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Unit 9.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE
Gerund
1. Complete the sentences with prepositions + gerunds (-ing forms).
1) I'm not very keen .............. computer games. (play) 2) I have no
objection.............. the football match tonight. (watch) 3) She is afraid ............... her
boyfriend. (lose) 4) We are fed ................. nothing all the weekend. (do) 5) I'm tired
.............. in the queues at the airports. (wait) 6) We had difficulty ................ the way to
the museum. (find) 7) Are you interested ................ your professional career? (build)
8) There's no point ................. an old car. (buy) 9) I disapprove .................. in
restaurants. (smoke) 10) We are happy ................... a new house. (have) 11) My
daughter dreams ................ a film star. (become) 12) John can't cope .................
unemployed. (be) 13) Sarah is thinking ................... to Greg's place. (move) 14) The
children were accused ...................... the window. (smash)
2. Answer the questions.
a) Name three things which make you happy.
b) Name three things which are bad for your health.
c) Name three things you like doing when you are on holiday.
d) What are you good at doing?
e) What are you afraid of doing?
f) What are you fed up with doing?
g) How long will you carry on studying English?
h) What do you fancy doing tonight?
i) Which places would you recommend visiting in your country?
j) Which household chores do you not mind doing?
k) What do you feel like eating for lunch today?
l) What things that you used to do when you were younger, do you miss doing now?
m) Did you do anything naughty as a child which you denied doing at the time?
n) What do you have difficulty doing?
o) What aspect of English do you have trouble perfecting?
3. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Mind the Gerund.
1) He started writing the Linux kernel after which, around 250 programmers
contributed to the kernel code. 2) Knowing how to find information and use Internet
tools is an important skill to have for higher education. 3) A computer programmer in
Bangalore or Siberia can use the Internet to work for a software company in Seattle
without leaving home. 4) Reading newspapers, magazines and other documents online
is more efficient than printing and transporting physically. 5) Yet doing things online
is more energy-efficient only if it is genuinely displacing real-world activities.6)
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Typing in all upper case is bad as it is the same as SHOUTING. Sending emails with
1. The period of time between a trade
being initiated and its completion is
called latency - …
A … allowing them to receive
instructions from their clients to buy
and sell, and effect those requests using
their computers or calling another
trading house..
2. Before technology was introduced, …
B … I may be able to sell a stock
quickly, a split second before its price
drops, or I may be able to buy another
stock before its price starts to rise.
3. After the introduction of automated
trading, …
C … coming from all over the world.
4. A New York trader for London
investments said: ‘If our technology gets
me information a nanosecond faster than
everyone else, …
D … while they are sitting on a beach
somewhere in the world, trading
virtually.
5. Each exchange has its own data centre
that stores all the historic and current
trading data with market information, …
E … a key parameter for everyone
involved in trading.
6. Trading companies are now starting to
host their own server equipment at the
stock exchanges’ data centres, …
F … collocating their servers could
reduce roundtrip trade execution and
“Hello” and “Thank you” is nice and polite. 7) A sensible way of avoiding system
errors is to write code to check that peripherals are present before any data is sent into
it. 8) This idea of using a computer mouse to “open” something runs pretty deep in the
computer world. 9) By focusing on the documents, you are paying attention to the
important items on your disk drive. 10) Crooked computer experts have devised a
variety of tricks for getting these expensive programs. 11) Before producing
radioisotopes man used X-rays for detecting flaws in metal castings. 12) On being
treated by gamma radiation several plastics materials have altered their properties. 13)
Vibration can alter the movement of the machine and prevent it from fulfilling its
function. 14) After being released in burning, rocket fuel energy drives space vehicles
into space. 15) No effective cleaning of small metal parts can be achieved without using
ultrasonic instruments. 16) Instead of using X-rays the scientists used the gamma
radiation for penetrating thick metal sheets. 17) The scientists are now working at
complicated problems of ensuring the safety of cosmic flights. 18) Having released the
energy in the form of radiation man learned to use it for detecting wear in motors. 19)
We know of scientists having released the energy of nuclear synthesis. 20) Chemical
energy is stored up in chemical substances, it being released during chemical reactions.
