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was ______ than usual. 7. Mountains are ______ than hills. 8. He got a very good mark
on his exam. The exam was _____ than he had expected. 9. You should go to the doctor.
Your cold is ______ than it was a few days ago. 10. There is a lot of crime in the big
cities. They are _______ than the small town where I live. 11. I don’t understand this
lesson. It is _______ than the last one we did. 12. I can’t study in this room. It’s too
noisy. I’m going to find a ______ place. 13. Our apartment is far from everything. We
want to move to a ______ location. 14. Orange juice is _____ than Coke. 15. The store
is having a great sale today. Most televisions are 25% _____ than they were yesterday.
16. The doctor told me that I can go back to work if I feel ______ tomorrow.
6. Make your own comparisons using the words provided and the structure
as…as.
Ex. My apartment/ large/ yours My apartment is as large as yours.
My car /expensive/ your car My car isn’t as expensive as your car.
1. biology/ interesting/ history 2. train/ fast/ airplane 3. algebra/ difficult/ geometry
4. Batman / popular/ Superman 5. lemon/ sweet/ orange 6. morning/ warm/ afternoon
7. robin / big/ eagle 8. my neighbor/ friendly/ yours 9. tiger/ dangerous/ lion
10. bicycle/expensive/ motorcycle 11. house/ tall/ skyscraper 12. France/ beautiful/
Switzerland 13. my old shoes/ comfortable/ new shoes 14. grammar/ difficult /
spelling 15. Beethoven/ famous / Mozart 16. frozen yogurt/ fattening/ ice cream
17. Coke/ healthy/fruit juice 18. my apartment/ convenient/ yours 19. big cities/
safe/ small towns 20. New York hotels/ expensive/ Tokyo hotels
7. Complete the following sentences with the correct superlative form of the
words listed below.
Funny, high, delicious, easy, cold, boring, lucky, smart, dirty, rich, valuable, bad,
large, cheap, long, scary
1. Yesterday was _____ day of the year. I almost froze to death walking home from
university! 2. That was ______ movie I’ve ever seen. I almost walked out in the
middle. 3. Please give me your recipe. That is _____ cake I’ve ever eaten. 4. Jerry is
______ student in our class. He gets the top grades in every course. 5. Bob told
_____ story last night. I couldn’t stop laughing. 6. Whales are _____ animals in the
world. 7. The Nile is ______ river in the world. 8. Marie is _____ person I know.
She has won the lottery four times! 9. He is ______ speaker I have ever heard. Half
the audience fell asleep during his speech. 10. Mount Everest is _____ mountain in
the world. 11. That is _____ painting in the art gallery. It’s worth a million dollars.
12. Bill Gates is one of ____ men in the world. 13. I finished the exercise in five
minutes. It was _____ homework the teacher has ever given us. 14. Arthur hates to
clean. He has ______ apartment I’ve ever seen. 15. My dinner only cost $6.00. That
must be ______ restaurant in town. 16. I was afraid to turn off the lights last night.
That was ______ show I’ve ever watched.
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8. Complete the following sentences with the correct form (comparative or
superlative) of the adverb provided.
1. I drive _____ (carefully) than my husband. 2. Angela works ____ (hard) than I do,
but our secretary works ______ (hard) of all of us. 3. Anita sings _____ (beautifully)
of all the people in the choir. 4. Our teacher explains the lessons ______ (clearly) than
your teacher. 5. Robert arrived at the meeting _____ (early) than Francis. 6. Ken arrived
_____ (early) of them all. 7. Teenagers usually drive _____ (fast) than their parents.
8. My daughter cooks _____(well) than I do, but my husband cooks _____ (well) of
all of us. 9. Rene speaks _____ (fluently) of all the ESL students in the class.
10. The teacher arrived _____(late) than the students.
9. Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the adjective or
adverb, comparative or superlative of the words provided.
1. This is ______ (fancy) dress I own. 2. In my opinion, a deer moves _______
(graceful) of all the animals. 3. The politician spoke ______ (heavy) than my
husband’s. 4. January is _______ (cold) month of the year. 5. Mrs. Parker speaks
______(fluent) than her husband, but her daughter speaks ______ (fluent) of the whole
family. 6. December 21 is the ______(short) day of the year. It is ______ (short) than
any other. 7. Andrew is ______ (fast) runner on the team. 8. This apartment is
_______(convenient) of all the apartments I have seen. 9. Annie usually gets up
_____(early) than her sister. 10. Max finished the homework _______ (fast) than
anyone else in the class. 11. A turtle moves _______(slow) than a rabbit. 12. Bonnie
works _______(hard) of all the employees in the office. 13. This book is ______
(interesting) than the one I read last week. 14. Daniel drives _______ (careful) than his
father. 15. Judy goes to the library _______ (often) than I do. 16. That gold necklace
is ______(expensive) one in the whole store. 17. This is ______ (bad) movie I have
ever seen. 18. Shaun sings even ______(beautiful) than her mother, who is a famous
opera star. In fact, she has ________ (beautiful) voice I’ve ever heard.
