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Файл:Английский язык для бакалавров профиля «Технология хлеба, кондитерских и макаронных изделий». Учебное пособие
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Проверьте свой перевод.
1. If some foods, e.g. apples are cut, the damaged surface will turn
brown.
2. Bacteria can be founded in many places, including air, water, so
il,
food.
3. Some bacteria are destroyed at around 60
4. The question of further development of agriculture was given m
о
.
uch
attention.
5. If eggs are stored under room temperature, carbon dioxide and water are vaporized through the pores in the shell.
Text C Digestion
Упражнения
1. Прочитайте и переведите слова, имеющие общий корень в английском и русском языках.
physiologist [ˌfɪzɪ'ɔləʤɪst], portion ['pɔːʃ(ə)n], hydrolysis
[haɪ'drɔləsɪs], amino acids [əˈmiːnəu 'æsɪds], chlorophyll ['klɔːrəfɪl], cholesterol [kə'lest(ə)rɔl]
2. Прочитайте и переведите слова, исходя из значений слов, данных
в скобках.
to nourish ['nʌrɪʃ] (питать) – nourishing, nourishment; part
(часть) – partly, to take part; process (процесс) – to process; to regard
(принимать во внимание) – regardless; intestine [ɪn'testɪn] (кишка,
кишечник) – small (large) intestine, intestinal wall; stream (поток,
ручей) – bloodstream ['blʌdstriːm]; nature (природа) – natural; different
(другой, отличающийся) – to differ, difference; certainly (конечно,
точно) – uncertainty; to grow-grew-grown (расти) – growth
3. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Very little natural food can serve as nourishment just as it is; glucose is nearly the only natural substance that can. While chemists were trying to find what foods are made of, physiologists were trying to learn what
food is nourishment.
It soon became evident to the physiologists that foodstuffs must
undergo enormous changes in the human body, because the body tissues
are very different from the foodstuffs that nourish them. Hair, skin, muscles
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and bones bear little resemblance to the proteins, fats, carbohydrates and
nourishment
питание
glucose
глюкоза
to be made of
быть сделанным из
to become-became-become
становиться
evident
очевидный
minerals which foodstuffs consist of.
The word «food» is used loosely to mark anything edible whether it
is a natural product such as wheat, fish, or potatoes; a partly processed
product such as flour; or cooked foods such as an apple-pie. If it is edible –
it is food, regardless of what must be done to it before it is eaten. Because
of this uncertainty of meaning, the nutritionists use the word «foodstuffs»
for those portions of the foods the body can use, mainly the carbohydrates,
fats and proteins.
All digestion is a reaction of the foodstuffs with water or what
chemists call a hydrolysis. As the digested food passes along the intestines,
it consists of 3 sugars (mostly glucose), about 20 amino acids and several
fatty acids. There are also salts and some other substances that are in food,
such as acids, chlorophyll, cholesterol and vitamins. Such is the food as it
passes through the intestinal wall into the blood stream to be distributed to
the various tissues for growth, repair, or the production of energy.
4. Выберите утверждение, соответствующее содержанию тек-
ста.
1. The task of chemists and physiologists was a) the same; b) different; c)
to define what foods were made of.
2. The food-stuffs undergo a) no changes in the body; b) great changes in
the body; c) partial changes in the body.
3. Food is a) anything edible; b) only processed products; c) any natural
product.
4. The meaning of the words «foods» and «foodstuffs» is a) not quite certain; b) equal; c) different only for nutritionists.
5. Digestion is a) the utilization of minerals by the body; b) a hydrolysis of
food-stuffs; c) а reaction of sugars and about 20 amino acids.
5. Прочитайте текст еще раз и расскажите о том, что интересу-
ет 1) специалистов-химиков в области питания; 2) специалистовфизиологов в области питания.
6. Выучите слова к тексту.