4. Match the halves of the sentences to make an article about the impact of
technology on global stock markets. Mind -ing forms.
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market data transmission times by
another one and a half milliseconds.
7. For member firms that are connected to
Stock Exchanges via 100 megabit IP
connectivity, …
G … the figure went up to a daily
average of 59,000 trades.
8. Watching all this going on in dealer
rooms around the world are traders,
surrounded by numerous screens
showing red and green numbers and
banks of phones, …
H … the average number of daily
trades at the London Stock Exchange
was 20,000.
9. Just one exchange such as London will
have more than 100,000 screens …
I … connected directly or indirectly to
its data centre and trading systems.
10. Of course, some dealers may be really
putting IP networking technology to good
use and have the same data on their laptop
screen, …
J … providing sub-millisecond access
to the trading systems and market data,
thereby eliminating network latency
5. Open the brackets using a suitable form of the gerund. Translate the
sentences into Russian.
1. Most celebrities have as much interest in (write) about as newspapers have in (fill)
their pages. 2. Act so that every one of your actions is capable of (make) into a universal
rule. 3. Sophia could not remember ever (see) her mother cry. 4. Julia ought to have
guessed that she couldn't go far in London without (recognize). 5. It came to her as a
shock now to realize that without ever (possess) him. she had lost him. 6. He distracted
his mind by (go) to as many parties as he could. 7. She couldn't hide her disappointment
at (leave out) of the team. 8. In the present circumstances they are unlikely to risk (hold)
an election. 9. (Understand) the bonds of family in Shakespeare's plays is important to
an understanding of his art as a whole. 10. Her tenderness for Michael and her ever present sense of (be) for years unjust to him filled her with contrition (раскаяние). 11.
There is no point in (give) him a false impression. 12. Corbett helped himself liberally
despite already (eat). 13. The Duchess is very active in spite of (not be) in particularly
good health of late.
6. Open the brackets using the correct form of the Gerund according to the
model.
Model: I don’t enjoy (laugh) at by other people. → I don't enjoy being laughed at by
other people.
1. I’m angry at him for (tell, not) me the truth. 2. Sometimes adolescents complain
about not (understand) by their parents. 3. Jin Won had a narrow escape. He was almost
hit by a car. He barely avoided (hit) by a speeding automobile. 4. Jack Welles has a
good chance of (elect). I know I’m going to vote for him. 5. You must tell me the truth.
I insist on (tell) the truth. 6. I feel guilty about (write, not) to you sooner, but I’ve been
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swamped with work lately. 7. You know Jim Darcy, don’t you? – Jim Darcy? I don’t
think so. I don’t recall ever (meet) him. 8. Mr. Grow mentioned (injure) in an accident
as a child, but he never told us the details. 10. I’m annoyed about (lose) all that money.
11. I appreciate (tell) the news yesterday by someone.
7. Fill in the gaps with by, without, on, in.
1. The government has decided to ban tobacco advertising and _____ doing so has
made a great contribution to the nation's health. 2. I'd like to start the speech _____
dispelling a few rumors that have been spreading recently. 3. The band disappointed
thousands of fans _____ cancelling their concert at the last moment. 4. You shouldn't
drive for more than three hours _____ having a break. 5. The government has
responded to public pressure _____ abolishing the new tax. 6. I've done something
rather foolish _____ coming here tonight. 7. _____ arriving in Montpellier I found a
job as an English teacher. 8. _____ waiting for her answer, he stood up and walked
away. 9. He replied to the threats _____ going to the police. 10. They put out the fire
_____ pouring water on it. 11. You could hardly look at him, so grave and selfconfident _____ laughing. 12. He looked at her for a moment _____ understanding,
and when he caught what she meant he laughed aloud. 13. _____ hearing the news of
the air attack most foreigners headed for the border. 14. _____ criticizing the boss he
risked losing his job. 15. He couldn't pass a mirror _____ looking into it. 16. Elliot told
me that, _____ stirring a finger, he was twice as rich in 1926 as he had been in 1918.
