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«ГОМЕЛЬСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ им. Ф. СКОРИНЫ»
Учреждение образования
Б. В. Сорвиров, А. М. Баранов, Е. А. Западнюк
COMPETITION THEORY
Учебное пособие
Призер II конкурса публикаций
«Университетский учебник-2018»
© Коллектив авторов, 2019
© ООО Компания «Ай Пи Ар Медиа», 2019
ISBN 978-5-4497-0073-5
Саратов • 2019
УДК 339.137
ББК 65.01
С65
Сорвиров Борис Владимирович — д-р экон. наук, проф., зав. кафедрой экономической теории
и мировой экономики, Гомельский государственный университет им. Ф. Скорины;
Баранов Александр Михайлович — канд. экон. наук, доц. кафедры экономической теории
и мировой экономики, Гомельский государственный университет им. Ф. Скорины;
Западнюк Евгений Александрович — канд. экон. наук, доц. кафедры экономической теории
и мировой экономики, Гомельский государственный университет им. Ф. Скорины
Бонцевич Н. В. — д-р экон. наук, проф.;
Давыденко Е. Л. — д-р экон. наук, проф.
Авторы:
Рецензенты:
Сорвиров, Борис Владимирович.
С65 Competition theory [Электронный ресурс] : учебное пособие / Б. В. Сорви-
ров, А. М. Баранов, Е. А. Западнюк. — Электрон. дан. и прогр. (7 Мб). — Саратов :
Ай Пи Ар Медиа, 2019. — Учебное электронное издание : 1 электрон. опт. диск
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ISBN 978-5-4497-0073-5
В учебном пособии на английском языке в систематическом виде изложен курс
«Теория конкуренции» — новая для отечественного экономического образования
дисциплина. Показана роль конкуренции в экономике и методологические подходы
к исследованию конкуренции. Рассмотрены конкурентные рынки и конкурентная стратегия
фирм на них, опыт реализации политики конкуренции в Германии и особенности
формирования конкурентных отношений в Республике Беларусь, использование теоретических моделей конкуренции на практике. Даны основные понятия теории конкуренции,
представлены контрольные вопросы и задания, типовые задачи курса, варианты итоговой
контрольной работы по дисциплине.
Подготовлено с учетом требований Федерального государственного образовательного стандарта высшего образования.
Предназначено для иностранных студентов, обучающихся по экономическим
специальностям «Национальная экономика», «Мировая экономика» и «Экономика и управление
на предприятии», аспирантов, магистрантов, преподавателей.
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© Коллектив авторов, 2019
© ООО Компания «Ай Пи Ар Медиа», 2019
Редактор А.А. Агешкин
Технический редактор, компьютерная верстка М.А. Дюбченко
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ................................................................. 8
Chapter 1. COMPETITION AND ITS ROLE
IN THE ECONOMY ........................................................... 10
1.1. Competition theory and history of economic thought .. 10
1.2. Methodological approaches to study competition ........ 14
1.3. Semantic analysis of the concepts "competition"
and "competitiveness" .......................................................... 16
1.4. The subject, forms, methods, and levels
of competition ...................................................................... 19
Chapter 2. COMPETITIVE MARKETS,
COMPETITION AND COMPETITIVENESS ................... 25
2.1. The structure of competitive markets............................ 25
2.2. A market of perfect competition ................................... 29
2.3. A market of imperfect competition ............................... 42
2.4. Competitiveness and methods of its achievement ........ 61
Chapter 3. INNOVATIVE COMPETITIVE
STRATEGIES AND A COMPETITIVE POTENTIAL
OF AN ORGANIZATION .................................................. 70
3.1. Defining an innovative strategy. Types of innovative
strategies............................................................................... 70
3.2. Types of innovative behavior of firms .......................... 72
3.3. Strategic aspects of the organization management ....... 75
Chapter 4. COMPETITIVE STRATEGIES
IN THE FIELD OF A LARGE-SCALE PRODUCTION ... 83
4.1. The basis for and efficient frontiers of a large-scale
production ............................................................................ 83
4.2. The strategy of satisfying mass demand,
incentives for consumption .................................................. 85
4.3. Evolution of a violent firm ............................................ 86
4.4. The strategic centre of a firm. Hinterhuber 's matrix
"Competitiveness/value of production" ............................... 88
4
Chapter 5. COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES
OF FOCUSED SPECIALIZATION .................................... 93
5.1. Product differentiation as an effective method of
competition for customers .................................................... 93
5.2. Factors of product differentiation ................................. 94
5.3. Competitive strategies of specialized
(small niche) firms ............................................................... 96
5.4. Evolution of patient firms ............................................. 97
5.5. Characteristics of pricing policies of both violent
and patient strategies .......................................................... 100
