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Файл:Английский язык для бакалавров профиля «Технология хлеба, кондитерских и макаронных изделий». Учебное пособие
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8. The 'best before' dates marked on most foods are more about quality than
safety.
………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………...
9. Linda is working at the ice cream shop during summer.
………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………...
10. Sam works as a manager at the ice cream shop.
………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………...
Text C Pasta Processing I (Extrusion)
Упражнения
1. Прочитайте и переведите слова, имеющие общий корень в англий-
ском и русском языках.
hydraulic [haɪ'drɔːlɪk],
[eə],
pigment ['pɪgmənt] oxygen ['ɔksɪʤən] – oxidation [ˌɔksɪ'deɪʃ(ə)n],
homogeneous [ˌhɔmə'ʤiːnɪəs], cohesive [kəu'hiːsɪv], generation
[ˌʤenə'reɪʃ(ə)n],
friction ['frɪkʃ(ə)n], bronze [brɔnz]
2. Прочитайте и переведите слова, исходя из значений слов, данных в скобках.
to shake [ʃeɪk] (трясти) – shaker ['ʃeɪkə], to exist [ɪg'zɪst
ствовать) – existence [ɪg'zɪst(ə)n(t)s], to spread [spred] (размазывать) –
spreader ['spredə], store [stɔː] (магазин, хранить) – storage ['stɔːrɪʤ], to
determine [dɪ'tɜːmɪn] (определять, устанавливать) – predetermined
[ˌpriːdɪ'tɜːmɪnd], to accept [ək'sept] (принимать)
[əkˌseptə'bɪlətɪ], strong [strɔŋ] (сильный) – strength [streŋθ]
cabinet ['kæbɪnət], vacuum ['vækjuːm], air
] (суще-
– acceptability
3. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
All pasta products were home-made until about 1800 AD. Around
1850 AD the first hand-operated mechanical press came into existence. At
the beginning of twentieth century, equipment like mixer, kneader, hydraulic extrusion press and drying cabinets became available. Pasta extrusion
and drying has evolved to the mark where as high as 7000kg pasta can be
continuously produced within an hour; with different size and shape.
The typical steps for pasta processing include continuous press,
shaker/spreader, pre-dryer, finish dryer, storage and packaging.
51
Extrusion
AD [ˌeɪ'diː]
нашей эры
knead [niːd]
замешивать, месить
kneader ['niːdə]
тестомешалка
available [ə'veɪləbl]
доступный
shape [ʃeɪp]
форма
In the continuous press, the semolina and water are metered in a predetermined ratio to form uniform dough. A dough moisture content of 30–
31% yields is excellent quality for pasta. Uniform mixing of water and
semolina is carried out in a counterrotating mixing chamber. Counterrotating mixing shaft prevents balling of the dough. Some mixing chambers operate under vacuum as it reduces formation of small air bubbles in the
dough and limits oxidation of the lutein pigments. Pigment oxidation otherwise reduces the attractive yellow appearance of the pasta and thus consumer acceptability. The presence of air bubbles in pasta reduces mechanical strength of pasta and gives chalky appearance to the pasta.
In the extrusion chamber, the hydrated semolina is passed through
extrusion auger, which kneads the dough into homogeneous, cohesive plastic mass. During extrusion, heat generation due to friction becomes considerable, and extrusion barrels, equipped with water-cooled jackets, maintain
the pasta temperature near 40–45oC during extrusion process.
Pasta of various size and shapes can be made with change of dies and
cutter knives. Generally bronze or stainless steel dies fitted with Teflon inserts are used. Teflon inserts extend the life of die and improve surface
quality of the pasta.
4. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.
1. When did the first hand-operated mechanical press appear?
2. How did it influence the pasta production?
3. What are the typical steps for pasta processing?
4. What is excellent quality of a dough moisture content for pasta?
5. What is function of a counterrotating mixing chamber?
6. What is consequence of pigment oxidation?
7. What is consequence of air bubbles presence in pasta?
8. Why does heat generation increase during extrusion process?
9. What maintains the pasta temperature near 40–45oC?
10. What are the advantages of Teflon inserts?
5. Выучите слова к тексту.
