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Файл:Scientific English. Учебно-методическое пособие для подготовки аспирантов к сдаче кандидатского минимума по иностранному языку
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THIS WEEK
A SPY WITH MY FLYING EYE
A little lateral thinking has transformed the prospects for tiny robot
planes
1. A TINY, pilotless spy plane that can be fired from a cannon is under
development at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The minuscule
aircraft is designed to emerge from the case of an artillery shell and fly over
enemy territory, sending back both video pictures of the target and its
coordinates.
2. Trials this summer showed that the pane, called the Wide Area
Surveillance Projectile (WASP), is airworthy and could survive being blasted
out of a cannon, says John Deyst, professor of aeronautics and astronautics at
MIT and principal investigator on the research project. So the team is continuing
to work on it.
3. The WASP is the latest twist in the development of expendable drones
that can fly over enemy territory. Some are already in use, but they have to be
launched from a runway some distance behind the front line, taking up to an
hour to rich their target. What‘s unique about the WASP, says Deyst, is that it
will – hopefully – be cheap, have a fast response time, and be controlled by a
local commander.
4. The aircraft is meant to be packed into an artillery shell case that has a
diameter of 12.7 centimeters. Its wings, stabilization fins and propeller fold back
into its fuselage.
5. The shell could be fired from an artillery piece or a naval gun. When it
is over its target – which could be as far as 20 kilometers away – a parachute
will emerge, yanking the craft out of the shell (see Diagram).The spring-loaded
wings then extend to a span of about a meter, at which point a diesel engine
switches on. The plane will hold enough fuel for about half an hour‘s flying. It
42
will send back video images of the target, along with its coordinates, obtained
from Global Positioning System satellites.
6. Deyst‘s team faced two major technical challenges: one was to design a
plane that could fold into a shell and still operate after surviving the huge
acceleration of being fired from a gun. The other was to make the plane
airworthy.
7. The team tackled the two problems separately. An unpowered model
has now survived simulated firings. And a lightly larger has been tested for
airworthiness. Deyst says the next challenge is to build a single model that
survives both tests. The main emphasis now is on developing electronic
components that are robust enough to survive the firing forces, he says.
8. Work on the WASP project has been carried out over the past two years
with funding from MIT and the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory in Cambridge,
Massachusetts. Now, Deyst says, he is looking for more funding from the USA
Army, Navy, or the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency to continue
developing the drone.
9. The MIT team is not alone thinking along these lines: Science
Applications International of San Diego, California, is working on a similar
project, with the aim of carrying a bomb or other payload. Since the aircraft are
designed to be expendable, one key factor is keeping the cost down to about
$20 000, says Mark Roth, one of the researchers (3000).
Kurt Kleiner
Итак, рассмотрим компрессию текста по абзацам.
Абзац 1 и 2. В статье объект описания не выявляется путем
толкования заглавия, а только согласно терминам, ключевым словам и
фрагментам, несущим наиболее существенную информацию о тексте.
Поэтому первые два абзаца приводят общее описание объекта разработки.
43
1. A TINY, pilotless spy plane that can be fired from a cannon is under
development at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The minuscule
aircraft is designed to emerge from the case of an artillery shell and fly over
enemy territory, sending back both video pictures of the target and its
coordinates.
2. Trials this summer showed that the pane, called the Wide Area
Surveillance Projectile (WASP), is airworthy and could survive being blasted
out of a cannon, says John Deyst, professor of aeronautics and astronautics at
MIT and principal investigator on the research project. So the team is continuing
to work on it.
Подчеркнутые предложения и их части отмечают наиболее важную
информацию о предмете статьи. Опустим определительные предложения и
всю поясняющую информацию и получим следующий вариант
компрессии.
A tiny, pilotless spy plane is under development at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology. Trials showed the plain is airworthy and can survive
being blasted out of cannon.
В принципе, невыделенные предложения и некоторые их части
имеют свое значение, тем более что они стоят в начале статьи, где, как
правило, излагается проблематика работы. Эти факты будут
использоваться далее при компрессии следующих абзацев. Аббревиатура
места создания объекта (MIT) также будет использоваться далее.
