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Файл:English for Biology Students and Postgraduates. Учебное пособие
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Exercise 2. Find out the correct translations from В of the
following Russian word combinations in A. The
English word combinations come from TEXT A
1 научныйметод
2 подойти к решению проблемы
3 биологические исследования
4 разделы биологии
5 опубликовать результаты
открытия
6 недостаточные данные
7 выдвинуть гипотезу
8 проверить гипотезу на практике
9 достичь своей цели
10 доказать теорию
11 дальнейшее проведение опытов
12 определить область исследования
13 подтвердить гипотезу
14 решение проблемы
to suggest a hypothesis
to report the discovery
branches of biology
to decide the eld of
investigation
scientic method
to conrm the hypothesis
to achieve one’s purpose
to approach a problem
the solution of a problem
to test a hypothesis
further experimentation
to prove a hypothesis
biological research
insufcient data
Exercise 3. Fill in prepositions. Consult TEXT В in case
of difculty
1. Research_______ sciences
2. the logical place to look information
3. are used______ biological studies
4. conclusions based interpretation of the data
5. sources_______ new information
6. experimentation ______the genes
7. the hypothesis advances________the status________
a theory
8. to produce results_______reporting the discovery
9. regardless______pressure to produce publications
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STUDY NOTES
Linking words and phrases are used in scientic and technical writing to provide logical reasoning in text development.
They often signal a change in subject matter and transition
from one point to another.
accordingly-поэтому, соответственно
above all– прежде всего, главным образом
anyway – во всяком случае, как бы то ни было
as a consequence– как следствие, в результате
besides – кроме того
consequently – следовательно
meanwhile – тем временем, между тем
moreover – к тому же …
furthermore – кроме того, к тому же
however – однако
incidentally – кстати, между прочим
inaccordancewith – в соответствии с …
nevertheless – тем не менее
nowthat – теперь, когда
otherwise – иначе, а то …
similarly – также, аналогично, подобным образом
thereafter – после этого
therefore – поэтому, следовательно
thus – таким образом
undoubtedly – несомненно
indeed – в самом деле, действительно
next – затем
likewise – также
hence – отсюда, из того следует
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Exercise 1. Put one of the following linking words or
phrases into each gap. There are eleven gaps.
Two of the words or phrases aren’t used:
as a result, above all, which, before, and, especially, although,
however, this is why, such as, on the contrary, if, so
Doing regular exercise can be dangerous, _____ if you are
over 40. _________it is a very good idea to see your doctor
_______ starting, if you think you are not very t. Some people try to exercise too vigorously too soon, and ____________
they cause themselves injuries ___________ can take a long
time to heal. ________ it is not only older people who should
take care. Doctors report many injuries___________ backaches, sprained ankles and pulled muscles, which can all be
avoided___________ a little care is taken. If you do injure
yourself, rest for a while ________ allow your body to recover naturally. ________, don’t push yourself because you
think it is doing you good. _________, you could do yourself
permanent damage.
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UNIT 3
PRE-TEXT TASKS
Study carefully the list of phrases and their Russian
equivalents to avoid any diculty in working through text A.
1 since that time
2 set
3 hereditary determinants
4 each cell is enabled to full the
destinies of its own particular
lineage
5 concerned in…
6 a particular protein that contrib-
utes to either the structure or the
functioning
7 have been assigned to approxi-
mate locations on chromosomes
8 to splice
9 set to work to deciphering
10 tucked into the nucleus
11 protein synthesis will be faulty
12 with gene in hand
с того времени, с тех пор
набор
определяющие факторы
наследственности, наследственные признаки
каждая клетка способна реализовать предопределенные
для данного ряда поколений
наследственные признаки
(зд.) которые участвуют в
специфический белок, который участвует в создании либо
структуры, либо функции
были закреплены за приблизительно определенными
местами на хромосомах
соединять
принялись за расшифровку
которые «укрыты» в ядре
синтез белков будет нарушен
определив ген, установив
местоположение гена
TEXT A
Genetics and Heredity
Modern genetics began to develop very rapidly in the
second decade of the 20th century though the foundation of
it was laid by Gregor Mendel between 1857 and 1865. Since
that time1 geneticists in all parts of the world have cooperated in establishing the chromosome theory of heredity.