Chapter 6. COMPETITIVE STRATEGIES
IN THE FIELD OF RADICAL INNOVATIONS
(EXPLORING FIRMS) ..................................................... 104
6.1. Radical innovations as a specialization
of exploring firms. J. Schumpeter’s theory
of economic development .................................................. 104
6.2. Characteristics of the radical (breakthrough)
and moderare (gradual) types of technological progress ... 106
6.3. Evolution of exploring firms ....................................... 107
6.4. The consumption value of a new product,
Hemmel-Pralad's matrix "buyers’ conscious
and unconscious needs" ..................................................... 110
6.5. Rogers's distribution and the time needed to get used
to an innovation .................................................................. 112
Chapter 7. FLEXIBILITY AS A SOURCE OF HIGH-
DEGREE COMPETITIVENESS ...................................... 116
7.1. The role of both small businesses and local needs
in the economy ................................................................... 116
7.2. Small business strategies to fight
against competitors ............................................................ 118
7.3. Types of commutant firms .......................................... 120
7.4. Dangers of a small firm expansion ............................. 121
5
Chapter 8. AN ECONOMY AS AN ASSOCIATION
OF COMPETING COMPANIES ...................................... 124
8.1. The role of innovative activities in making
nationwide competitiveness ............................................... 124
8.2. Forms of internationalizing innovative activities ........ 127
8.3. The degree od competitiveness of integrated firms
under the conditions of information development ............. 128
Chapter 9. COMPETITION IN MODERN
INFORMATION ECONOMIES ....................................... 139
9.1. Characteristics of competition promotion
in an information environment ........................................... 139
9.2. Basic principles of a competitive corporate
behavior in an information economy ................................. 141
9.3. Monopolistic models of an information economy ...... 146
9.4. Information costs, price and non-price competition
in an information economy ................................................ 153
Chapter 10. GERMANY’S COMPETITION POLICY
AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION ....................................... 160
10.1. Freedom of business activity and consumer
sovereignty as assumptions of competition promotion ...... 160
10.2. Economic policies focusing on competition
promotion ........................................................................... 168
10.2.1. Perfect competition (laissez-fair) and workable
competition......................................................................... 168
10.2.2. Creation and evolution of modern competition
promoting policies.............................................................. 170
10.2.3. Basic methods of ensuring competition ................. 175
10.2.4. The open market policy.......................................... 183
10.3. The goals of competitive policies during periods
of economic transformation ............................................... 185
6
Chapter 11. FEATURES OF COMPETITIVE
RELATIONS IN BELARUS ............................................. 191
11.1. Transnational corporations and their competitive
advantages, the role of transnational corporations
in the Republic of Belarus .................................................. 191
11.2. Antitrust laws in Belarus and their influence
on competition promotion .................................................. 198
11.3. Innovation business in the Republic of Belarus
and its role in competition promotion ................................ 202
11.4. National interests of the Republic of Belarus
and the problem of prioritizing .......................................... 204
11.5. Privatization and dentionalization. Their influence
on competition promotion in the Republic of Belarus ....... 209
11.6. The main problems and development prospects
of Belarusian companies .................................................... 214
11.7. Competitiveness and economic trends
of the Republic of Belarus ................................................. 218
APPENDICES ................................................................... 224
Appendix A ........................................................................ 224
Appendix B ........................................................................ 231
Appendix C ........................................................................ 239
Appendix D ........................................................................ 241
Appendix E ........................................................................ 245
Appendix F ......................................................................... 250
Appendix G ........................................................................ 257
7
INTRODUCTION
In our national economic literature, there is still no origi-
nal textbook or educational guidance on theory of competition.
