Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:System analyses and control. Учебное пособие
.pdf
Grammar reference
121
People might access this information through smartphones, desktops, or
custom IoT apps.
You can’t put a noun after a modal verb, or an -ing verb, or anything else,
only an infinitive verb without ‘to’.
3. Modal verbs can’t be used in different times or tenses. Modal verbs do
not have past, perfect or future tenses like regular verbs do. There are some cases
where this is not 100% true. For example, ‘could’ is the past tense of ‘can’ in
some cases. ‘Would’ sometimes acts like a past version of ‘will’. However,
‘could’ can also have a present or future meaning. It is better to think about each
modal verb individually.
4. Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs. That means you make negatives by
adding ‘not’ to the end of the verb. For example:
can → can’t
would → wouldn’t
might → might not
may → may not
will → won’t
shall → shan’t
To make a question, move the modal verb before the subject. For example:
What would you do?
5. Modals do not have infinitive or participle forms, so to make an infin-
itive, we use a different verb, for example:
The IoT application you develop may not be able to connect with all the
devices.
Modal verbs are used to express obligation, give advice, talk about possi-
bility and probability, ask for permission, and more.
There are also semi-modals which have some of the features of modal
verbs, but not all. Most importantly, semi-modal verbs do the same thing as
modal verbs. They add information to other verbs. They can express many of the
same ideas, like obligation or giving advice. They do not follow all the grammar
rules of regular modal verbs. For example, ‘have to’ is a semi-modal, and you
can use it in different tenses, it has the third person singular form, we need “do”
to make questions and negatives.
These table shows nine fundamental ideas which modal verbs can express.
Grammar reference
122
idea
example
Asking/Giving permission.
CAN: Can I ask a question, please?
COULD: Could I use your computer to type the docu-
ment?
MAY: Students may use this equipment for free.
Expressing possibility or
impossibility, when you
think something could be
true or not.
CAN (general possibility): Security-related problems can
be caused by errors in the program.
MIGHT, MAY, COULD (specific possibility): This
problem might/may/could be caused by errors in the program.
BE TO: He knew that the solution to the problem was to
be found.
WOULD (unlikely, or totally impossible):
I would help you if I could.
Giving advice.
SHOULD: He should do more work if he wants to get
promoted.
MUST, HAVE TO: You must/have to learn this pro-
gramming language. It is very easy to code in it!
Expressing certainty or
uncertainty, when you’re
sure something is true or
not.
WILL: 5G Internet bandwidth will begin being utilized
by firms as an effective alternative to the backup “wired”
Internet connection.
CAN’T: It can’t be a virus.
MUST: It must be a browser bug.
Expressing probability,
when you think one result
is more likely than another.
SHOULD (isn't usually used for negative events): AI,
computer vision and speech recognition should become
pervasive soon. (I mean that it is probable).
MUST, HAVE TO: They must be in Moscow by now.
They told me they were going to the IT forum last week.
Expressing willingness or
refusal, for example when
someone lets or doesn’t
let someone else do something.
WOULDN’T: When he tried to show me, the file
wouldn’t open. (wouldn’t=refused’ to).
CAN’T, MAY NOT: You may not give an employee ad-
min rights.
You can’t make changes to the system.
Making a request or an offer.
WILL (offer): I’ll help you go from junior coder to com-
petent frontend web developer, if you like.
CAN (offer): Can I give you a hand with this project?
CAN, COULD (request): Can I use your computer,
please?
Grammar reference
123
idea
example
Expressing an obligation,
when it’s necessary, not
necessary, forbidden to
do something.
MUST (necessary, personal): We must consider all pos-
sible options (We decide).
HAVE TO (necessary, situational): We have to consider
all possible options. (We were told to do it).
MUSN’T (prohibition): You mustn’t use this computer.
DON’T HAVE TO (not necessary): If you are really
careful you don’t have to install a virus scanner on your
system.
Expressing ability, when
someone has the capacity
to do something, or not.
CAN: He can express it mathematically.
COULD (past ability): Some features of the antivirus
conflicted with Windows Defender, and that’s why you
couldn’t install it.
§ 3. CONDITIONALS
Conditionals describe the result of a certain condition. Conditional sentences consist of a conditional clause or if-clause, and a main clause. For example:
If there is no Internet connection, you'll get an error.
The if clause tells you the condition (If there is no Internet connection)
and the main clause tells you the result (you'll get an error).
The order of the clauses does not change the meaning. If a conditional
clause comes first, a comma is normally used in writing.
If there is no Internet connection, you'll get an error.
You'll get an error if there is no Internet connection.
Conditional sentences are divided into different types: zero, first, second
and third conditionals.
Zero conditional
We use the zero conditional to talk about things that are generally true,
especially for laws, rules, scientific facts. Or about the predictable results of
actions.
If you swipe an element in a certain direction, you expect it to react immediately and according to your wishes.
