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Файл:Английский язык для бакалавров профиля «Технология хлеба, кондитерских и макаронных изделий». Учебное пособие
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ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
durum wheat
молоть
seed coat
манка, пшеничная мука
grind – ground – ground
отруби
species
оболочка семени
sieve
тестомешалка
bran
доступный
yield
оснащать, оборудовать
kneader
нержавеющая сталь
case-hardening
твёрдая пшеница
available
вид, род, порода
equip
решето, сито
stainless steel
поверхностная закалка
semolina
выход (продукции)
maintain
поддерживать
crack
загрязнение
precision
штабель, складывать в
штабель
advantage
точность, правильность
stack
преимущество
scrape
трескаться
contamination
скоблить, скрести,
чистить
. Соотнесите слова с переводом.
1
2. Вставьте необходимый предлог.
1. The moisture in pasta is reduced to 10-12% w/w ……. end of drying
2. ……. the beginning of twentieth century, equipment like mixer, kneade
hydraulic extrusion press and drying cabinets became available.
3. Pasta alimentare (alimentary paste) since these products are made …….
alimentary dough of wheat semolina or flour and water.
4. the bacterial count of the water is directly related ……. the bacterial
count of the finished product.
5. During extrusion, heat generation due ……. friction becomes considerable.
6. Durum wheat is cultivated ……. about 8.8% of the total area of the
world used for growing wheat.
r,
61
7. Semolina with more uniform particle size is preferred ……. less problematic to be encountered in mixing the semolina and water to form a uniform dough for extrusion.
8. The moisture in the pasta quickly reduced ……. 20-25% in about 1
hour in a pre-dryer ……. 65-66
9 High temperature drying raised the drying temperature ……. 55
……. 75
o
C, which resulted …… shorter drying times.
o
C at 65% relative humidity (RH).
o
C
10. ……. this moisture level, hard outer “skin” is formed, which keep
the integrity of the pasta shape.
. Поставьте глаголы в нужную форму.
3
1. I …………….. (to get) hungry. Let’s go and have something to eat.
2. What cars ……………………………. (your plant/to produce)?
3. What method of doing that job …….. they …………………….. (to
show) us?
4. Mary usually …………… (to phone) me on Fridays but she ……………
(not / to phone) last time.
5. What’s the noise? What …………………………...… (to happen)?
6. Bob and Alice ………………….…… (to be married) for 20 years.
7. I still don’t know what to do. I ……………… (not / to decide) yet.
8. When I first …………… (to tell) Tom the news, he ……………… (not /
to believe) me. He …………… (to think) that I ……….……… (to joke).
9. You look tired. – Yes, I ………………….....…… (to demonstrate) a new
equipment.
10 Everything is going well. We …………… (to have) no problems so far.
s
4
. Постройте отрицательные и вопросительные предложения.
1. I’m looking for hydrochloric acid.
………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………..
2. To increase the pressure they use this air compressor.
………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………..
3. The electrician switched off the light and left.
………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………..
4. We were all surprised when made the liquid test.
………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………..
62
5. Ann didn’t see me. She was looking in the other direction.
63
………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………..
6. I have cooked a good dinner.
………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………..
7. At 4 o’clock yesterday the workers were packaging pasta into cardboard boxes.
………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………..
8. I studied the process of cheese making and made it at home.
………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………..
9. I know the head of this department well.
………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………..
10. Last year we participated in the conference together.
………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………..
5. Заполните пропуски словами many, much, a lot of, a lot, few, little.
1. He is not very popular. He has ………………………....…. friends.
2. Ann is very busy these days. She has ………………..…. free time.
3. Ann likes playing the piano and plays ………….……………..…. .
4. I’m not very busy today. I haven’t got …………….….……. to do.
5. The museums were not very crowded. There were too ………...…. people.
6. My son doesn’t like reading and reads …………………………...
7. The weather has been very dry recently. We’ve had ……..…. rain.
8. We like our flat very ………..…………………………………… .
9. Did you take ………..…. photographs when you were on holiday?
10. Most of the town is modern. There are ………..…. old buildings.
. FOOD AND ITS CONSTITUENTS
IV
Text A. Why do we eat?