10. Complete each sentence with the correct form of the adverb that is in
parentheses.
Our father arrived home later than the rest of the family. (late)
1. My sister sang ________ than Amanda did. (beautifully) 2. Your husband, Ken,
writes ______ of all. (well) 3. Mrs. Henderson speaks ______ than Mrs. Alarcon.
(clearly) 4. Mother prepares turkey _______ than Father does. (well) 5. Alexander and
Peter work _______ of all the boys. (hard) 6. He checked his answers ______ than
she did. (carefully) 7. Angelica speaks Spanish ______ of all the students.
(correctly). 8. Percy talks ______ than Jennifer. (frequently) 9. She danced ______ of
all. (gracefully)
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10. This math test was _______ than the last one. (hard) 11. I did my homework
_______ than my brother. (fast)
11. Complete each sentence so that it means the same as the one above it.
1.- The other students learn more quickly than me.
I ________________________________________
2.- You´re very angry and I´m very angry also.
I’m __________________________________________
3.- The seats at the front are more expensive than the seats at the back.
The seats at the back ______________________________
4.- Central Park in New York is bigger than Hyde Park in London.
Hyde Park in London ___________________________________
5.- Her last film was very good and her new film is also very good.
Her new film ___________________________________________
6.- The other students work harder than him.
He ____________________________________________________
12. Fill in the sentences with TOO or ENOUGH.
1. I can't carry this suitcase. It's _____ heavy. 2. This bag isn't big ____. I can't put all
my possessions in it. 3. Is your meal warm ____? If not, I'll put it in the microwave.
4. Mom was _____ worried to go to sleep, so she stayed up all night. 5. I don't like
this fizzy drink. It's much _____ sweet. 6. I'll ring you up later. I haven't got _____
time at the moment. 7. She's _____ young to drink alcohol. She's not even 15 yet. 8. We
weren't able to buy tickets for both games because we didn't have _____ money. 9. I
couldn't see her anywhere because it was getting _____ foggy. 10. You can't play in
our first team. You're not good _____. 11. You still make _______ many mistakes.
You have to practice harder. 12. If you don't get _____ sleep your overall health will
suffer. 13. I can't tell you what the situation is at the moment because I haven't
got ______ information. 14. He can't be a good basketball player. He isn't tall _____.
15. This is _____ good to be true! 16. I haven't got _____ clothes for such a long trip.
I'll have to get some more. 17. I couldn't finish the test because there were ______
many questions and not _____ time left. 18. My sister couldn't concentrate because
the workers were making _____ much noise. 19. I didn't have _____ time to visit
the museums and it was ______ crowded as well. 20. The sea isn't warm _____ to go
swimming. The water is much _____ cold.
13. Fill the gaps using TOO or ENOUGH.
1.- This glass isn’t (big) _____ Give me another one 2.- We haven’t got ______
chairs. Go and get another one 3.- The wine was (cold) ________. I couldn’t drink it
4.- That cheese is very expensive. I haven’t got _________ money to buy it. 5.- I
didn’t find an empty seat. There were _________ people on the bus 6.- There’s a lot
of food. It’s
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_________ food for two people 7.- This coat isn’t (warm) _________ I need a thicker
one 8.- We haven’t got _________ tables for fifty people to have dinner 9.- This tea is
(hot) _________. I can’t drink it 10.- This floor is (dirty) _________. I can’t clean it
11.- It was (cold) _________. We couldn’t go out 12.- Our teacher asks us to do
_________ exercises 13.- We’ve got _________ homework every day. We’ve got no
free time 14.- You are (old) _________ to learn English. 15.- The books were (heavy)
_________ for me to carry 16.- His words are (clear) _________ for everybody to
understand 17.- The bedroom was (small) _________. for five people 18.- He’s
(clever) _________ to do that exercise 19.- Our house is small. You mustn’t invite
_________ people 20.- You have to drive. You mustn’t drink _________ whisky
14. Make new sentences including the words in brackets.
Tom can’t buy a car because he has got little money. (enough)
Tom hasn’t got enough money to buy a car.