Zeros have no maybes or possibilities in them. They talk about things
which always happen in particular situations.
The present simple is used in both clauses. You can use if or when and
the meaning doesn't change.
Grammar reference
124
First conditional
The first conditional talks about real situations, things which are likely to
happen. Things which probably will happen. So, we use the first conditional
when we talk about future situations, we believe are real or possible.
If your app has bad User Experience, people will stop using it.
The condition If your app has bad User Experience in if clause is possible
and the result people will stop using it in the main clause is probable.
In the first conditional sentences we use the present simple in the if-clause
and will-future in the main clause:
If your users don’t like the performance of your app, they will simply find
another one to use.
So, the first conditional talks about a possible real future or present outcome.
You can use if or when. Using if means that we are not sure about the
possible result. Using when means we think the possible result is more likely.
Second conditional
The second conditional is used to imagine present or future situations that
are impossible or unlikely.
Using the second conditional you are making a prediction about some-
thing that could be possible if something in the present were different. We’re
imagining a different present reality. For example:
If people complained, things would change.
People don’t complain at the moment. If people complained is an imag-
ined situation.
In the second conditional sentences we use the past simple in the if-clause
and would + infinitive in the main clause.
When if is followed by the verb be, it is grammatically correct to say if I
were, if he were, if she were and if it were.
If I were you, I wouldn't mention it.
However, it is also common to hear these structures with was.
The second conditional is confusing because we use past tense verbs in
the if- clause but actually we are talking about the present or future.
Third conditional.
The third conditional is always impossible because we can’t travel back
in time. We imagine a different past situation and talk about an imaginary result
Grammar reference
125
of that situation. We’re talking about the past, but something that didn’t happen
in the past.
If I had found the right developer, the project would not have failed.
This sentence is describing an imaginary situation. In reality I found an
inexperienced developer and I failed. I use the third conditional to imagine a
different past situation.
The third conditional is made of if + the past perfect tense and would have
+ the past participle.
§ 4. NON-FINITE VERBS
A non-finite verb is a verb form that does not show tense. A non-finite
verb can’t stand alone as a main verb in a sentence. There are three types of nonfinite verbs: gerunds, infinitives, participles. Non-finite verbs function as nouns,
adjectives, or adverbs.
GERUND
Verbs can act as nouns in sentences. Such verbs are called gerunds.
A gerund is made from a verb by adding -ing. Words like seeing, giving,
taking are all gerunds. A gerund ends in -ing but all -ing verbs are not gerunds.
A gerund can be used as a subject or an object of the main verb in a sentence. It answers the question “What?”:
Choosing an appropriate life cycle methodology is not always an easy
task. (What is not always an easy task? Subject)
They avoid using this approach to make decisions. (What do they avoid?
Object)
“Avoid using” is a verb pattern VERB+GERUND. Some English verbs
are followed only by gerunds. Here are some common verbs that take this pattern:
like, start, finish, imagine, suggest, keep, consider, practice, regret, cannot stand,
miss, avoid, etc.
Another verb pattern is VERB + PREPOSITION + GERUND. Some
verbs are followed by a preposition such as ‘interested in’ or ‘be guilty of’. Prep-
ositions are generally followed by a gerund:
I’m thinking of designing a new information system.
There are lots of verbs with dependent prepositions that take this pattern
such as these: agree with, apologise for, cope with, plan on, look forward to,
succeed in, rely on, worry about, depend on.
Grammar reference
126
A gerund can be used in the function of an adverbial modifier of time,
manner, cause, condition, etc. As an adverbial modifier a gerund is preceded by
prepositions after, before, on, by, in, for, without, etc. For example:
Negative feedback loops are effective for resisting change.
APIs let your product or service communicate with other products and
services without having to know how they’re implemented.
PARTICIPLES
A participle is a non-finite form of a verb. The -ing form is known as the
present participle: going, doing. The -ed form is known as the past participle:
wanted, looked. The past participles of irregular verbs do not add -ed, they
change spelling: eat – eaten, do – done, think – thought.
Participles are used in some verb tenses. The past participle can be used
in the perfect tense or the passive tense. For example:
The concept of entropy has also entered the domain of sociology. (Present
Perfect)
The system’s boundaries were defined. (Past Simple Passive)
The present participle is used to form continuous tenses:
We are designing the whole system to be very cheap, to scale it up easily.
(Preset Continuous)
A past or present participle functions as an adjective when it describes a
noun. For example: measuring device, working man, desired level, specialized
functions, designed system.
Present participles have a similar meaning to active verbs:
Process variables requiring control in a system include, but are not limited
to, flow, level, temperature, and pressure. (These variables require control, active
meaning)
Past participles normally have a passive meaning:
Control system output is the actual response obtained from a control system. (Somebody else obtained the response, passive meaning).
INFINITIVE
Infinitive is a non-finite form of a verb. English infinitives can be full or
bare. A bare infinitive is an infinitive without “to” or the base form of the verb
(do, imagine, create). A full infinitive is an infinitive with “to”.