Абзац 3 отражает характеристики и преимущества объекта
рассуждения.
The WASP is the latest twist in the development of expendable drones
that can fly over enemy territory. Some are already in use, but they have to be
launched from a runway some distance behind the front line, taking up to an
hour to rich their target. What‘s unique about the WASP, says Deyst, is that it
44
will hopefully be cheap, have a fast response time, and be controlled by a local
commander.
Аналогично выделим информативные отрезки. Заметим, что при
компрессии допускается не только вычленение отдельных
неинформативных отрезков предложения, но и лексическое изменение
слов, использованных в переносном значении (например, см. абзац 6,
challenge в последствии заменим на problem). Получаем следующий
вариант компрессии.
The expandable drone can fly over enemy territory. The drone will
hopefully be cheap, have a fast response time, and be controlled by a local
commander.
Абзац 4 и 5. Описывают принцип действия объекта. Выделим
отрезки предложения, характеризующие объект.
4. The aircraft is meant to be packed into an artillery shell case that has a
diameter of 12.7 centimeters. Its wings, stabilization fins and propeller fold back
into its fuselage.
5. The shell could be fired from an artillery piece or a naval gun. When it
is over its target – which could be as far as 20 kilometers away – a parachute
will emerge, yanking the craft out of the shell (see Diagram).The spring-loaded
wings then extend to a span of about a meter, at which point a diesel engine
switches on. The plane will hold enough fuel for about half an hour‘s flying. It
will send back video images of the target, along with its coordinates, obtained
from Global Positioning System satellites.
Выделенный отрезок предложения в четвертом абзаце, первый
отрезок пятого абзаца и последнее предложение хорошо согласуются с
компрессией второго абзаца. Добавим их с соблюдением правил
грамматики и синтаксиса. Остальные отрезки могут сформировать
отдельное предложение. Они приводятся почти полностью, так как
принцип действия является новым. В результате, после слияния получаем:
45
Trials showed the plain is airworthy and can survive being blasted out of a
cannon of 12.7 cm for the distance of 20 km. It will send back video images of
the target, along with its coordinates from GPS. The parachute yanks the craft
out of the shell, the spring-loaded wings extend to a span of about a meter, and a
diesel engine switches on. It‘ll hold fuel for about half an hour‘s flying.
Global Positioning System является хорошо знакомым понятием для
читателей статей этой тематики. Поэтому считаем уместным и правильным
заменить его на соответствующую аббревиатуру GPS.
Абзацы 6 и 7 описывают технические трудности, с которыми
столкнулись разработчики, и их необходимо упомянуть. Также следует
отметить текущий важный аспект разработки. Получаем:
The designers faced to main problems: to design a plane to be packed into
a shall and to operate at huge acceleration; to make the plain airworthy. The
main emphasis now is on developing electronic robust enough to survive.
Абзацы 8 и 9. Информация из восьмого абзаца не используется. В
девятом абзаце указана предельная стоимость разработки. Она может
оказаться важной для ряда читателей реферативного сообщения. В
результате от двух последних абзацев остается следующее предложение:
The key factor is keeping the cost down to about $20,000.
Вариант компрессии может быть несколько отличным от
представленного.
Summary
The article describes a tiny, pilotless spy plane under development at
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (USA). The design features, principle of
operation, flight performance and its advantages over expendable drones already
in use are presented. Trials showed the plain is airworthy and can survive being
blasted out of a cannon of 12.7 cm for the distance of 20 km. The designers
faced to main problems: to design a plane to be packed into a shall and to
46
operate at huge acceleration; to make the plain airworthy. The main emphasis
now is on developing electronic robust enough to survive. The key factor is
keeping the cost down to about $20,000. Two major technical challenges are
briefly touched upon.
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5.3. Clichés for Retelling and Summaries
1. Introduction:
Information about the publication
Name of book, article
Place of publication
Date of publication
Information about the author
Name
Citizenship / Nationality
Profession
Academic and other qualifications
Subject of work (what the work is devoted to)
The book is devoted to the issue of …
The article is devoted to the problem of…
The work (the book, article) covers problems (issues)...