Упражнения
1. Прочитайте и переведите слова, имеющие общий корень в ан-
глийском и русском языках.
to comment ['kɔment], Greek [griːk], philosopher [fɪ'lɔsəfə], doctor
['dɔktə], medicine ['medɪsɪn], energy ['enəʤɪ], mechanical [mɪ'kænɪk(ə)l],
chemical ['kemɪk(ə)l], chemistry ['kemɪk(ə)l], organic [ɔː'gænɪk], carbon
dioxide ['kɑːb(ə)n daɪ'ɔksaɪd]
2. Прочитайте и переведите слова, исходя из значений слов, данных
в скобках.
to digest [daɪ'ʤest] (переваривать) – digestion [daɪ'ʤesʧ(ə)n]; nutrient ['njuːtrɪənt] (питательное вещество) – nutrition [njuː'trɪʃ(ə)n], nutritionist [njuː'trɪʃ(ə)nɪst]; to move [muːv] (двигаться) – motion ['məuʃ(ə)n],
movement ['muːvmənt]; oxygen ['ɔksɪʤən] – to oxidize ['ɔksɪdaɪz]
3. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
No records exist who first began to think about why we eat or about
various effects of foods, but ancient Greek philosophers and doctors commented these lines. Socrates said the purpose of food is to replace the water
lost through the skin and the loss of heat from the body. Lavoisier thought
that the combustion that produces body heat should occur in the lungs.
Understanding of what happens to food from the time it is eaten until it is oxidized to produce heat and mechanical energy, could not be
learned until the chemical nature of foods was discovered. They knew that
all animals inhale oxygen, combine it with the food to produce carbon dioxide, heat, and the energy with which they could move. The chemistry of
that time could not tell more.
Foods are composed of organic substances too complex to be understood from the state of chemistry as it was in the first half of the nineteenth century. Modern work on digestion and nutrition began about a century ago.
Now we know that we should eat to have energy. When a nutritionist uses the word «energy» he means the capacity to do work. To him
«work» is movement; the more a person moves, the more energy he re-
64
quires. Even when a man is asleep he is still partly in motion because his
think-thought-thought
думать
digestion [daɪ'ʤesʧ(ə)n]
пищеварение
nutrition [njuː'trɪʃ(ə)n]
питание
exist [ɪg'zɪst]
существовать
various effects of food
различное влияние еды
purpose
цель
replace
заменять
lose-lost-lost
терять
through [θruː]
через, сквозь
skin
кожа
loss
потеря
heat [hiːt]
тепло
combustion [kəm'bʌsʧ(ə)n]
сжигание, процесс окисления
occur [ə'kɜː]
происходить, случаться
lungs
легкие
happen to
происходить с
inhale
вдыхать
substance ['sʌbst(ə)n(t)s]
вещество
complex
сложный
understand-understood-understood
понимать
know-knew-known
знать
capacity
способность
require [rɪ'kwaɪə]
требовать
heart [hɑːt]
сердце
heart, lungs and most of the other organs are working.
4. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.
1. What did ancient philosophers think about food?
2. Why did not ancient scientists understand the composition of food?
3. Why do we eat?
4. What does a nutritionist mean using the word «energy» and why?
5. Выучите слова к тексту.
Если подлежащее обозначает предмет, совершающий действие,
то глагол употребляется в форме действительного залога.
Columbus brought potatoes to Europe.
Страдательный залог
65
Если же подлежащее обозначает предмет, подвергающийся дей-
Simple
Be V
3
Progressive
Be being V
3
Perfect
Have been V
3
Present
Спрашивают обыч-
но
Am (is, are) asked
Спрашивают сейчас
Am (is, are) being
asked
Спросили уже
Have (has) been
asked
Past
Спросили вчера
Was (were) asked
Спрашивали когда я
пришел
Was (were) being
asked
Спросили к тому
моменту
Had been asked
Future
Спросят завтра
Will be asked
Вместо Future Progressive употребляется Future Simple
Спросят к тому
моменту
Will have been
asked
ствию со стороны другого предмета, то глагол употребляется в форме
страдательного залога.
