot air.
5. Malleable iron castings are being increasingly used in industry.
6. Great shock will not be stood by grey iron.
7. The heat in the electric furnace was produced by electricity.
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TEXT C: «ROBOTS IN MANUFACTURING»
Today most robots are used in manufacturing operations. The
applications of robots can be divided into three categories:
1. material handling
2. processing operations
3. assembly and inspection.
Material-handling is the transfer of material and loading and
unloading of machines. Material-transfer applications require the robot to
move materials or work parts from one to another. Many of these tasks are
relatively simple: robots pick up parts from one conveyor and place them
on another. Other transfer operations are more complex, such as placing
parts in an arrangement that can be calculated by the robot. Machine
loading and unloading operations utilize a robot to load and unload parts.
This requires the robot to be equipped with a grip-per that can grasp parts.
Usually the gripper must be designed specifically for the particular part
geometry.
In robotic processing operations, the robot manipulates a tool to
perform a process on the work part. Examples of such applications include
spot welding, continuous arc welding and spray painting. Spot welding
of automobile bodies is one of the most common applications of industrial
robots. The robot positions a spot welder against the automobile panels and
frames to join them. Arc welding is a continuous process in which robot
moves the welding rod along the welding seam. Spray painting is the
manipulation of a spray-painting gun over the surface of the object to be
coated. Other operations in this category include grinding and polishing in
which a rotating spindle serves as the robot's tool.
The third application area of industrial robots is assembly and
inspection. The use of robots in assembly is expected to increase because of
the high cost of manual labour. But the design of the product is an
important aspect of robotic assembly. Assembly methods that are
satisfactory for humans are not always suitable for robots. Screws and nuts
are widely used for fastening in manual assembly, but the same operations
are extremely difficult for an one-armed robot.
Inspection is another area of factory operations in which the
utilization of robots is growing. In a typical inspection job, the robot
positions a sensor with respect to the work part and determines whether the
part answers the quality specifications. In nearly all industrial robotic
applications, the robot provides a substitute for human labour. There are
certain characteristics of industrial jobs performed by humans that can be
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