17. _____ choosing her coronation stamp Queen Elizabeth examined sixty-three
designs.
8. Open the brackets using the gerund. Use prepositions.
Model: I am looking forward_(see) you tonight. → I am looking forward to seeing you
tonight.
1. She often complains_ (not feel) appreciated at work. 2. Her parents insisted_(speak)
to the headmistress. 3. Are you accusing me_(lie)? 4. Pilcher was suspected_(be) a spy.
5. If you persist_ (cause trouble), the company may be forced to dismiss you. 6. Her
failure in the very first interview may discourage her_(apply) to other universities. 7.
Jack apologized_(be) late saying he had been held up in a traffic jam. 8. I
disapprove_(smoke) in public places. 9. She never forgave him_(ruin) her holiday. 10.
Stella finally succeeded_(pass) her driving test. 11. He objects_(speak) to like that. 12.
His disability prevented him_(walk). 13. She was looking forward_(see) the
grandchildren again.
9. Make up sentences about yourself using the gerund.
1. I am really fond of.... 2. I think I am (in)capable of.... 3. I am excited about.... 4. I
am quite used to.... 5. I am proud of.... 6. I am interested in.... 7. I am responsible for....
8. I am pleased about.... 9. I am sick and tired of.... 10. I am really good at....
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10. Complete the sentences with prepositions and gerund forms of the verbs in
1. futuristic experience
2. software
3. simulation
4. tech-savvy
5. avatar
6. living in a bubble
7. take a shortcut
a. protective eyewear that covers the eyes
and forms a seal around them to protect
against hazards such as chemicals, dust,
or water.
b. a simulated digital space that can be
experienced through a computer or other
device.
c. a sophisticated electronic device or
tool that incorporates advanced
technology.
d. an experience that feels like it belongs
in a time far ahead of the present.
brackets. Use your own ideas.
Model: Alice isn’t interested (look)… - Alice isn’t interested in looking for a job.
1. Jane went to bed instead (finish) …. 2. I thanked my friend (lend) …. 3. I’m excited
(go) …. 4. I’m not accustomed (live) …. 5. Mike didn’t feel good. He complained
(have) …. 6. I don’t blame you (not, want) …. 7. I have a good reason (be) …. 8. It’s
getting late. I’m worried (miss) …. 9. I’m interested (find out about) …. 10. I’m
thinking (go) …. 11. I apologized to my friend (be) …. 12. I am not used (drive) ….
13. Nothing can stop me (go) …. 14. In that office, who is responsible (take care of)
…? 15. I look forward (go) …. 16. The thief was guilty (steal) …. 17. Sonya has two
jobs. In addition, (work) …. 18. Please forgive me (write, not) …. 19. Sarah is an honest
person. She’s not capable (tell) …. 20. Ill health keeps my grandfather (travel) ….
READING
1. Answer the questions.
1. Have you ever heard of virtual reality before?
2. What do you think virtual reality is?
3. Do you know any popular virtual reality games or experiences?
4. Have you ever tried using a virtual reality headset?
5. How do you think virtual reality could be used in education or training?
6. Do you think virtual reality will become more popular in the future?
7. Can you imagine any potential negative effects of using virtual reality too much?
8. Would you like to try using virtual reality someday?
9. What kind of virtual reality experience would you like to have?
10. Do you think virtual reality can help people feel more connected even if they are
physically far apart?
