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Unit 5. Automatic Control Theory
91
complex, while less information may be available about their dynamical behavior; for example such is the case in large flexible space structures. The development of control methodologies to meet these challenges will require novel ideas
and interdisciplinary approaches, in addition to further developing and refining
existing methods.
Emerging Control Areas
The increasing availability of vast computing power at low cost, and the
advances in computer science and engineering, are influencing developments in
control. For instance, planning and expert systems can be seen as decision processes serving purposes analogous to control systems and so lead naturally to
interdisciplinary research and to intelligent control methods.
There is significant interest in better understanding and controlling manufacturing processes typically studied in disciplines such as Operations Research, and this has led to interdisciplinary research to study the control of discrete-event systems (DES) that cannot be described by traditional differential or
difference equations; and to the study of hybrid control systems that deal with
the control of systems with continuous dynamics by sequential machines. Fuzzy
control logic and neural networks are other examples of methodologies control
engineers are examining to address the control of very complex systems.
Future Control Goals
What does the future hold? The future looks bright. We are moving toward control Systems that are able to cope and maintain acceptable performance
levels under significant unanticipated uncertainties and failures, systems that exhibit considerable degrees of autonomy. We are moving toward autonomous underwater, land, air and space vehicles; highly automated manufacturing; intelligent robots; highly efficient and fault tolerant voice and data networks; reliable
electric power generation and distribution; seismically tolerant structures; and
highly efficient fuel control for a cleaner environment.
Control systems are decision-making systems where the decisions are
based on predictions of future behavior derived via models of the systems to be
controlled, and on sensor-obtained observations of the actual behavior that are
fed back. Control decisions are translated into control actions using control actuators. Developments in sensor and actuator technology influence control methodology, which is also influenced by the availability of low cost computational
resources.
System analyses and control
92
Put Control in Your Future
The area of controls is challenging and rewarding as our world faces increasingly complex control problems that need to be solved. Immediate needs
include control of emissions for a cleaner environment, automation in factories,
unmanned space and underwater exploration, and control of communication networks. Control is challenging since it takes strong foundations in engineering
and mathematics, uses extensively computer software and hardware and requires
the ability to address and solve new problems in a variety of disciplines, ranging
from aeronautical to electrical and chemical engineering, to chemistry, biology
and economics [11].
Unit 2. General Systems Theory (GST)
93
UNIT 6
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT TOOLS
AND TECHNOLOGIES
“Software is a great combination between artistry and engineering.”
Bill Gates
LEAD IN
The speed of innovation in the web development space is accelerating
every year. Five or ten years ago it seemed impossible that we’d be able to build
such powerful and performant applications in the browser as we are able to in
2021 – like Netflix, Facebook, Spotify or AirBnB.
As the demands from browser apps continue to become more complicated, web developers increasingly need better and more versatile tools to keep
up with rising expectations. Thankfully, we’ve never been more spoilt for choice,
with both established companies and community members racing to build better
libraries, frameworks and apps to make life easier for developers.
1. Have you ever heard about these tools? Organize the tools in
categories. What can you say about each tool?
categories
tools
− Code & Text Editors
− Web Application
Frameworks
− Front-End Frameworks
− Package Managers
− Git Clients
− API & Testing Cloud
Tools
− Web Design & Proto-
typing Tools
− Collaboration Tools
1. NPM
2. Visual Studio Code
3. Vim
4. SmartGit
5. Material UI
6. Django
7. Toolset
8. Basecamp
9. Semantic UI
10. Yarn
11. Framer
12. Angular
13. Asana
14. ReactJS
15. LambdaTest
16. GitCola
17. Postman
18. Ruby On Rails
PRONONCIATION
2. Make sure you pronounce the following words properly:
System analyses and control
94
adhere [əd'hɪə]
architectural [ˌɑːkɪ'tekʧ(ə)r(ə)l]
constraint [kən'streɪnt]
currently ['kʌr(ə)ntlɪ]
environment [ɪn'vaɪər(ə)nmənt], [en'vaɪər(ə)nmənt]
guiding ['gaɪdɪŋ]
identify [aɪ'dentɪfaɪ]
infrastructural [,ɪnfrə'strʌktʃər(ə)l]
instead [ɪn'sted]
interpreter [ɪn'tɜːprɪtə]
mechanism ['mekənɪz(ə)m]
mediate ['miːdɪeɪt]
multimedia [ˌmʌltɪ'miːdɪə]
prevalent ['prev(ə)lənt]
request [rɪ'kwest]
require [rɪ'kwaɪə]
resource [rɪ'sɔːs], [rɪ'zɔːs]
standardize ['stændədaɪz]
technology [tek'nɔləʤɪ]
ubiquitous [juː'bɪkwɪtəs]
WORD STUDY
The following words and phrases will help you to understand the text.