72
foodstuff
продовольствие, продукты
to undergo changes
подвергаться изменениям
enormous [ɪ'nɔːməs]
огромный
tissue ['tɪʃuː]
ткань
carbohydrate
[ˌkɑːbə'haɪdreɪt]
углевод
fats
жиры
to be (not) much like
быть (не) сильно похожим
to bear (much/ little) resemblance
походить сильно/ слабо
схожесть
either … or
или … или
muscles ['mʌslz]
мышцы
proteins ['prəutiːn]
белки, протеины
loosely
свободно
to mark
указать, обозначить
edible
съедобный
wheat [wiːt]
пшеница
partly processed
частично обработанный
flour ['flauə]
мука
hydrolysis
гидролиз
intestine
кишка, кишечник
amino acids
аминокислоты
chlorophyll
хлорофилл
cholesterol
холестерин
bloodstream ['blʌdstriːm]
кровоток
distribute [dɪ'strɪbjuːt]
распространять
repair
восстановление
Модальные глаголы
Модальные глаголы выражают отношение говорящего к высказыванию. Наиболее часто встречаются в английском научнотехническом тексте следующие модальные глаголы: must, have to, be
to, should, ought to, can, may.
Must выражает необходимость или неизбежность совершения
действия в силу определенных обстоятельств, а также служит для выражения совета или приказания. Переводится на русский язык дол-
жен, нужно, надо, необходимо.
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Force must be applied to produce
motion.
Чтобы вызвать движение, необходимо приложить силу.
Have to выражает необходимость совершения действия и близок
Our scientists had to solve many
complicated practical problems in
the construction of the first atomic
power-plant.
Нашим ученым пришлось разрешить много сложных практических задач при строительстве
первой атомной электростанции.
The new bottling line is to be commissioned next spring.
Новая линия бутылочного розлива должна вступить в строй следующей весной.
You should lower the voltage in the
circuit.
Вам следовало бы уменьшить
напряжение в сети.
He ought to know properties of this
mixture.
Ему следовало бы знать свойства
этой смеси.
Man can subdue atomic energy.
Человек может подчинить себе
ядерную энергию.
You may touch the wire as the circuit is open.
Вы можете дотронуться до провода, так как цепь разомкнута.
по значению к must, заменителем которого он часто выступает и переводится вынужден, приходится, надо, нужно.
Be to выражает необходимость, вытекающую из договоренности
или намеченного плана и переводится должен.
Should и ought to употребляются для выражения необходимости,
обусловленной моральным долгом или советом и переводятся дол-
жен, следует, следовало бы.
Can выражает физическую возможность, способность или уме-
ние совершать действие и переводится мочь, уметь.
May выражает разрешение или позволение и переводится могу,
можно, разрешено.
6. Переведите данные предложения на русский язык.
1. Most monosaccharides can exist as both open-chain and cyclic structures.
2. The protection of consumer’s rights should be regulated by a separate
legislative act.
3. Proposals for legislation on labeling food products have to be addressed
to ensure that they are practical and enforceable.
4. Pregnant women must not fast for more than 6-8 hours.
5. At what stage of production ought these farm products to be certified?
74
6. Scientists and environmentalists are to forecast correctly the possible
development of the situation and to work out preventive measures.
7. The principle of substational equivalence may be the reason for the conflict with trade issues regulated by the FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization) standards.
8. Food technologist ought to make use of a combination of experimental
data, mathematical calculations and experience.
9. Various microorganisms are able to cause undesirable changes in food
products.
10. It is known that many different reactions may take place during food
processing.
. Переведите данные предложения на английский язык.
7
1. Все страны должны быть осведомлены о проблемах, связанных
облучением пищевых продуктов, даже если они не вовлечены в исследовательские проблемы.
2. Для того, чтобы убить вещества, вызывающие порчу, пищевые
продукты должны быть нагреты до 160
о
по Фаренгейту.
3. Невозможно сохранить молоко, не стерилизуя его.
4. Консервированные продукты могут храниться в течении очень
длительного периода времени.
5. Метод о котором ты читал, должен быть использован для консервации яиц.