Potatoes were brought to Europe by Columbus.
Oбразование времен страдательного залога
Времена страдательного залога образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени и причастия
прошедшего времени (Past Participle) смыслового глагола. Таким образом, при спряжении глагола в страдательном залоге изменяется
только глагол to be, смысловой же глагол имеет во всех временах одну
и ту же форму – Past Participle. То есть, общая формула в страдательном залоге для времен группы Indefinite будет – be V3, Continuous –
be being V3, Perfect – have been V3.
В вопросительной форме вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим. В отрицательной форме отрицательная частица not
ставится после вспомогательного глагола:
Was my application accepted ? – Mое заявление принято ?
Your application was not accepted. – Твое заявление не принято.
После глагола в страдательном залоге часто употребляется дополнение с различными предлогами:
1. by указывает деятеля, совершающего действие.
Our delegation was welcomed by the people. – Люди приветствовали
нашу делегацию.
2. with указывает на орудие совершения действия.
Bread is cut with the knife. – Хлеб режут ножом.
66
. of указывает на материал, из которого сделан предмет.
3
The knife is made of steel. – Нож сделан из стали.
6. Определите время данных предложений и стоят ли они в пас-
сивном или активном залоге.
1. Any living organism is made up of cells.
2. The viscosity of a liquid decreases as the temperature rises.
3. A. S. Popov has been respected and admired by everybody for his
great invention.
4. Have you ever had a food poisoning.
5. The discovery of radium was followed by a number of important inventions.
6. The professor gave his postgraduate student a very useful report.
7. The problem may be approached from different standpoints.
8. You should lower the voltage in the circuit.
9. The greenhouse was being constructed during the winter.
10. To serve the flavour of food the cook was lowering the heat.
11. Water loss will be replaced from the soil through the roots.
12. In a pressure cooker of an automatic type an alarm will let you know
that the heat should be turned off.
13. The formation of coal had been affected by time and depth of occurrence.
14. We had weighed the substance before it was dissolved in the liquid.
15. Cellophane, low-density polythene bags and other types of flexibl
films are widely used for packaging of pasta products.
e
Text B What is food?
Упражнения
1. Прочитайте и переведите слова, имеющие общий корень в англий-
ском и русском языках.
energy ['enəʤɪ], material [mə'tɪərɪəl], regulate ['regjəleɪt], process
['prəuses] to process [prəu'ses], inadequate [ɪn'ædɪkwit], chief [ʧiːf]
2. Прочитайте и переведите слова, исходя из значений слов, данных
в скобках.
humanity [hjuː'mænətɪ] (человечество) – human being; to grow
(расти) – growth [grəuθ]; science ['saɪəns] (наука) – scientifically speaking
[ˌsaɪən'tɪfɪk(ə)lɪ]; to be able (быть в состоянии, мочь) – ability
67
3. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
essential [ɪ'sen(t)ʃ(ə)l
существенный
amount
количество
inadequate
неадекватный
growth
рост
ability/ capacity
способность
to lose-lost-lost
терять
to refer to
относиться к
flour
мука
Food is essential to the nutrition of any human being or any form of
life. If there is no food there is no life; if the amount or kind of food is inadequate, growth is stopped and the capacity to work is lost.
The term «food» is commonly referred to those substances that we
eat. Milk, eggs, tomatoes, and flour are accepted as foods. Scientifically
speaking foods are not so much substances that we eat, as substances that
supply us with certain nutrients when they are eaten. Foods supply us with
energy, build and repair tissues, and regulate body processes. Foods which
we eat are often complex substances, which meet more than one of these
body needs. One food may supply with both energy and building material,
another may regulate body processes and give energy. The contribution that
a food makes to the body depends on its constituents and the ability of the
body to utilize them. The chief constituents of foods are classified into six
groups: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins, and water.
