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Файл:Английский язык для бухгалтеров. Учебное пособие
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Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации
Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение
высшего профессионального образования
“Тамбовский государственный технический университет“
Н. НИКУЛЬШИНА, O. ГЛИВЕНКОВА
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ
ДЛЯ БУХГАЛТЕРОВ
Рекомендовано Ученым советом университета
в качестве учебного пособия
для студентов высших учебных заведений,
обучающихся по специальности 080100.62 “Экономика“
(профиль “Бухгалтерский учет, анализ и аудит“)
Тамбов
Издательство ФГБОУ ВПО “ТГТУ“
2012
1
УДК 802.0(076)
ББК Ш13(Ан)я923
Н654
Р е ц е н з е н т ы:
Доктор педагогических наук, профессор ФГБОУ ВПО “ТГТУ“
О.А. Артемьева
Доктор культурологии, профессор
ФГБОУ ВПО “ТГУ им. Г.Р. Державина“
Т.Г. Бортникова
Никульшина, Н.Л.
Н654 Английский язык для бухгалтеров [Электронный ресурс] :
учебное пособие / Н.Л. Никульшина, О.А. Гливенкова. – Тамбов : Изд-во ФГБОУ ВПО “ТГТУ“, 2012. – 120 с.
Включает оригинальные тексты из современной английской литературы по бухгалтерскому учету и задания, предназначенные для
формирования и развития стратегий иноязычного коммуникативного
чтения в контексте характерных особенностей будущей профессии
студентов. Состоит из шести тематических разделов, в которых последовательно раскрываются основные понятия управленческого и финансового бухгалтерского учета, формулируются его базовые принципы, анализируются типовые отчеты.
Авторы ставят целью оказать помощь студентам экономических
специальностей в овладении правилами, нормами и стереотипами
иноязычного коммуникативного поведения, принятого и разделяемого
членами международного профессионального экономического сообщества.
УДК 802.0(076)
ББК Ш13(Ан)я923
2
© Федеральное государственное бюджетное
образовательное учреждение
высшего профессионального образования
“Тамбовский государственный технический
университет“ (ФГБОУ ВПО “ТГТУ“), 2012
CONTENTS
Unit 1. WHAT IS ACCOUNTING? ………………………………… 5
Reading for gist ………………………………………………. 6
Reading for specific information …………………………….. 10
Reading for details and language study: section A …………… 11
Reading for details and language study: section B ……………. 13
Reading for details and language study: section C ……………. 16
Reading for details and language study: section D ……………. 17
Reading for details and language study: section E ……………. 21
Glossary ……………………………………………………….. 23
Unit 2. MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING ………………………….. 25
Reading for gist ……………………………………………….. 25
Reading for specific information ……………………………… 31
Reading for details and language study: section A ……………. 31
Reading for details and language study: section B ……………. 34
Reading for details and language study: section C ……………. 42
Glossary ……………………………………………………….. 45
Unit 3. THE BASICS OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING …………. 47
Reading for gist ………………………………………………... 47
Reading for specific information ……………………………… 53
Reading for details and language study: sections A and B ……. 54
Reading for details and language study: sections C, D and E ... 60
Glossary ……………………………………………………….. 65
Unit 4. MEASURING AND ACCOUNTING FOR PROFIT ……… 66
Reading for gist ………………………………………………... 66
Reading for specific information ……………………………… 69
Reading for details and language study: sections A and B ……. 70
Reading for details and language study: sections C and D ……. 75
Glossary ……………………………………………………….. 82
Unit 5. ACCOUNTING CONCEPTS ……………………………… 84
Reading for gist ………………………………………………... 84
Reading for specific information ……………………………… 88
Reading for details and language study: sections A and B ……. 88
Reading for details and language study: section C ……………. 92
Glossary ……………………………………………………….. 97
Unit 6. ACCOUNTING FOR DIFFERENT ORGANISATIONS … 99
Reading for gist ……………………………………………….. 99
Reading for specific information ……………………………… 106
Reading for details and language study: sections A, B, C and D
Reading for details and language study: sections E, F, G and H 111
Glossary ……………………………………………………….. 119
ORAL EXAMINATION TOPICS …………………………………….120
107
3
FOREWORD
English for Accountants is aimed at teaching English language learners
how to choose, read and use original accounting materials in the course of
their studies, research or work. Through a wide variety of exercises based
on authentic texts, students will gradually learn the reading, vocabulary and
study skills necessary to work independently on accounting materials of
their own choice.
The book consists of six units, each being organized around a central
topic:
1. What is accounting?
2. Management accounting
3. The basics of financial accounting
4. Measuring and accounting for profit
5. Accounting concepts
6. Accounting for different organisations
The topic-driven syllabus provides a rich source of information on the
fundamentals of accounting including basic concepts, principles and financial statements and are of high interest to the students studying business
accounting. Reading materials are taken from authentic up-to-date sources:
Bright G., Herbert M. Mastering Accounting. London: Macmillan,
1990. 374 p.
Glynn J.J., Perrin J., Murphy M.P. Accounting for Managers. London:
International Thomson Business Press, 1997. 420 p.