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Usually the chromosomes of a given species are individually distinguishable, and exactly the same set appears at mitosis in all cells of the individual and of the species.
The chromosome number varies in different organisms
from 2 to 200 or more, but usually it is below 50 (man has
46). Not only the number of chromosome but also the size
and shape of each chromosome remain constant.
Each chromosome carries a specic group of hereditary
determinants – the genes. These carry coded instructions by
means of which each cell is enabled to fulll the destinies of its
own particular lineage. Chromosomes contain DNA, RNA and
protein, and these constitute the genetic material of the cell.
There are two chromosomes concerned in sex determination and they are not completely homologous. The male
carries two chromosomes for sex called X and Y. The female
carries two chromosomes. The factor that determines whether the offspring shall be male or female is the presence of a Y
or an X chromosome in the male gamete.
Some knowledge of the substance concerned in transmission of hereditary factors has been gained in the last 40 years.
We know that a gene is very small. Experiments have shown
that there are about 10 000 genes carried on the chromosome
of Drosophila, commonly called the fruit y. The search for
human genes has only begun. The estimated number of genes
in human DNA is 100 000. Each gene is found in the nucleus
of every one of the human body’s trillion cells (with the exception of red blood cells, which have no nuclei). And each
gene is responsible for the manufacture of a particular protein
that contributes to either the structure or the functioning6 of
the body. Fewer than 2000 genes have been assigned to approximate locations on chromosomes.
Armed with the ability to cut, splice and transplant genetic material, scientists set to work deciphering the estimated
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100 000 genes tucked into the nucleus of virtually every human
cell. Collectively, genes comprise the complete set of chemical
instructions for making a human body. Each gene codes for
the production of a single polypeptide (a protein component).
Thousands of proteins give the human body function and form.
If the gene is defective, protein synthesis will be faulty and
a deformity or genetic disease will result. More than 4000 inherited disorders are due to single-gene defects. Many more are
thought to be inuenced by multiple genes or by a combination
of genes and environment. Locating a specic disease-associated gene on one of 46 chromosomes – the genetic material inherited in equal parts from each parent – gives researchers the basis
for a diagnostic test. With gene in hand, it may also be possible
understanding the disease and developing treatment for it.
COMPREHENTION CHECK
Exercise 1. Which of the following statements are not true?
1. The number of chromosomes in man is 50.
2. The DNA occurs in the nucleus.
3. Two chromosomes concerned in sex determination are
similar.
4. Each gene is responsible for producing a certain protein.
5. Many diseases are caused by gene defects.
6. Locating a specic disease-associated gene does not
help researchers diagnose diseases.
7. Even a tiny genetic error can break the right order of
protein production.
Exercise 2. Complete the following sentences joining the
suitable part
1. The number of chromosomes varies
a. Under specic conditions
b. From 50 to 200
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c. From 2 to more than 200
2. Scientists began deciphering the genes
a. Only for theoretical reasons
b. For better understanding hereditary mechanism
c. For producing a particular protein
3. Each gene is responsible for
a. The production of a specic protein
b. The division of cells
c. 4000 inherited disorders
Exercise 3. Fill in the correct words from TEXT A
The foundation of genetics was ________by Gregor Mendel.
It took many years to _____________ the chromosome theory of heredity. It was not easy for researchers to understand
that chromosomes _____________DNA and other proteins.
The exact mechanism of transmission of __________factors
has been studied for many years. As a result of this research
scientists are now able to ____________ a particular gene and
__________the protein for which it codes. This will make it
easier for doctors to develop ____________ for certain diseases for which this or that gene is ________.