6. Мы вынуждены были заморозить мясо для того, чтобы сохранить
его на длительное время.
7. Мы должны есть ,чтобы получать энергию.
8. Можно ожидать, что в будущем роль науки о продуктах питания
станет более важной.
9. При приготовлении пищи в промышленных масштабах необходимо учитывать время и условия хранения.
10. Различные микроорганизмы способны вызывать нежелательны
изменения в пищевых продуктах.
с
е
Проверьте свой перевод.
1. All countries must be aware of the problems associated with food irradiation even if not engaged in research problems.
2. In order to kill spoilage agents the food should be heated to 1600 F.
3. You cannot keep milk without sterilizing it.
4. The canned food may store for a very long time,
5. The method you read about is to be used for egg preservation.
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6. We had to freeze meat to store it for a long period.
digestion
вещество
nutrition
пищеварение
exist
кровоток
bloodstream
требовать
distribute
кожа
repair
вдыхать
resemblance
схожесть
lungs
легкие
skin
существовать
inhale
способность
substance ['sʌbst(ə)n(t)s]
распространять
capacity
питание
require [rɪ'kwaɪə]
восстановление
7. We should eat to have energy.
8. One can expect that in the future the role of food science will become
more important.
9. While preparing foods in industrial scale storage time and conditions
must be taken into account.
10. Various microorganisms are able to cause undesirable changes in f
products.
ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
. Соотнесите слова с переводом.
1
ood
2. Вставьте необходимый предлог.
1. Socrates said the purpose of food is to replace the water lost ……………
the skin and the loss of heat …………… the body.
2. Understanding of what happens …………… food from the time it is eaten, could not be learned until the chemical nature of foods was discovered.
3 Foods are composed …………… organic substances too complex to be
understood from that state of chemistry
4. Modern work …………… digestion and nutrition began about a century
ago.
5. Any living organism is made up …………… cells.
6. Bread is cut …………… the knife.
7. Food is essential …………… the nutrition of any human being or any
form of life.
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8. The term «food» is commonly referred …………… those substances
77
that we eat.
9. Milk, eggs, tomatoes, and flour are accepted …………… foods.
10. As the digested food passes …………… the intestines, it consists
…………… 3 sugars.
3. Вставьте необходимый модальный глагол.
1. Preservation methods …………… be applied as early as possible, otherwise foods will deteriorate before processing. (may or should)
2. The optimal relative humidity …………… not be too low, otherwise the
wilting and softening of vegetables or the shrinkage of fruit ……………
occur. (may, can, must or should)
3. Pregnant women …………… not fast for more than 6-8 hours. (may, be
able to, can, must)
4. Chlorinated water and borax solution …………… be used in washing
some kinds of vegetables. (may, be to, can, must)
5. He is responsible for this experiment. He …………… work without
weekends. (have to, be to, can, must)
6. Medicine …………… be free. (have to, be to, can, ought to)
7. To preserve foods or to delay their spoilage, chilling, freezing, drying,
fermentation, canning or chemical preservatives …………… be used.
(may, can, must or should)
8. The smoking …………… be done at comparatively low temperatures
(26.7 to 37.8 C) or at high temperatures like 63 to 92 C, which result in partial cooking of the fish. (may, can, must or should)
9. Strangers …………… not to enter the lab. (be to, can, must)
10. We …………… eat to have energy. ( may, must, be to, should)
V. THE NUTRIENTS
Text A Elements we need
Упражнения
1. Прочитайте и переведите слова, имеющие общий корень в англий-
ском и русском языках.
protein ['prəutiːn], carbohydrate [ˌkɑːbə'haɪdreɪt], macronutrient
['mækrəu'njuːtrɪənt], sodium ['səudɪəm], calcium ['kælsɪəm], potassium
[pə'tæsɪəm], phosphorus ['fɔsf(ə)rəs], magnesium [mæg'niːzɪəm], iron
['aɪən], zinc [zɪŋk], copper ['kɔpə], iodine ['aɪədiːn], selenium [sɪ'liːnɪəm],
chromium ['krəumɪəm], cobalt ['kəubɔːlt], saccharides [ˈsakərʌɪd], absorption [əb'zɔːpʃ(ə)n]
II. Прочитайте и переведите слова, исходя из значений слов, дан-
ных в скобках.