The standard western course "Economics" offered in the form
of a few dozen foreign and domestic textbooks, which prove
rather similar in terms of their contents, makes the basis for the
economic education in most Post-Soviet countries. Alongside
their indisputable advantages, these textbooks have an essential
fault: they concentrate only on the so-called pure, i.e. extreme-
ly abstract, competition.
Meanwhile, in West-European countries, certain short-
comings of pure competition are well-known. In the 1950–
1960s, such great modern economists as F. Von Hayek and E.
Penrose pointed it. F. Von Hayek, in particular, showed that the
theory of perfect competition (which is one of the core subjects
of Economics) is actually based on the assumption that competition does not exist at all. At the same time, E. Penrose reasonably proved that theoretical descriptions of a firm provided in
textbooks have often nothing to do with real functioning of a
firm in the market.
Nowadays, when a few decades have passed since F. Von
Hayek and E. Penrose’s innovation breakthrough, a lot of
things have happened and have taken place both in science and
in education. For the time being, theory (as it is) plays a very
important role, being a tool of economic analysis used to solve
a wide range of problems.
Therefore, it is necessary to study difficult processes
happening both in separate companies and in the economy in
general in the way that would enable the development of theory
as well as an opportunity to use it in practice.
Our work is based on a number of advanced foreign and
national literary sources. Generally, all of them are based on
the principle of “the bedside approach” (“from theory to prac-
8
tice"), and not the way around, i.e. the real-life market is con-
sidered within this theoretical model. It is possible to differen-
tiate three groups of literature sources devoted to the problem
under study. The first group comprises literary sources in
which the theory is the main concern (these include works by
R. Pindayk, D. Rubinfeld, M. Baye, V.Galperin, R. Nureev,
etc.). The second group is made up of works the authors of
which stand up for both theoretical and practical methods of
studying competitive markets (M. Porter, V. Gutnik, A.
Yudanov, etc.). The third group consists of periodicals that
provide articles containing information on the structure of real
markets as well as on the character of competitive relations in
Russia and the Republic of Belarus.
The development of problems connected with an increase
in competitive potential of the Republic of Belarus has become
of special interest after the country has undergone its social and
economic transformations, i.e. the transition from the command-and-administrative economic system to the market one.
A complete and effective entry of Belarus into the world economy makes specialists rely not only on competition theory, but
also on practical competitive strategies in the context of accelerating globalization processes of the world economic communications. A special analysis of a competitive potential of enterprises, industries, and the national economy in general is to
be done to understand the process of interaction between the
national economy and multinational corporations, different interstate and non-governmental organizations.
9
CHAPTER 1.
COMPETITION AND ITS ROLE
IN THE ECONOMY1
1.1. COMPETITION THEORY AND HISTORY
OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT
Competition theory was generalized by A. Smith in his
work "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of
Nations" (1776). A. Smith understood competition as rivalry.
The novelty of A. Smith’s theory is proved by the follow-
ing facts. He formulated the main principle of competition —
the principle of an "invisible hand". The idea of an "invisible
hand" implies the promotion of public conditions and rules
which (in combination with free competition of entrepreneurs
and their private interests) enable the market economy to solve
public problems in the best possible way with the greatest possible benefits for all and everyone. "The invisible hand" assists
people in gaining the best results, ensures maximum efficiency
and helps achieve supreme goals of society. It is alleged to be
justified by a person’s desire to postpone own interests to the
public welfare.
A. Smith defined the main conditions of competition ef-
ficiency. They are as follows:
• availability of a large number of sellers and buyers;
• exhaustive information;
• mobility of resources;
• inability of a certain seller to have an essential impact
on the market price for goods.
The developed model of competition intensification and
extension succeeds in the context of market relations with max-
1
Galperin V. M., Ignatyev S. M., Morgunov V. I. Microeconomiсa. SPb, 2004.
10