Grammar reference
127
The infinitive has different active and passive forms. Simple active and
passive forms are the most common: (to) write – simple active infinitive, (to) be
written – simple passive infinitive. For example:
To control, one needs to know (full infinitive, simple active form) the effect of possible action on the system or process that is to be controlled (full infinitive, simple passive form).
Detailed mathematical models are used to decide what action should be
taken (bare infinitive, simple active form), and the decision mechanisms are implemented via algorithms coded in software that runs on digital hardware.
When do we use bare or full infinitives? In English, when two verbs are
used together, the first verb dictates which form the second verb should take regardless of the tense of the first verb or the subject of the sentence.
There are a lot of verb patterns in English. We have already considered
the verb pattern VERB+GERUND, let’s look at verb patterns VERB+FULL INFINITIVE and VERB+BARE INFINITIVE.
A full infinitive goes after a lot of verbs. The most common of them are
afford, allow, agree, forget, hope, learn, manage, need, prefer, refuse, try, want
and others. For example:
There is usually more than one option to consider when trying to meet
a goal.
Remember that ‘deciding not to decide’ is also a decision.
Verbs that follow the pattern VERB+BARE INFINITIVE include most of
the modals (must, can, should, may, might) and auxiliary verbs (will, would, do).
Depending on the decision, you might want to weigh evidence using a
decision tree.
There are two types of documentation that should be produced.
After many common adjectives, we often use the full infinitive:
It's difficult to design a new system.
Full infinitives can be used to explain why we do something. It tells other
people the reason. For example:
To make a decision (2. this is why I must do it), you must first identify the
problem (1. this is what I must do) you need to solve or the question you need to
answer.
A collection of components that work together (why do the components
work together?) to realize some objectives forms a system.
Unit 2. General Systems Theory (GST)
128
СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
1. Wasson, Charles S., 1948. System analysis, design, and development: con-
cepts, principles, and practices / Charles S. Wasson. – Hoboken, N.J.:
Wiley-Interscience, 2005. – xii, 818 p.: ill.; 26 cm. Электронный ресурс
режим доступа: https://www.zu.edu.jo/UploadFile/Library/E_Books/
Files/LibraryFile_12159_26.pdf
2. Skyttner, L. (1996), "General systems theory: origin and hallmarks", Ky-
bernetes, Vol. 25 No. 6, pp. 16–22. https://doi.org/10.1108/
03684929610126283
3. http://thwink.org/sustain/glossary/SystemsThinking.htm
4. https://ecochallenge.org/iceberg-model/
5. https://www.c-sharpcorner.com/uploadfile/nipuntomar/system-develop-
ment-life-cycle-part-2/
6. http://docplayer.net/9016317-System-development-life-cycle-methodol-
ogy.html
7. https://gyires.inf.unideb.hu/GyBITT/07/ch03.html#idp63328832
8. http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ASC/DECISI_THEOR.html
9. https://www.wise-geek.com/what-is-decision-analysis.htm
10. https://www.idealist.org/en/careers/guide-vroom-yetton-jago-decision
11. https://www3.nd.edu/~pantsakl/Archive/A%20Day%20Without%20Auto-
matic%20Control.pdf
12. https://www.techtransfer.com/blog/control-systems-around-us/
13. http://nuclearpowertraining.tpub.com/h1013v2/css/Automatic-Control-
System-112.htm
14. https://tms-outsource.com/blog/posts/web-technologies/
15. https://www.redhat.com/en/topics/api/what-are-application-programming-
interfaces
16. https://www.brainspire.com/blog/the-7-best-cross-platform-mobile-devel-
opment-tools
17. https://padakuu.com/article/79-systems-analysis-and-design:-core-con-
cepts
18. https://www.englishhints.com/prefix-list.html
19. https://quizizz.com/admin
20. https://www.bbc.co.uk/learningenglish/
21. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ru/
Unit 2. General Systems Theory (GST)
129
Учебное издание
ЗАБЛОЦКАЯ Оксана Александровна
БУРЕНКО Людмила Васильевна
ОВЧАРЕНКО Виктория Павловна
МУШЕНКО Алексей Сергеевич
SYSTEM ANALYSES AND CONTROL
Учебное пособие
Технический редактор
З. И. Надточий
Компьютерная верстка
И. А. Клочко
Подписано в печать 20.05.21.
Бумага офсетная. Формат 60×84 1/16. Усл. печ. л. 7,5.
Уч. изд. л. 5,12. Тираж 30 экз. Заказ № 8034.
Издательство Южного федерального университета.
Отпечатано в отделе полиграфической, корпоративной и сувенирной продукции
Издательско-полиграфического комплекса КИБИ МЕДИА ЦЕНТРА ЮФУ.
344090, г. Ростов-на-Дону, пр. Стачки, 200/1. Тел. (863) 243-41-66.
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]