The body's need for energy is met through carbohydrates, fats and
proteins. Its need for building and repairing tissues is mainly met by proteins and minerals. The regulation of body processes is commonly regarded
as particular function of water, proteins, vitamins, minerals, organic acids
and cellulose. Though water, proteins, carbohydrates, and fats make up the
largest quantity of the food constituents, the others constituents are also
important.
4.Ответьте на вопросы:
1. What is food? (Name some foods.)
2. What do foods supply a human body with?
3. What are the chief constituents of foods?
4. How is the body's need for building and repairing tissues met?
5. What substances regulate the body processes?
5. Выучите слова к тексту.
68
to accept
принимать
scientifically speaking
научно говоря
to supply with
снабжать
nutrient
питательное вещество
to eat-ate-eaten
кушать
to define
определять
to meet (met-met) needs
удовлетворять потребности
contribution
вклад
to depend on
зависеть от
constituent [kən'stɪtjuənt]
составная часть, компонент
to utilize
использовать
chief
главный
through [θruː]
через
though [ðəu]
хотя
to regard
рассматривать
particular
особенная
cellulose ['seljuləus]
целлюлоза, клетчатка
Способы перевода страдательного залога
Существует 4 способа его перевода на русский язык:
1. При помощи глагола быть и краткой формой причастия страдательного залога. Глагол быть в настоящем времени не употребляется.
Дом построен. Дом был построен. Дом будет построен.
2. Глаголами, оканчивающимися на – ся.
Дом строится. Дом строился. Дом будет строиться.
3. Неопределенно-личным оборотом с глаголом в действительном залоге в 3-м лице множественного числа.
Дом строят. Дом строили. Дом будут строить.
Если в предложении отсутствует дополнение с предлогом by,
что часто бывает в страдательных оборотах, то оно переводятся неопределенно-личным оборотом:
I was shown a new dictionary. – Мне показали новый словарь.
4. Действительным оборотом.
При наличии дополнения с предлогом by, такие предложения
часто переводятся русскими действительными оборотами:
I was shown a new dictionary by my brother. – Мой брат показал мне новый словарь
69
Иногда английский страдательный оборот можно перевести
I was invited to the concert.
1. Я был приглашен на концерт.
2. Меня пригласили на концерт.
The goods were examined
yesterday.
1. Товары были осмотрены вчера.
2. Товары осматривались вчера.
3. Товары осмотрели (осматривали)
вчера
The steamer is /has been unloaded.
Пароход разгружен
двумя или даже тремя способами, в зависимости от соответствующего
русского глагола и контекста:
Present Simple Passive и Present Perfect Passive часто переводятся
на русский язык кратким страдательным причастием без связки:
7. Переведите данные предложения на русский язык.
1. Once food has been harvested it starts to deteriorate until it becomes unfit for consumption.
2. Food spoilage is caused by natural decay and micro-organisms.
3. Foods that spoil rapidly are known as perishable foods.
4. Micro-organisms which cause food poisoning are called pathogenic.
5. Different species of bacteria can be classified according to their
shape.
6. Moulds are tiny types, which are just visible to the naked eye.
7. Radium was discovered by the Curies in 1898.
8. No electric charges have been observed of smaller magnitude than
the charges of proton or electron.
9. The meat is being fried.
10. Harmful micro-organisms will be destroyed by prolonged heating.
8
. Переведите данные предложения на английский язык.
1. Если какую-либо еду, например яблоки, порезать, то поврежденная поверхность потемнеет.
2. Бактерии могут быть обнаружены в различных местах, вклю
воздух, воду, почву, продукты.
3. Некоторые бактерии разрушаются при температуре примерно
о
60
.
4. Вопросу дальнейшего развития сельского хозяйства было уделено много внимания.
5. Если яйца хранятся при комнатной температуре, диоксид углерода и вода испаряются через поры скорлупы.
чая
70
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