Fleming I., McKinstry S. Accounting for business Management. London: International Thomson Business Press, 1998. 307 p.
Wood F. Business Accounting. Askeri, 1992. 250 p.
English for Accountants is designed to promote developing students’
strategies of communicative reading: reading to understand the general content of a text (skimming), reading for specific information (scanning), reading for detail, reading for critical analysis.
The vocabulary skills developed in this book include: learning to focus
only on the words which are important to understanding of a text; using
native language and the context of a text to understand the meaning of new
words and phrases; fast and accurate dictionary use.
Each unit is concluded with practice activities aimed at testing students’ skills in the preparation of final accounts of a business.
We have tried to make the content of the book as interesting as possible to help the students achieve real confidence in mastering the language
of accounting in English.
Nadezhda Nikulshina
Olga Glivenkova
4
U n i t 1
WHAT IS ACCOUNTING?
BEFORE YOU READ
Even in your own language you will generally understand a text better
if you already know something about the subject. In a foreign language it is
especially useful to think about the subject of the text for a few moments
before you start to read. This will help you to know what you expect to read
about and some of the language you may find.
1. Before reading about the nature and purposes of accounting,
think about the subject in general:
What is accounting associated with?
What does it involve?
Who uses accounting information and why?
2. There is nothing so special about accounting that it must be
done only by accountants. We all do it, or could do it. For example, we
keep records of our earnings, receipts and payments made through a
bank account, we record our spendings on particular items, such as
heating, motoring or purchases of food. Can you add some more examples from your personal life?
3. There are many different sorts of businesses. Among the most
numerous are sole proprietors. Suppose you have started a building
and decorating business. For this purpose you have employed six
people. As for accounting operations you have decided that you can do
it yourself. What do you think you will have to do acting as a) a bookkeeper; b) a financial accountant; c) a management accountant.
REASONS FOR READING
There are different reasons for reading:
Sometimes we want to know what a text is about in general (reading
for gist).
Sometimes we want to find or check a particular piece of information
(reading for specific information).
Sometimes we read because we want to know about a subject in detail
(reading for details).
The way we read depends on our reason for reading.
5
READING FOR GIST
When you read for gist you only want to know what the text is about in
general, so you do not need to read or understand every word. This style of
reading is called skimming. It is often a good idea to read a text for gist before you try to understand it in detail.
1. Skim the text about accounting. Find an appropriate heading
for each section (letters A – E):
1) the main users of accounting information;
2) the main branches of accounting;
3) the role of accountants;
4) the definition of accounting;
5) historical development.
A
Accounting is often said to be the language of business. It is used in
the business world to describe the transactions entered into by all kinds of
organizations. There are many definitions of accounting. The one proposed
by the authors of “Accounting for Managers” describes accounting as the
recording, reporting and sometimes interpretation of all the financial (money value) transactions and resources of business enterprises and other formal organizations. According to the definition formulated by the American
Accounting Association, accounting is the process of identifying, measur-
ing and communicating economic information to permit informed
judgements and decisions by users of the information. In other words,
accounting is concerned with providing both financial and non-financial
information that will help decision-makers to make good decisions.
The actual record-making phase of accounting is usually called bookkeeping. However, accounting extends far beyond the actual making of
records. Accounting is concerned with the use to which these records are
put, their analysis and interpretation. An accountant should be concerned
with more than the record-making phase. In particular he should be interested in the relationship between the financial results and the events which
have created them. He should be studying the various alternatives open to
the business, and be using his accounting experience in order to aid the
management to select the best plan of action for the business.
B
Accountants provide information – that is why they are paid so much!
Not only do they provide information on which decisions can be based but
they also provide information on the financial consequences of the possible
outcomes if there is a choice of decisions which could be made. Finally,
6
accountants provide information on the financial consequences of the decisions which were actually made.
Accounting can be seen as an information system. Financial information flows through organizations and the role of accounting is to collate that
information, organize it in some meaningful way, and then distribute it to
those who will make use of it in the decision-making process. This is shown
in Figure 1.1.
Collate, analyse Action
and report
Decision making
Figure 1.1. The role of accounting
Thus, the accountant will provide information on which decisions can
be based. Those decisions will result in actions which will produce results,
and those results are then collected and analysed by accountants. The results
of that analysis are then passed on to the decision makers so that they can
make more decisions, and so on. It is a continuous cycle.
C
Accountants, in the sense of being providers of information, are not a
modern phenomenon but can be traced back to ancient Egypt and hierogliphics showing details of past transactions. Roman accounts also exist
which show details, maintained by servants, of money collected, spent and
due to their masters.
Accounting developed as commercialization developed, so that by the
late fifteenth century an Italian mathematician, Luca Pacioli, had described
the essential elements of financial recording which are still used today.
What Pacioli described was sufficient for the information needs of an essentially non-industrial society. The advent of the “Industrial Age” saw an increased use of financial information by different groups of people which
resulted in accounting progressing from the recording and distributing of
basic data to business owners to the position it finds itself in today.