nutrition [njuː'trɪʃ(ə)n] (питание) – nutrient ['njuːtrɪənt]; chemistry
['kemɪstrɪ] (химия) – chemical; vita ['vaɪtə] (жизнь) – vital ['vaɪt(ə)l]; to
grow (расти) – growth [grəuθ]
III. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
There are five main groups of nutrients: proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals.
Macronutrients are needed by the body in relatively large amounts.
They include proteins, fats, carbohydrates and the mineral elements sodium, calcium, potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium.
Micronutrients are needed by the body in smaller amounts. They
include vitamins, essential fatty acids, and trace elements (the minerals
iron, zinc, copper, iodine, selenium, chromium, and cobalt).
Water can also be called a nutrient, as it is vital to life.
Proteins
Our bodies are composed of millions of cells, which are constantly
being replaced. As the body grows, new cells are added. Each cell contains
a protoplasm, which contains (among other things) protein. Protein is vital
to the growth, repair, and maintenance of the body. Protein can also be used
to provide the body with energy.
Fats
They provide a concentrated source of energy, surround and protect
certain vital organs, e.g. kidneys, glands, form a layer under the skin to pre-
78
serve body heat and protect the skeleton and organs, provide a source of
macronutrient
питательный макроэлемент
relatively
сравнительно
micronutrients
питательный микроэлемент
the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are an important source of energy and they act as a
'protein sparer', so that proteins can be used for its primary functions rather
than as a source of energy. There are three main carbohydrates: monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.
Vitamins
Vitamins are very important in nutrition even though they are required only in small amounts, but as the body cannot make most of them
itself, they must be supplied by food. In general, vitamins are required to
regulate the maintenance and growth of the body, and to control metabolic
reactions in cells. There are two groups of them – fat-soluble and watersoluble.
Minerals
Apart from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (the main elements that
make up protein, fat, and carbohydrate), the body requires at least 20 other
elements. They are called mineral elements and they are required for body
building, control of body processes, e.g. transmission of nerve impulses.
They are essential part of body liquid.
Water
Water is vital to life – 70 % of the human body is water, required
for all body fluids, e.g. saliva, blood, sweat and urine, required as part of
many metabolic reactions; some nutrients need to be dissolved in water
for proper absorption.
4. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.
1. Name main groups of nutrients.
2. What is the difference between macro and micronutrients?
3. What are the functions of protein?
4. What are the functions of fat in the body?
5. Why does the body require carbohydrates?
6. List the functions of vitamins.
7. What are minerals required for?
8. Why is water vital to life?
5. Выучите слова к тексту.
79
to include
включать
essential
важный, необходимый
trace
незначительное количество
to be composed of / to be made
up of
состоять из
to contain
содержать
to maintain / maintenance
поддерживать / поддержание
to provide with
обеспечивать
cell
клетка, сота, камера
kidney
почка
glands
железы, гланды
at least
по крайней мере
transmission
передача, перенос
liquid / fluid
жидкость, жидкий
saliva [sə'laɪvə]
слюна
blood [blʌd]
кровь
sweat [swet]
пот
urine ['juərɪn]
моча
to dissolve
растворять
Неличные формы глагола (причастие)
Participle I (Present)
Participle II
(Past)
Simple
Active
Passive
Passive
сhanging
1.изменяющ
ий
(ся)
изменявший (ся)
2.изменяя (сь)
being changed
1.изменяющийся,
изменяемый
2.будучи измененным
сhanged
1.изменяем
ый,
измененный
2.когда,
так
как (его)
изм
енили
Perfect
having changed
изменив (шись)
having been changed
тогда, так как, после
того как (его) изменили
Образование форм причастия.
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