1.- We can’t get out today because it is very cold. (too) 2.- I can’t go to school because
I feel ill. (too) 3.- I can’t carry this suit because it is very heavy. (too) 4.- You can stay
in our house because there are a lot of rooms. (enough) 5.- You can understand
perfectly because it is clear. (enough) 6.- The children can have a swim in the river
because it is warm. (enough) 7.- You can’t get your driving license because you drive
very badly. (too) 8.- I can’t eat this soup because it is disgusting. (too) 9.- Children
can’t drink coffee because it is very strong. (too) 10.- Kevin can’t wear these shoes
because they aren’t very big. (enough) 11.- We can see the play because there are a lot
of tickets left. (enough) 12.- I can’t drink my tea because it has got a lot of sugar. (too)
13.- I can’t have a bath because there isn’t much hot water left. (enough) 14. I can’t
make a cake because I haven’t got many eggs. (enough)
15. Finish the sentences using the correct structure.
1.- This handwriting is very bad and I can’t understand it. This handwriting is
________ 2.- I’m very fat and I can’t wear this dress any longer. I’m ________ 3.- I’ve
only got a little money. I won’t be able to buy him the present I’d like I haven’t got
________ 4.- There’re only a few beds there. Some people won’t be able to sleep here.
There aren’t ________ 5.- These students are very clever and always get the highest
marks at school They are ________ 6.- There were a lot of trees and I couldn’t ride my
bike easily There were ________ 7.- Peter’s got a lot of records and you can spend a
whole day listening to them Peter’s got ________ 8.- My father’s got a lot of work
during the week and he can’t pay any attention to me My father’s got _______ 9.- I’ve
got very little money. I can’t go out I haven’t got _______ 10.- She’s very clever. She
can’t have done such a stupid thing She’s ________ 11.- You’ve got quite a lot of toys.
You can enjoy yourself You’ve got enough ________ 12.- This exercise is quite easy.
I think I can do it This exercise is ________ 13.- My suitcase is quite light. I think the
child can carry it My suitcase is ________. 14.- I’m very excited and I can’t think I’m
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________. 15.- Those cups are very little. You can’t put coffee in them Those cups are
________ .
16. Make one sentence using TOO or ENOUGH.
1. I’ve got very few photographs. I can’t fill up this album 2. There’s a little flour in
the tin. We can make one cake at least.3. He talks quite a lot. He can’t be accepted as
a spy. 4. There’s very little interest in the TV program. It won’t last long. 5. Our
neighbours are very noisy. We can’t sleep at night. 6. The sweater I bought was rather
narrow. I couldn’t wear it. 7. That shelf is very high. I can’t get at the books on it.
8. I’m very tired. I can’t go for a walk with you 9. We can drive all of you home.
We’ve got a lot of room in our car. 10. I can’t understand this exercise. It’s rather
confusing. 11. We can go on a picnic because the weather is quite warm and sunny.
12. My father never allows me to go out until late. He’s so obstinate. 13. His holidays
were quite long. He could recover from stress completely 14. He can’t have done his
exam so well. I’m afraid he’s rather stupid. 15. He never asks anybody for help. He’s
rather proud.
READING
1. Translate and learn the words.
Computer, mouse, keyboard, monitor, printer, memory, to turn on/off, to click on, to
download software, to type, software issue, operating system, user interface, plug and
play, back up data, out of memory error
2. Answer the questions.
1. What is a computer?
2. What are the basic components of a computer hardware?
3. What is the function of a CPU in a computer?
4. What is RAM and what does it do?
5. What is a hard drive and what is its purpose?
6. What is an operating system and why is it important?
7. What is software and how is it different from hardware?
8. What are some common types of software used on computers?
9. What is a virus and how can you protect your computer from it?
10. How has technology changed over time, and what impact has this had on
computer hardware and software?
3. Read and complete the text with the given words.
as troubleshoot, to ensure, be powerful, computer hardware, a malfunctioning,
computer's resources, is essential, and avoid frustration, the keyboard, and security
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Computer hardware and software
Computers are an essential part of our daily lives. They help us to work, study,
and entertain ourselves. To understand how computers work, it's important to know
about computer hardware and software.
_____(1) refers to the physical components of a computer. This includes
_____(2), mouse, monitor, central processing unit (CPU), and memory. The CPU is
like the brain of the computer, while the memory is where data is stored temporarily.
The monitor displays images and text, while the keyboard and mouse allow us to input
commands and interact with the computer.
Software, on the other hand, refers to the programs that run on a computer.
Examples of software include word processors, web browsers, and video games.
Operating systems, such as Windows or MacOS, are also types of software that manage
the _____(3) and allow users to interact with the hardware.