3. Can you guess the meaning of each term from the context? Try to
match each term with its definition.
1. Hypermedia technology allows the learner to set the pace and encour-
ages the exploration of new information through an infinite number of linkages.
2. The documents can be searched by key words or using the query lan-
guage much like it is done in the search engines in the Internet.
3. Package configurations enable the properties of package objects to be
dynamically updated at runtime.
4. It provides an interface for logistics information-sharing and querying.
5. When the document is processed for display, the markup language is
not shown, and is only used to format the text.
Unit 6. Software Development Tools and Technologies
95
6. Load balancing techniques can optimize the response time for each
task.
7. Browsers request information and then they show us in the way we can
understand. They are the interpreters of the web.
8. In general, a framework is a real or conceptual structure intended to
serve as a support or guide for the building of something that expands the structure into something useful.
9. Statelessness means that every HTTP request happens in complete isolation. When the client makes an HTTP request, it includes all information necessary for the server to fulfill that request. The server never relies on information
from previous requests.
10. Increasing your website’s cacheability can be directly linked to a
higher performing website that scales smoothly with increased traffic.
1. hypermedia
2. query language
3. runtime
4. interface
5. markup language
6. load balancing
7. browser
8. framework
9. statelessness
10. cacheability
a. The time during which a computer program is run-
ning.
b. In computer system, it is often a layered structure in-
dicating what kind of programs can or should be built and
how they would interrelate.
c. An extension to hypertext providing multimedia fa-
cilities, such as those handling sound and video.
d. The process of distributing a set of tasks over a set of
resources (computing units), with the aim of making their
overall processing more efficient.
e. The ratio of website requests that are served from
cache compared to uncached requests, commonly referred
to as dynamic requests.
f. A language for the specification of procedures for
the retrieval (and sometimes also modification) of information from a database.
g. A point where two systems, subjects, organizations,
etc. meet and interact or a device or program enabling a
user to communicate with a computer.
h. This restriction means that the server doesn’t store
any state about the client session on the server-side. Each
request from the client to server must contain all of the information necessary to understand the request, and cannot
take the advantage of any stored context on the server.
Session state is therefore kept entirely on the client.
System analyses and control
96
i. A computer program with a graphical user interface
for displaying HTML files, used to navigate the World
Wide Web.
j. A system for annotating a document in a way that is
syntactically distinguishable from the text.
4. Match the following word combinations with their equivalents in
Russian.
1. mundane task
2. markup language
3. language-agnostic
4. Web development framework
5. load balancing
6. shared caches
7. query language
8. adhere to constraints
9. comply with standards
10. handle requests
a. языково-независимый
b. балансировка нагрузки
c. обрабатывать запросы
d. соблюдать ограничения
e. рутинная задача
f. соответствовать стандартам
g. язык форматирования текста
h. общие кэши
i. среда разработки веб-приложений
j. язык запросов
5. Match the following words with their synonyms.
1. comply with
2. adhere to
3. stand for
4. constrain
5. communicate
6. definition
7. prevalent
8. avoid
9. environment
10. constraint
11. facet
a. confine
b. structure
c. observe
d. aspect
e. conform with
f. escape
g. restriction
h. mean
i. interact
j. common
k. explanation
6. Jumbled words. Rearrange the letters to make words. The
definitions will help you.
1. betashsli
to set up on a firm or permanent basis
2. queerst
an instruction to a computer to provide information or perform another function
3. ptilemmen
to put into effect
Unit 6. Software Development Tools and Technologies
97
4. ginaterte
become part of something or be accepted into it; combine (one
thing) with another to form a whole
5. distanzedar
determine the properties of something by comparison with a standard
6. rainconstt
a limitation or restriction
7. lispayd
show (data or an image) on a computer, television, or other screen
8. codivers
become aware of (a fact or situation)
9. ulmtidiame
computer programs and products which involve sound, pictures,
and film, as well as text
10. tousuquibi
seems to be everywhere
7. Word search. Find 15 verbs. Horizontally & Vertically only.
R E S P O N D A U
D
E X P A N D E D C
E
Q P E L E T M H O S U L N L U E A E M
C
E O D O A A N R P
R
S R A W E E D E L I T E S T E L W P Y B M A N I P U L A T
E
WORD BUILDING
SUFFIXES "-ment" and "-tion/ -ion"
Many verbs in the English language can easily be converted into nouns
with the addition of suffixes. A wide variety of verbs turn into nouns with suffix
-ment meaning “actions, processes, or states”, such as measurement, movement,
amazement and suffix -tion/-ion meaning “action, condition”, such as completion, relation.