52
meter ['miːtə]
измерять с помощью какогол. прибора, метр
ratio ['reɪʃɪəu]
коэффициент; соотношение
counter ['kauntə]
в противоположном направлении
chamber ['ʧeɪmbə]
камера
lutein [ˈluːtɪɪn]
лютеин (пигмент яичного
желтка и желтого тела)
shaft [ʃɑːft]
вал, ось
prevent [prɪ'vent]
предотвращать
otherwise ['ʌðəwaɪz]
в противном случае
consumer [kən'sjuːmə]
потребитель
chalky ['ʧɔːkɪ]
бледный, как мел
through [θruː]
через, сквозь, по
auger ['ɔːgə]
шнек (транспортёра)
die [daɪ]
штамп, клупп (устройство
для нарезания резьбы)
due to
благодаря; из-за
considerable [kən'sɪd(ə)rəbl]
значительный
barrel ['bær(ə)l]
бочка, бочонок
equip [ɪ'kwɪp]
оснащать, оборудовать
stainless steel
нержавеющая сталь
insert ['ɪnsɜːt]
вставка, втулка
friction ['frɪkʃ(ə)n]
сила трения
Past Continuous употребляется для выражения действия,
происходившего в определенный момент прошлого. Этот момент
может быть выражен точным указанием времени или другим действием.
We were discussing this question at 5 o’clock yesterday.
When I came home he was listening to the radio.
. Постройте отрицательные и вопросительные предложения.
6
1. Tom burnt his hand when he was cooking dinner.
…………………………………………………………...……………
…………………………………………………………...……………
Past Continuous
was / were + V
53
ing
2. The doorbell rang when I was cutting onion.
54
…………………………………………………………...……………
…………………………………………………………...……………
3. This time yesterday we were pickling cucumbers.
…………………………………………………………...……………
…………………………………………………………...……………
4. They saw a lot of beautiful insects while they were gathering herbs.
…………………………………………………………...……………
…………………………………………………………...……………
5. At 7.45 yesterday evening I was reading a famous French cookbook
…………………………………………………………...……………
…………………………………………………………...……………
7
. Поставьте глаголы в нужную форму.
1. Yesterday while the professor ………………………… (to check) the
results of the first experiment, they …………………(to carry out) the second.
2. When they came in, he ……………… (to solve) the equation with two
unknown quantities.
3. He ……………………… (to speak) in a low voice and we could hardly
hear his report.
4. At that time our mathematicians ……………………... (to multiply) 8.3
by 7 and then ………………………………… (to subtract) their sum.
5. She stood at the blackboard and ……………….. (to plot) the graph
while the audience …………………. (to listen) to her attentively.
6. My sister ………………………. (to slice) cheese and her children
………………. (to dice) ham.
7. I ……………………….. (to peel) apples and pears for the pie.
8. My husband …………………….(to carve) turkey and …………. (to
complain) for the entire time.
9. This is how we ……………………….. (to enjoy) our last thanksgiving.
10. In the market I ………………………………….. (to smell) anise, cinnamon, coriander, cumin, cardamom and my favourite allspice and felt
like in heaven.
Text D Pasta Processing II (Drying)
Упражнения
1. Прочитайте и переведите слова, имеющие общий корень в
английском и русском языках.
gradient ['greɪdɪənt], discrete [dɪ'skriːt],
final ['faɪn(ə)l], commercially [kə'mɜːʃ(ə)li], bacterial [bæk'tɪərɪəl], ultra
['ʌltrə],
['prɔdʌkt],
microwave ['maɪkrə(u)weɪv], success [sək'ses], product
sanitation [ˌsænɪ'teɪʃ(ə)n]
2. Прочитайте и переведите слова, исходя из значений слов, данных
в скобках.
even ['iːv(ə)n] (ровный, равномерный) – uneven [ʌn'iːv(ə)n]; hair
[heə] (волос),
line [laɪn] (линия) – hairline ['heəlaɪn]; divide [dɪ'vaɪd]
(делить) – division [dɪ'vɪʒ(ə)n]
3
. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Drying is most critical step in pasta processing. Pasta is dried
from around 30-31% w/w moisture to 10-12% w/w moisture during
drying process. Uniform drying of pasta is necessary to prevent moisture gradient. Uneven drying causes stresses, which can cause the
product to crack (i.e. ruined by tiny hairline cracks). Cracking can occur either during drying cycle or during storage.
Pasta drying is carried out in three or four discrete stages. The
product is subjected to a blast of air for surface drying called “casehardening”. The moisture in the pasta quickly reduced to 20-25% in
about 1 hour in a pre-dryer at 65-66oC at 65% relative humidity (RH).