2. Match the words to their definitions.
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8. to interact with
9. headset
10. controller
11. high-tech gadget
12. digital world
13. trial and error
14. virtual environment
16. to immerse oneself
16. goggles
e. to communicate or engage with
someone or something.
f. a device worn on the head that contains
speakers and/or a microphone for
listening to audio or communicating with
others.
g. to become fully involved or absorbed
in something.
h. to find a quicker or easier way to do
something.
i. the realm of computers, technology,
and the internet.
j. a digital representation of a person or
character in a virtual environment or
online community.
k. an imitation of a real-world process or
system that is designed to represent its
key features and behaviors.
l. programs and other operating
information used by a computer.
m. a device used to operate electronic
equipment, typically consisting of
buttons, switches, and knobs.
n. a problem-solving method that
involves trying different solutions until
one works.
o. knowledgeable about and comfortable
using technology.
p. being isolated from the outside world
and unaware of current events or trends.
3. Read and translate the text.
Virtual reality is a high-tech gadget that allows users to immerse themselves in a
digital world. It's a futuristic experience that many tech-savvy people are excited about.
With the help of goggles, a headset, and a controller, users can interact with a virtual
environment and even create their own avatar.
The software used for virtual reality is constantly improving, making it easier for
people to take a shortcut into a different world. However, it's not always easy to
navigate this new world. Users often have to learn through trial and error, figuring out
how to move around and interact with objects.
Living in a bubble of virtual reality can be an exciting experience, but it's
important to remember that it's not real life. It's easy to get lost in the digital world and
Virtual Reality
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forget about the real one. That's why it's important to use virtual reality in moderation
and to take breaks from it.
Overall, virtual reality is a fascinating technology that provides a unique
experience for users. Whether you're using it for gaming or educational purposes, it's a
great way to explore new worlds and ideas.
4. Answer the questions.
1. What is virtual reality and how does it work?
2. What equipment do users need to experience virtual reality?
3. How can users interact with a virtual environment in virtual reality?
4. Is it easy for users to navigate the virtual world, or do they have to learn through trial
and error?
5. Why is it important to use virtual reality in moderation and take breaks from it?
6. What are some potential uses of virtual reality beyond gaming?
7. What are some potential drawbacks of using virtual reality?
5. Read and translate the dialogue. Roleplay.
Sophie: Hey, have you tried the new virtual reality headset?
Mark: No, I haven't had a chance to try it yet. Is it good?
Sophie: It's amazing! You can be in a different world and interact with everything. It
feels so real!
Mark: That sounds incredible. What kind of games do they have on there?
Sophie: Oh, they have all kinds of games - adventure games, puzzle games, even sports
games where you feel like you're really playing.
Mark: Wow, I need to try that out. But is it hard to use? I mean, do you have to know
a lot about computers or technology?
Sophie: Not at all. They have instructions and tutorials you can follow. And once you
get used to it, it's easy to navigate around. Although, sometimes I still bump into objects
because it feels so realistic!
Mark: Haha, yeah I could see that happening. But do you ever get tired of being in
there for too long?
Sophie: Sometimes, but I always take breaks. It's important to remember that it's not
real life and we need to balance it out.
Mark: Absolutely. I think it's great that technology has made something like this
possible, but we still need to live our real lives too.
Sophie: Exactly. But it's fun to escape to a different world every now and then.
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Unit 10.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE
Conditionals
1. Complete the sentences with the correct form of Conditional.
1. If I ______ (see) John, I ______ (tell) him your news tomorrow. 2. Meg sleeps only
5 hours a day. If she ______ (sleep) longer, her health _______ (improve) fast. 3. If
you _________ (freeze) water, it _______ (turn) to ice. 4. If she ________ (want) to
talk to me, she ________ (ring up). But she doesn't. 5. If you ________ (need) help
with your car tomorrow, my father ________ (help) you. 6. We ________ (have) a
picnic if the day ________ (be) fine. 7. I ___________ (understand) Mr. Brown if he
________ (speak) slowly. But he doesn’t. 8. If you ________ (see) a policeman, he
always can ________ (show) you the way. 9. I ________ (finish) the job tomorrow if
I ___________ (can). 10. If I ______ (go) on a boat, I always ___________ (feel)
sick. 11. You ________ (make) a fortune if you ________ (take) my advice. Too bad
that you never listen to me! 12. I ________ (not need) an umbrella if it ________ (not
rain). 13. If they ________ (catch) a bus now, they _________ (arrive) at half past
nine. 14. If he ________(not/know) the word, he always _______ (look) in a
dictionary. 15. She ________ (get) fit if she ________ (walk) every day 3 km. But
she is too lazy. 16. If I ________ (think) that about him, I _________ (say) so aloud.
But I don't actually. 17. If he ________ (promise) to behave well, his mum
________ (forgive) him in some time. 18. If you ________ (want) me to, I _______
(come) for a walk with you next weekend. 19. If we _________ (can) come on
Sunday, we ________ (come). I am really sorry but we can't. 20. If you ________
(heat) water till 100C, it ________ (boil). 21. He ________ (lose) weight if he
________ (stop) eating so much. However, it's only an imagination. 22. Life
________ (be) boring if we ________ (have) nothing to do. That’s nice it isn't so.
2. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb given.
1. If he had been able to afford it, he __________ her a diamond ring. (BUY) 2. If it
rains this afternoon, we ________ out. (NOT GO) 3. If she _______ the exam, she
won't get the job she has applied for. (NOT PASS) 4. If she posted the letter now,
they _______ it by Tuesday. (RECEIVE) 5. If I _______ about the dinner, I would
have come earlier. (KNOW) 6. My boss __________ angry if John comes to work late
again.(BE) 7. If my girlfriend left me, I ________ miserable. (FEEL) 8. I _________
that if I were you. (NOT SAY) 9. If I had lost my way, I _________ to the nearest
police station. (GO) 10. If I __________a spider in my bathroom I would cry out
loud. (SEE) 11. The teacher will be very angry if you _________ in your homework
on time. (NOT HAND) 12. If you _________ to learn a lot, you would have
taken this course.(WANT) 13. If you _________ quickly you will catch the bus.
(RUN) 14. I would be very proud if she _________ my sister. (BE) 15. I ________ to
your party if I had had time. (COME) 16. If you ________ the flowers, they won't
survive. (NOT WATER)
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17. The beach would be an ideal place for a picnic if it ________ so crowded. (NOT
BE) 18. If she _______ the book carefully, she would have understood it. (READ) 19.
Be careful! If you touch this wire you ________ a shock. (GET) 20. She could win the
race if she _______. (TRY)
3. Conditional Exercise (First / Second / Third Conditionals) Complete the
sentence with a verb in the correct form.
1. (First conditional) If we ________ (not / work) harder, we _________ (not pass) the
exam. 2. (Third conditional) If the students ________ (not be) late for the exam, they
_________ (pass). 3. (Third conditional) If the weather _______ (not be) so cold, we
________ (go) to the beach. 4. (Second conditional) If she ______ (have) her laptop
with her, she _______ (email) me. 5. (First conditional) If she ______ (not go) to the
meeting, I ________ (not go) either. 6. (Third conditional) If the baby __________
(sleep) better last night, I _________ (not be) so tired. 7. (First conditional) If the
teacher _________ (give) us lots of homework this weekend, I ________ (not be)
happy. 8. (Second conditional) If Lucy ________ (have) enough time, she _________
(travel) more. 9. (First conditional) If the children ________ (not eat) soon, they
________ (be) grumpy. 10. (First conditional) If I _________ (not go) to bed soon, I
_______ (be) tired in the morning. 11. (Second conditional) If I ________ (want) a
new car, I ________ (buy) one. 12. (Second conditional) If José ________ (not speak)
good French, he _______ (not move) to Paris. 13. (First conditional) If John ________
(drink) too much coffee, he ________ (get) ill. 14. (Third conditional) If we
__________ (tidy) our flat, we __________ (not lose) our keys. 15. (Third conditional)
If Luke _______ (not send) flowers to his mother, she ________ (not be) happy. 16.