Exercise 4. Give Russian equivalents for the following
combinations of words from Text A
1. to establish the chromosome theory of heredity
2. to remain constant
3. to carry coded instructions
4. to gain knowledge
5. a particular protein
6. to cut, splice and transplant genetic material
7. to comprise the complete set of instructions for mak-
ing a human body
8. genetic disease
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9. diagnostic test
10. to develop treatment (for an illness)
Exercise 5. Read the following denitions and choose the
appropriate word from the box above which
stands for a particular denition
gene protein environment
code chromosome DNA
1. A complex organic compound formed from many units
of amino acids, joined by peptide bonds.
2. Collection of laws or instructions arranged in a system.
3. A long chain compound
4. Surroundings which may or may not affect the or-
ganism
5. A unit factor of heredity carried in a chromosome.
6. A long, thin, thread-like body in the dividing nucleus of a
eukaryotic cell, observable during nuclear division.
Exercise 6. Answer the following questions on TEXT A
1. Whop laid the foundation of modern genetics?
2. Does the chromosome number vary in different organ-
isms?
3. What does each chromosome carry?
4. What do chromosomes contain?
5. Which chromosomes are concerned in sex determi-
nation?
6. What do we call the substances concerned in transmis-
sion of hereditary factors?
7. What is the estimated number of genes in human DNA?
8. What is a gene responsible for?
9. What does a gene code for?
10. What happens, if the gene becomes defective?
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PRE – TEXT NOTES
1. frantic pace – (зд.) высокая скорость
2. stress-related illnesses – болезни, связанные со
стрессом
3. leading causes of death – основные причины смерти
4. major contributor – то, что вносит максимальный
вклад или в максимальной степени отвечает за что-либо
5. waking lives – время бодрствования
6. build up of stress – создание стрессовой ситуации
7. susceptibility – подверженность (заболеванию),
восприимчивость к чему-либо
8. to keep in mind – следует запомнить
9. to avert the ill effects of stress – предотвращать
губительные последствия стресса
10. corporate executives – (зд.) офисные работники
11. hard-driving personality – человек, плохо
поддающийся влиянию
12. success-driven society – общество, где более всего
ценится (социальная) успешность
13. job burnout – психологическое «выгорание» на
работе
TEXT B
How to live with stress
Stress has become an epidemic according to Dr.
Paul J. Rosh, professor of medicine psychiatry at New York
Medical College and president of the American Institute of
Stress. The frantic pace of modern life, he reports, has brought
us to the point where:
90 % of all adult Americans experience high levels of stress
once or twice a week and one-fourth of us nearly every day.
75 % to 90 % of visits to physicians are for stress-related
illnesses and complaints.
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Stress is known to be a major contributor to the leading
causes of death in the U.S.: heart disease, high blood pressure,
cancer, accidental injuries and suicide. Stress often underlies
obesity, alcoholism and drug abuse. And, of course, stress is
a major factor in the painful headaches and backaches that
afict millions.
Stress in Everyday Life
We’re assaulted by stressful situations every moment of
waking lives. Meeting deadlines, making decisions, trafc
jams, marriage, and divorce, getting a job, losing a job, any
change in one’s life situation – pleasant or unpleasant – can
lead to a buildup of stress.
Scientists are learning that it’s not the amount of stress
that leads to a sense of helplessness, anxiety or even fullblown depression. Rather, it is one’s inability to control
stressful situations that causes the major damage. «The key to
avoiding the harmful effects of stress,» says Rosch, «is learning how to distinguish between stress that you can’t avoid
and stress that you can do something about, so that you can
use your time and energy effectively».
However, the damage is not only psychological. Stress
manifests itself with a host of physical signs said symptoms,
prominent among them: headache, neck pain, backache and
muscle spasms; heartburn, stomach pain and nausea; unexplained allergy attacks, and susceptibility to colds and infections. Before attributing symptoms to stress, you should, of
course, consult your physician. They may signal other underlying diseases. But if your headache or stomach pains are
stress related, you can take an effective pain reliever. Exercise or an appropriate muscle relaxant may also help.
Keep in mind that stress has its good as well as its bad side.
The famed father of stress research, Dr. Hans Selye, called
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