At this moisture level, hard outer “skin” is formed, which keeps the
integrity of the pasta shape and flexibility. The pasta is equilibrated for
1.5 to 2 hours in the main dryer which is controlled at 55oC with RH at
95%. The temperature and RH maintained during the final stage of
drying of pasta are 40oC and 70%, respectively. The moisture in pasta
is reduced to 10-12% w/w at the end of drying. The dried pasta is allowed to cool to ambient temperature before being packed.
Drying is carried out in number of commercially available dryers. They can be divided into two classes. They employ either low or
high temperature processes. In case of low temperature drying of pasta
time required for drying of long goods is around 16 hours and for short
goods it is approximately 8 hours. High temperature drying raised the
equilibrate [ˌiːkwɪˈlɪbreɪt],
55
drying temperature from 55oC to 75oC, which resulted in shorter dry-
w/w = per cent of weight
in weight
в весовом отношении
cause [kɔːz]
причина, служить причиной
crack [kræk]
трескаться
i.e. = id est
то есть
occur [ə'kɜː]
происходить, случаться
carry out
выполнять, осуществлять
subject [səb'ʤekt]
подвергать воздействию
blast [blɑːst]
сильный порыв ветра
case-hardening
['keɪsˌhɑːd(ə)nɪŋ]
цементация, поверхностная
закалка
integrity [ɪn'tegrətɪ]
целостность
ing times (10 hours for long goods, 4.5 hours for short goods), improved product and bacterial quality.
Recent pasta drying technology has increased drying temperature
from 75oC to 100 oC and above. These very high/ultra high temperature
drying has many advantages like significant reduction in drying time
(5.5 hours for long goods, 2.5 hours for short goods), improved bacterial and end-product quality and reduced investment and operating
cost.
Microwave technology in conjunction with conventional hot air
pre-dryers has been successfully employed for drying of pasta. Advantages associated with microwave drying are less floor space requirement (1/3rd% to 1/4th% of conventional dryer), reduced drying
time (approximately 2 hours), improved product colour and cooking
quality, reduced sanitation and operation cost.
4. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.
1. Why is drying the most critical step in pasta processing?
2. What are the cases when cracking can occur?
3. List the stages of pasta drying.
4 What are good conditions for hard outer “skin”?
5. List the classes of commercially available dryers. What is the difference between them?
6. What is the essence of recent pasta drying technology?
7. What are the advantages associated with microwave drying
5. Выучите слова к тексту.
56
maintain [meɪn'teɪn]
поддерживать
respectively [rɪ'spektɪvlɪ]
соответственно
recent ['riːs(ə)nt]
новейший, современный
advantage [əd'vɑːntɪʤ]
преимущество
approximately
[ə'prɔksɪmətlɪ]
приблизительно
associate [ə'səuʃɪeɪt]
соединять
Сравнение Past Continuous и Past Simple
Мы употребляем Past Continuous, чтобы сказать, что кто-то
находилось в процессе совершения действия в определенное время:
This time last year I was living in Brazil.
What were you doing at 10 o’clock last night?
I waved to her but she was not looking.
Past Simple в основном употребляется для констатации отдельных фактов, которые имели место в прошлом или для перечисления ряда последовательно совершавшихся действий.
We made this contract last year.
He got up, shaved and washed.
Не забывайте, что некоторые глаголы не употребляются в
группе continuous.
6. Поставьте глаголы в нужное время.
1. Jane …………… (to wait) for me when I ……… (to compare) the
results of the second and third tests.
2. I was enjoying the lecture but Chris …………… (to want) to go
home.
3. I …………… (to walk) home when I met our dean.
4. The professor ……………… (to demonstrate) several diagrams to
the students. (2 variants)
5. When I was young, I …………… (to hate) stewed cabbage.
6. The change of pressure …………… (to affect) the result of the experiment).
7. The technician …………… (to check) the device every day.
8. He …………… (to go) to the research library three times a week
and …… (to stay) there for three or five hours every time.
9. When they …………… (to examine) the conductor, they ……………
(to find out) why the lamp ……………. (not/ to glow).
57
10. Cheese …………… (to originate) through the transportation of
milk in bladders made of ruminants' stomachs due to their inherent
supply of rennet.
11. The alchemists …………… (to claim) that a “philosopher’s stone”
…………… (can) change even a cobblestone into a gold.
12. Dairying …………… (to exist) around 4,000 BC in the grasslands
of the Sahara.
13. He …………… (to shepherd) while his wife …………… (to make)
cheese.
14. He …………… (to heat) the mixture yesterday at 5.
15. When they arrived, Jeff …………… (to cook) dinner. Jeff started
cooking before they arrived.
When they arrived, Jeff …………… (to cook) dinner. Jeff started cooking dinner after they arrived.