(Second conditional) If the children _________ (be) in bed, I _________ (be able to)
have a bath. 17. (Second conditional) If you _________ (not be) so stubborn, we
________ (not have) so many arguments! 18. (Third conditional) If Julie _________
(not go) to Sweden, she __________ (go) to Germany. 19. (First conditional) If she
_________ (go) to the library, she _________ (study) more. 20. (Third conditional) If
we _________ (not have) an argument, we ________ (not be) late. 21. (Second
conditional) If you _________ (arrive) early, it _________ (be) less stressful. 22.
(Third conditional) If I _________ (not go) to the party, I _________ (not meet)
Amanda. 23. (Second conditional) If Julie _________ (like) chocolate, I __________
(give) her some. 24. (Second conditional) If Luke _________ (live) in the UK, I
__________ (see) him more often. 25. (Third conditional) If the children __________
(not eat) all that chocolate, they _________ (feel) sick. 26. (First conditional) If they
_________ (not / arrive) soon, we _________ (be) late. 27. (Third conditional) If she
_________ (study) Mandarin, she _________ (go) to Beijing. 28. (Second conditional)
If we ___________ (not be) so tired, we _________ (go) out. 29. (First conditional) If
you _________ (buy) the present, I _______ (wrap) it up. 30. (First conditional) If
Lucy __________ (not quit) her job soon, she _________ (go) crazy.
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4. Fill in the right form of the verbs in the brackets. e. g. If I were (be) you, I
1 If I had enough money,
2 If I have free time,
3 If I am in the USA,
4 If he is healthy, 5 If he got a good mark,
6 If he wasn’t busy,
7 If I stay at home,
8 If he were a movie star,
A I will watch TV.
B he could go out.
C he would be rich.
D he will go to the swimming pool.
E I will go to the cinema.
F I will visit Chuck Norris.
G I would buy a yacht.
H he would cook dinner.
wouldn’t lie about my age.
1) I will tell you if I ______ (need) anything. 2) If I ______(have) her number, I would
call her immediately. 3) If you ________(water) plants regularly, they grow faster. 4)
If my uncle drove more slowly, I _______ (join) him for a ride. 5) If he _________
(study) harder, he will pass all his exams. 6) I ________ (not live) in this old house if
I were rich. 7) If the sun ________ (go) down, it gets dark. 8) I ________ (help) you if
your homework is too difficult.
5. Put together two parts of these conditional clauses.
6. Put the verbs in the brackets in the correct tense. e. g. If I found (find) those
old photos, I will call you.
Ice melts quickly if you _______ (put) it in hot water. 2) If he were taller, Jane
________ (ask) him to dance the mambo with her. 3) I won’t understand if she
……………… (speak) Japanese to me. 4) If Peter _________ (study) harder, he would
be a better student. 5) If you tell him a joke, John usually ________ (laugh) for a long
time. 6) If I _________ (have) her number, I would call her immediately. 7) If you
don’t help your mum, she _________ (not be) very happy. 8) If it weren’t so cold, I
________ (go) out.
7. Use your own ideas to complete these sentences.
1) If my friend tells me a lie, ………... 2) Life would be boring if ……… 3) We would
go to the dentist if………… 4) If I get bad marks at school, ………. 5) If you go to
bed very late, ………… 6) If I were taller, ……………... 7) I wouldn’t be very happy
if ………… 8) If it snows every day next week, …………
8. Correct the mistakes and write the correct sentences.
1) Jackie always screams if she will see a spider. 2) He would be happier if he moves
to a bigger flat. 3) If he doesn’t come home by eleven, I will call the police. 4) Do you
help me if my suitcase is too heavy? 5) My sister would do gymnastics if she isn’t so
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