8. Match the nouns with their meaning.
1. establishment
2. requirement
3. development
4. application
5. communication
a) A quality or qualification that you must have in or-
der to be allowed to do something or to be suitable for
something.
b) The imparting or exchanging of information by
speaking, writing, or using some other medium.
System analyses and control
98
6. definition
7. deletion
8. identification
9. implementation
10. instruction
11. interaction
12. manipulation
13. modification
14. representation
15. specification
c) The exchange of information or instructions.
d) Operating or processing something that requires
skill.
e) The act of creating something or beginning it.
f) A picture, model, or other depiction of someone or
something.
g) Detailed information about how something should
be done or operated.
h) A new and advanced product or idea.
i) The action of changing something.
j) The recognition that something exists, is important,
or is true.
k) Making sure that what has been planned is done.
l) A program or piece of software designed to fulfill a
particular purpose; the action of putting something into
operation.
m) An exact statement or description of the nature,
scope, or meaning of something.
n) A requirement which is clearly stated, for example
about the necessary features in the design of something.
o) A complete removing.
9. Complete the chart.
verb
noun
adjective
apply
developed
interaction
specify
interactive
definition
constrain
descriptive
response
request
GRAMMAR FOCUS
Before reading the text, revise the grammar material (§3 CONDITION-
ALS, p.136) and do the exercises.
Unit 6. Software Development Tools and Technologies
99
10. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the use of
Conditional sentences.
1. If developers confirm the flaws are valid, they improve the program,
and the testers repeat the process until the software is free of bugs and behaves
according to requirements.
2. If you're building a super-complex website, you'll need to choose your
web hosting service carefully, and you'll likely need reliable cloud storage to
back up your designs.
3. If only it were so simple this time around. If Mozilla could be the David
to Chrome’s Goliath, the company would have an easy pitch. But there is a third
player in the mix: Apple.
4. If you like coming up with strategic solutions and enjoy a long game,
becoming a software developer could be a perfect fit for you.
5. When a page request comes to the server, it first asks whether the page
is in cache. If the page is already in cache, it is served quickly and easily to the
visitor.
11. Use the verbs in brackets to make Type 1 conditional sentences.
1. If you _____ (browse) enough tutorials, you _____ soon _____ (create)
CSS text effects, page transitions, image hover effects, and more.
2. If a packaged solution _____ (can / deliver) all of your essential require-
ments and greater than 80% percent of your desirable ones, then it _____ usually
_____ (be) a better option than embarking on a custom development project.
3. If you _____ (be able to) figure out the fastest or most efficient path
from point A to point B, the world of software development _____ (welcome)
you with open arms.
4. If there _____ (be) no Internet connection, you _____ (get) an error.
5. If you have not gone back, and your browser shows a forward button, it
_____ (be) grayed out.
12. Use the verbs in brackets to make Type 2 conditional sentences.
1. If HTML _____ (not exist), the web browsers _____ (not know) what
to show when they receive the request.
2. If the requested page _____ (not be) in cache, the page request _____
(be sent) to the server to be built and then served.
3. The server _____ (not understand) the request if the client _____ (give)
all necessary information.
System analyses and control
100
4. If the backend _____ (be coded) incorrectly, the web resource _____
(not receive) sufficient data to perform all intended operations.
5. The appearance of your web page _____ (turn) into an unpleasant sur-
prise to you and your clients if you _____ (make) a mistake while working on
the frontend.
13. Complete each sentence giving advice, so that it has the same
meaning as the first sentence. Start the sentences as it is shown. The first
sentence is given as an example.
1. Don’t press that button on the keyboard, or you’ll lose what you’ve
written.
2. If you press that button on the keyboard, you’ll lose what you’ve writ-
ten.
3. Make a back-up copy of your work or you’ll lose it.
4. You won’t ______________________________________________.
5. You need virus protection to avoid having problems with your com-
puter.
6. If you don’t _____________________________________________.
7. Sitting too long at the computer will make your back and arms ache.
8. Your __________________________________________________.
9. Don’t turn off the computer before closing all programs, or you could
have problems.
10. You ___________________________________________________.
11. You’ll lose your work unless you save it before closing the word-pro-
cessing program.
12. If _____________________________________________________.
13. You can save a lot of time by learning the keyboard short cuts.
14. If_____________________________________________________.
15. Running too many programs at the same time will probably make the
computer crash.
16. The computer will________________________________________.
14. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.
1. If the new approach had proved to be effective, it _____ (spread) very
quickly and _____ (become) a web design trend.
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