Modern accountants are now required to provide a wide variety of financial data to many groups of users with different needs. Accounting
started off as the recording of past information but is now much more concerned with the provision of information for future decision making.
D
Although accounting is the work of accountants, an ever increasing
number and range of non-accountants need to understand what accountants
7
actually do and, more importantly, the contribution their work makes to
business success. Different people interested in different aspects of a company’s performance need some accounting knowledge in order that they
may understand what the accountant is telling them. Among them are managers, shareholders, owners and investors, lenders, economists, creditors,
financial analysts, lawyers, tax authorities, economic planners, government
regulatory agencies, labour unions, financial press, consumers’ groups etc.
Managers must constantly decide what to do, how to do it, and
whether the results match the original plans. Successful managers consistently make the right decisions on the basis of timely and valid information.
Many of these decisions are based on the flow of accounting data and their
analysis. For this reason, management is one of the most important users of
accounting information and a major function of accounting is to provide
management with relevant and useful information. For example, some typical questions that a manager might ask include: What was the company’s
net income during the past quarter? Is the rate of return to the owners adequate? Does the company have enough cash? What products are most profitable? What is the cost of manufacturing each product?
Present or Potential Investors. Those who are thinking of investing
in a company and those such as financial analysts who advise investors are
interested in the past success of the business and its potential earnings in the
future. A thorough study of the company’s financial statements will help
potential investors judge the prospects for a profitable investment. After
investing in a company, investors must continually review their ownership.
Present or Potential Creditors. Most companies must borrow money
for both long- and short-term operating needs. The creditors, who lend the
money, are interested mainly in whether the company will have the cash to
pay the interest charges and repay the debt at the appropriate time. They
will study the company’s liquidity and cash flow as well as its profitability.
Banks, finance companies, mortgage companies, insurance firms, individuals, and others who send money expect to analyze a company’s financial
position before making a loan to that company. The information needs of
lenders are, therefore, concerned with the security that the firm can offer
and with the firm’s ability to pay a particular cost – their interest.
Employees have an obvious interest in a firm’s financial health, perhaps, an even greater interest than the investors. Investors invest their money, but employees invest their livelihoods in a business. If the firm goes
bankrupt employees lose their jobs and their wages. Employees should,
therefore, require to know about the long-term financial viability of their
company as a means of assessing their own personal futures. The employees
of some firms may also need information about the profitability of their firm
for their wages can be profit-linked or if they want to claim higher wages
on the basis of increased profitability (it is debatable that they would want
to claim lower wages on the basis of decreased profitability, however).
8
Government. The government requires information about the perfor-
idly, as
layed until the information is
cient for
Focuses on small parts of the
ties,
on quickly if it is to act on it.
Management accounting reports
pared at daily, weekly or monthly
mance of businesses in two ways. First, it needs to know how firms are
doing in total so that it can assess the performance of the total economy and,
if necessary, plan its economic policy. Second, the government also requires
information about the profitability and level of sales of individual firms in
the recent past. This information is required by the Inland Revenue and
Excise so that the correct levels of tax and VAT can be collected.
E
It is possible to distinguish between two branches of accounting,
which reflect the internal and external users of accounting information:
management accounting and financial accounting. Management account-
ing is concerned with the provision of information to people within the organization to help them make better decisions. It is called management accounting because managers are the people responsible for making the decisions which control what goes on. Financial accounting is concerned with
the provision of information to external parties outside the organization to
satisfy the law, tax collectors, shareholders and major creditors. It is called
financial accounting because it provides information in monetary or financial terms.
The major differences are:
Precision
Management accounting Financial accounting
Requires information rap
many decisions cannot be de-
Information must be reasonably accurate otherwise exter-
nal parties would have little
available. Approximate information is normally suffi
confidence in the content of
the published accounts
management decision-making
Segments
organization, for example individual products and activi
Financial account reports
describe the whole of the
organization
departments and sales territories
Time
dimen-
Is concerned with future information as well as past information
Reports what has happened in
the past in an organization
sion
Report
frequency
Management requires informati
on various activities may be pre-
A detailed set of financial
accounts (such as balance
sheet, profit and loss account)
is published annually and less
detailed accounts are pubintervals
lished semi-annually
9
2. Read the text and choose the keywords (phrases) that best con-
vey the gist of the text.
3. Read the text and transfer essential data on the groups of the
users of accounting information into the chart. The beginning has been
done for you.
taxing economic
authorities planners
users with indirect financial interest in the business
users of accounting information
users with direct financial interest in the business
outside the business inside the business
creditors managers
READING FOR SPECIFIC INFORMATION
Sometimes when we read we are only interested in a specific piece of
information, or a single section of a book, article, etc. Learning to find the
information or section of the text we want quickly is an important reading
skill because it helps us to save time and concentrate only on the parts of a
text that interest us.
This style of reading is called scanning.
1. Scan the text and write the letter of the section where you can
find the following information. Do it as quickly as possible:
___ accounting as an information system;
___ definition of management accounting;
___ categories of users of accounting information;
___ definition of financial accounting;
___ the effect of ‘Industrial Age’ on accounting advance;
10
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