When buying a computer, it's important to consider both the hardware and
software. The hardware should _____(4) enough to handle the tasks you need it for,
while the software should be compatible with your needs and preferences. It's also
important to keep your hardware and software up-to-date _____(5) optimal
performance _____(6).
In addition to understanding hardware and software, it's also important to know
how to troubleshoot common computer problems. This can include issues with
hardware, such as _____(7) mouse, or software, such as a program crashing. Knowing
how to solve these problems can save time _____(8).
Overall, understanding computer hardware and software _____(9) in today's
digital age. By knowing the basics, you can make informed decisions when purchasing
and using computers, as well _____(10) common problems that may arise.
4. Translate the sentences from English into Russian.
1. I use my computer every day to check my emails.
2. The mouse is next to the keyboard on the desk.
3. My fingers move quickly over the keyboard as I type.
4. I have a large monitor that helps me see everything clearly.
5. I need to buy a new printer because mine is out of ink.
6. I added more memory to my computer to make it faster.
7. Don't forget to turn off the computer before you leave.
8. To open the program, click on the icon on the desktop.
9. I need to download software to edit photos for work.
10. I learned how to type fast in my typing class.
11. I had a software issue with my antivirus program yesterday.
12. Windows is my favorite operating system to use on my computer.
13. The user interface on this new program looks very easy to use.
14. This new device is plug and play, so I don't need any additional drivers.
15. I always back up my important data on an external hard drive.
16. I received an error message saying my computer is out of memory.
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5. Read and translate the dialogue. Roleplay.
Emma: Hey, Tom. How's your computer doing? Everything working fine?
Tom: Hi, Emma. Not really. I've been having some issues with the software lately.
Emma: What kind of issues?
Tom: Sometimes it just crashes out of nowhere or runs really slow for no reason. And
there are these annoying pop-ups that keep appearing on my screen.
Emma: Have you tried running a system update or scanning for viruses?
Tom: Yeah, I did both of those things, but it didn't seem to help much.
Emma: Then maybe it's a hardware problem. When was the last time you cleaned out
your keyboard and mouse?
Tom: Uh, never... Is that important?
Emma: Definitely. Dust can accumulate inside and interfere with the connections. It
can also cause overheating, which is bad for your system.
Tom: Okay, thanks for the advice. I'll give it a try tonight.
Emma: No problem. Also, if you want, I could run a diagnostic check on your
computer. I know a few programs that can identify any underlying problems.
Tom: That would be great, actually. Thanks a lot. You're a lifesaver!
Emma: (laughs) Don't mention it. Just trying to keep our office tech running smoothly.
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Unit 4.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE
Perfect Tenses
1. Complete the sentences by using an appropriate form of Perfect, Active.
Translate the following sentences into Russian.
1. If we include TV and audio technology within the scope of IT, then IT ….. already
….. (revolutionize) much of our home lives.
2. Computer technology ….. (open) a variety of opportunities for people who are
creative risk-takers.
3. The information revolution ….. not only….. (change) the way we live and the
technology we use, it ….. also….. (alter) the way we think.
4. Most manufacturers ….. (construct) their notebooks to labor with a keyboard and a
mouse, and they as well have a touch pad that can be used to move round the pointer
on the monitor.
5. The key advance that ….. (enable) those services was the massive increase in lowcost broadband services into homes.
6. The launch of notebooks ….. (bring) transportable offices for everyone.
7. A communication protocol is something you are familiar with if you ….. ever…..
(talk) to someone.
8. Company executives are afraid of the bad publicity that would result if the public
found out that somebody ….. (misuse) their computer.
9. The experimental part of the program ….. (achieve) several successful launches by
November 1975.
10. By the end of the week the scientists ….. (conduct) all the experiments.
2. Complete the sentences by using an appropriate form of Perfect. Translate
the following sentences into Russian.
1. I hope they ……(repair) this road by the time we come back next summer.
2. .................they.......................(hear) about the film before you told them about it?
3. “Would you like something to eat?”
“No, thanks. We ........................ already ........................ (eat).”
4. I .....................(work) for several hours and I still ......................(not finished)
5. Briget ............................................(wait) the whole week to see her hairdresser.
6. He spends all his spare time planting trees. He says that by the end of next year
he ....................... (plant) 2,000.
7. We got to the station late so the train ................. already ...................... (leave).
8. You ………. (not lose) enough weight to fit into those trousers by next week.
9. ………………your sister…………. (study) in the library all afternoon?
10. Come back in an hour. I ……………………. (do) my packing by then and we’ll
be able to have a talk.
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11. His father left him £10,000, but he lives so extravagantly that he
…………(spend) it all before he’s 30.