Text E Packaging
Упражнения
1. Прочитайте и переведите слова, имеющие общий корень в англий-
ском и русском языках.
accuracy ['ækjərəsɪ], cellophane ['seləfeɪn], polythene ['pɔlɪθiːn]
2. Прочитайте и переведите слова, исходя из значений слов, данных
в скобках.
consider [kən'sɪdə]
[kənˌsɪd(ə)'reɪʃ(ə)n]; handle ['hændl] (обращаться; управляться) –
handling ['hændlɪŋ]; break [breɪk] – broke – broken (ломать) – breakage
['breɪkɪʤ]; to store [stɔː] (хранить) – storage ['stɔːrɪʤ];
[prə'dʌkʃ(ə)n] (производство) – product ['prɔdʌkt]
(полагать, учитывать) – consideration
production
3. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
There are many different sizes, shapes and types of packages in
which pasta products are sold. The major considerations in choosing
packaging material are: keeping the product free from contamination,
sufficiently gentle mechanical handling to ensure minimal product
breakage during shipment and storage, high degree of accuracy and
precision in the weighing and filling of the packages and displaying
the product favourably with consumer appeal.
Cellophane, low-density polythene bags and other types of flexible films are widely used for packaging of pasta products. Apart from
58
this packaging, pasta is packaged into cardboard boxes, as they are
packaging ['pækɪʤɪŋ]
упаковка
sell – sold – sold
продавать
contamination
[kənˌtæmɪ'neɪʃ(ə)n]
загрязнение
sufficiently [sə'fɪʃ(ə)ntlɪ]
достаточно
ensure [ɪn'ʃuə]
гарантировать, обеспечивать
shipment ['ʃɪpmənt]
погрузка; отправка
precision [prɪ'sɪʒ(ə)n]
точность, правильность
favourably ['feɪv(ə)rəblɪ]
благоприятно
consumer appeal
потребительская
привлекательность
cardboard ['kɑːdbɔːd]
картон, картонный
stack [stæk]
штабель, складывать в
штабель
advertise ['ædvətaɪz]
рекламировать,
информировать
retail ['riːteɪl]
розничный
easy to stack, provide good physical protection for the product and advertising is easier to print on boxes than on the plastic films. Modifiedatmospheric-packaging (MAP) methods have also been used for packaging of fresh-pasta products, which are marketed in retail refrigerated
cases.
4. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.
1. What are the major considerations in choosing packaging material?
2. Which materials are widely used for packaging of pasta products?
3. Why are cardboard boxes more preferable than flexible films?
5. Выучите слова к тексту.
Безличные и неопределенно-личные предложения
В соответствии со строем английского предложения в нем обязательно наличие подлежащего при сказуемом, хотя бы формального.
Поэтому русские безличные предложения (Холодно. Поздно.) и неопределенно-личные (Говорят, что он здесь.) передаются с помощью
59
формальных подлежащих it, one, they, которые выполняют чисто
It is evening.
Вечер.
It is said that he has come.
Говорят, что он приехал.
It was impossible to dissolve the
substance in water.
Было невозможно раство-
рить вещество в воде
It was Popov who invented the
radio.
Именно Попов изобрел радио.
It was in 1898 that Popov invented
the radio.
Именно в 1898 году Попов изобрел радио.
One must be accurate when filling
of the packages.
Нужно быть осторожным при
наполнении упаковки.
One can easily break pasta products during shipment and storage.
Можно легко поломать макароны
во время транспортировки и хранения
грамматическую форму и не переводятся на русский язык.
Для сильного эмфатического выделения употребляется оборот it
is (was) that (who, whom), причем выделяемый член предложения помещается в середине этого предложения.
Когда высказывание касается людей вообще или группы людей,
объединенных общих признаком, то в качестве подлежащего употребляются местоимения one или they.
One must (one should) переводится «нужно»
One can переводится «можно».
6 Переведите данные предложения на русский язык.
It was in 1896 that natural radioactivity was discovered.
It is difficult to liberate oxygen from a compound as most of its compounds are very stable.
It is the sun that steadily sends out a great amount of radiant energy.
On a physical map one can see seas, rivers and mountains.
The coming winter, they say, will be extremely cold.
One could hardly expect such a turn of circumstances.
It is disturbing that many people suffer from health disorders.
It is heart disease that is a major cause of death in many countries.
It has become clear that there is no single cause of heart disease, but many
risk factors.
One must change habits or lifestyle to prevent or reduce risks.
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