2. Generalization of the basic issues/problems/subjects covered in the
book
In this book the author raises several important issues…
In this article the author studies the following problems…
In this work the author covers…
In this study the author discusses (analyzes, touches on, considers, speaks
about, stresses)…
3. Analysis of the 1, 2, or 3 most important problems/issues/subjects in
the author’s opinion:
a) Justification of the subjects selected.
One of the most important subjects, in my opinion, is the issue of …
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The most topical issues, in my view, are …
The main problems, in the author‘s opinion, are…
b) A brief restatement of the author‘s position on these subjects.
The author considers (analyzes, states, discloses, describes, depicts,
presents)…
The author researches (develops, elaborates, clarifies, formulates,
characterizes)…
The author touches on (mentions, refers to)…
The author stresses (notes, indicates, focuses on, concentrates on, pays/
devotes particular attention to) …
The author proves (provides data, bases his views on, shares the point of
view that)…
In the author‘s opinion, in the author‘s view, according to the author
The author refutes (disputes, argues against, questions, sheds doubt on,
objects against, disagrees with, criticizes, denies)…
c) A brief statement of your opinions about the author‘s position.
4. Present the author’s conclusions in a generalized form.
In the end the author concludes / comes to the conclusion that…
Thus, it can be said that, …
Consequently …
The author makes the generalization that…
The author presents the following results…
5. Your personal evaluation of the information presented by the
author.
The value of the author‘s work is in its…
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The virtue of the author‘s work is…
The positive aspects of the work are…
The significance of the work is…
The benefits…
The weak points…
The work has great practical significance…
The work is of interest to…
The work is interesting due to its…
The work is meant for (who)…
6. Guide Words
From starting to summing up
Beginning - initially, first, at first, to start/begin with, first of all, firstly, in
the first place, etc.
Continuing - secondly, after this / that, second..., afterwards, then, next,
before this, etc.
Adding – and, and then, also, again, too; besides, an addition, further,
furthermore, moreover; likewise, similarly, in a similar way, in the manner, etc.
Contrasting – but, however, yet, and yet, still, nevertheless, on one hand…
on the other hand; otherwise, or else, alternatively, conversely, on the contrary;
instead, rather than; at the same time, for all that, after all, in the long run, etc.
Illustrating – (to put it) in other words, for example, for instance, that is (to
say), namely, in fact, after all, in the long run, etc.
Concluding – hence, therefore, thus, so, as a result, consequently, then, now,
accordingly, well; to sum, to sum up, in summary; in brief, in short, on the whole,
finally, at last, in the end, eventually, lastly, last but not least, as I have said, as [it]
was previously stated, all in all, etc.
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5.4. Texts for Summary and Retelling
Text 1
Read the text to yourself and be ready for a comprehension check-up.
How to find the main idea of the paragraph
First, read the entire paragraph to get an idea of what the paragraph is
about. You may find it helpful to whisper the words as you read or to form a
picture in your mind of what you are reading. Once you have a general idea of
what the paragraph is about, go on to the next step. Remember that in the
majority of paragraphs the first sentence expresses the main idea.
Second, read the first sentence of the paragraph to understand it so that
you‘ll be able to relate it to everything else in the paragraph – or for that matter,
in entire selection.
Third, skip to the last two or three sentences in the paragraph.
Fourth, read these last sentences rapidly. If one says the same thing as the
first sentence of the paragraph, you‘ll know the first sentence contains the main
idea. If one expresses a different idea, you‘ll suspect that it, and not the first
sentence of the paragraph is the topic sentence. And if these last sentences are
clearly supporting details for the idea in the first sentence, you‘ll know that the
first sentence of the paragraph is the key one.
When doubt remains, there is a fifth step. Since a paragraph is about
something – to follow the dominant noun from first to last. Pick it up at or near
the beginning and see it through its repetitions, as well as through its
transformations into pronouns and synonyms. Doing this will lead you to the
main idea, or convince you that the first sentence was, after all, the topic
sentence.
In fact, we offer this procedure not so you will spend a lot of time locating
the main idea, but so you can do it quickly. On any occasion, don‘t use any more
of the steps than necessary, often only the first two will be required. You are
really aiming to see the structure or organization of the paragraph. A later aim
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