12. It...................................................(rain) all day!
13. By the time you called, I ..............................(already recover) from the accident.
14. We.................................................... (work) all day, but we’re stopping now.
3. Read the dialogue and complete it with the words below.
Checked, disconnected, found, go, switched, type, tight, unplugged, worked, working
Haider: Hello, IT Help Desk.
Maryam: Hi, this is Maryam from Human Resources.
Haider: Hi, this is Haider. How can I help you, Maryam?
Maryam: I (1) _____ my computer off yesterday and today I can't turn it on.
Haider: What (2) ______ of computer do you have?
Maryam: I'm not sure. It's a desktop computer. It (3) _____ fine yesterday.
Haider: Don't worry. Have you (4) _____ the cable connections?
Maryam: No, I haven't. I can see some cables but I don't know which cable goes where.
Haider: Make sure all cables are (5) _____ and fully plugged in.
Maryam: Ok, give me a sec. Oh, I think I've (6) ______ the problem. I have one cable
that is (7) _____ It's the power cable. Where does it go?
Haider: The power cable should (8) _____ in the three-pronged port on the computer.
Maryam: OK, done. Let me try now. It's (9) _____ fine. Sorry about that. Stupid of
me.
Haider: Maybe the cleaners (10) _____ your PC by mistake last night.
Maryam: Maybe. Good, we've solved the problem. Thank you, Haider.
Haider: You're welcome. Have a good day.
Maryam: You too.
4. Explain the usage of Perfect forms in the sentences.
1. The World Wide Web has become indispensable to companies large and small, and
regardless of whether their commercial aspirations are locally oriented or are of global
proportions, it has become a resource that the Government depends upon and that
nurtures communities, both real and virtual, around the planet. 3. He had just finished
his report when his boss asked to see him. 4. The telephone has changed beyond
recognition since its invention in 1876. 5. By the time we get there the lecture will have
started. 6. The programmer had done the work by four o′clock. 7. The country has made
enormous progress this year. The Prime Minister has done so much good. 8. They will
have built a house by the end of the year. 9. The report will not have been finished until
6 o′clock. 10. A new bridge has recently been built across the river.
5. Complete this conversation with the present perfect of the verbs in brackets.
A: Hi, Emma. (1) ______ (you / do) that job for Mr. Jones?
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B: No, I (2) _____ . I (3) _____ (not have) time. I (4) _____ (be) so busy this morning.:
(5) ______ (you / phone) him to ask what’s wrong?
B: Yes, I (6) _______ .
A: What’s the problem?
B: His screen (7) ____ (go) blank. He (8) _____(not be) able to access any of his
files this morning.
A: (9) _________ (he / check) all the cables?
B: Yes, he (10) _____ . They’re all OK.
A: I wonder what caused this problem. Any ideas?
6. Translate the sentences from English into Russian.
1. Electronics has made a rapid progress. 2. A further progress has been made in
microwave systems. When the designer came we had already installed new equipment.
3. New equipment had been installed in our shop when the designer returned to the
plant. 4. By the end of this week the students will have conducted all the experiments.
5. By 8 o'clock all the experiments will have been conducted. 6. The radar has been
used for the automatic control of automobiles. 7. The majority of valves has already
been replaced with tiny transistors.8. By the middle of the 19th century about 60
elements had been discovered. 9. By the end of the year a large variety of semiconductor
devices will have been produced. 10. Owing to its light weight and high melting point
this metal has been used for rocket construction. 11. Simple radio receivers had been
in use long before the application of electronic devices. 12. These materials have been
available for over a decade. 13. In the last twenty years remarkable advances have been
made in the development of science and technology. 14. Had these chemical properties
been discovered by 1869? 15. The quality control has been necessary for all electrical
components. 16. Just before Hertz began his experiments Crooks and others had been
constructing cathode ray tubes.
7. Rewrite the sentences using relative clauses (who, which, where, that).
1. That’s the girl. She spoke to me yesterday. 2. What’s the name of the book? You
want me to read. 3. The hotel we stayed in. the hotel was very expensive. 4. I rent a
house. It is very small. 5. The car was stolen. It was a BMW. 6. The man smoked forty
cigarettes a day. He died of a heart attack. 7. That’s the building. I work there. 8. That’s
the boy. His mother works in the post office. 9. The businessman was very rich. I saw
him last night. That’s the dog. His owner is French.
8. Complete the sentences with the missing word (who, which, that, when, why,
where, whose).
His sister____name is Laura, works at the library. 2. Her last film, _____I couldn’t
understand at all, was a great success. 3. Give him something_____will take away the
pain. 4. I work in the town _____my son lives. 5. We’ll show you the poem _____
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