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Surgical, Prosthetic, and Rehabilitation Principles
Fourth Edition
Volume 1
General Topics
Upper Limb
Editors
Joseph Ivan Krajbich, MD
Michael S. Pinzur, MD
LTC Benjamin K. Potter, MD
Phillip M. Stevens, MEd, CPO

Surgical, Prosthetic, and Rehabilitation Principles
Fourth Edition

Atlas of
Amputations and
Limb Deficiencies
Atlas of
Amputations and
Limb Deficiencies
Surgical, Prosthetic, and Rehabilitation Principles
Fourth Edition
Volume 1
General Topics
Upper Limb
Editors
Joseph Ivan Krajbich, MD
Michael S. Pinzur, MD
LTC Benjamin K. Potter, MD
Phillip M. Stevens, MEd, CPO
© 2016 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Atlas of Amputations and Limb Deciencies, Fourth Edition

American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
Board of Directors, 2015-2016
David D. Teuscher, MD
President
Gerald R. Williams Jr, MD
First Vice President
William J. Maloney, MD
Second Vice President
Frederick M. Azar, MD
Treasurer
Frederick M. Azar, MD
Past President
Lisa K. Cannada, MD
Howard R. Epps, MD
Daniel C. Farber, MD
Daniel K. Guy, MD
Lawrence S. Halperin, MD
David A. Halsey, MD
David J. Mansfield, MD
Raj D. Rao, MD
Brian G. Smith, MD
Ken Sowards, MBA
Jennifer M. Weiss, MD
Karen L. Hackett, FACHE, CAE (ex-officio)
The material presented in the fourth edition of the Atlas
of Amputations and Limb Deficiencies: Surgical, Prosthetic,
and Rehabilitation Principles has been made available
by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons for
educational purposes only. This material is not intended to
present the only, or necessarily best, methods or procedures
for the medical situations discussed, but rather is intended
to represent an approach, view, statement, or opinion of the
author(s) or producer(s), which may be helpful to others
who face similar situations.
Some drugs or medical devices demonstrated in Academy
courses or described in Academy print or electronic
publications have not been cleared by the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) or have been cleared for specific uses
only. The FDA has stated that it is the responsibility of the
physician to determine the FDA clearance status of each drug
or device he or she wishes to use in clinical practice.
Furthermore, any statements about commercial products are
solely the opinion(s) of the author(s) and do not represent
an Academy endorsement or evaluation of these products.
These statements may not be used in advertising or for any
commercial purpose.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written
permission from the publisher.
Staff
Ellen C. Moore, Chief Education Officer
Hans Koelsch, PhD, Director, Department of Publications
Lisa Claxton Moore, Senior Manager, Book Program
Kathleen Anderson, Senior Editor
Steven Kellert, Senior Editor
Michelle Wild, Associate Senior Editor
Courtney Dunker, Editorial Production Manager
Abram Fassler, Publishing Systems Manager
Suzanne O’Reilly, Graphic Designer
Susan Morritz Baim, Production Coordinator
Karen Danca, Permissions Coordinator
Charlie Baldwin, Digital and Print Production Specialist
Hollie Muir, Digital and Print Production Specialist
Emily Nickel, Page Production Assistant
Genevieve Charet, Editorial Coordinator
Published 2016 by the
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
9400 West Higgins Road
Rosemont, IL 60018
Copyright 2016
by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015959857
ISBN 978-1-62552-437-9
Printed in Canada

Editors
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
Atlas of Amputations and Limb Deficiencies:
Surgical, Prosthetic, and Rehabilitation Principles
Fourth Edition
Joseph Ivan Krajbich, MD, FRCS(C)
Staff Orthopaedic Surgeon
Shriners Hospital for Children
Portland, Oregon
Michael S. Pinzur, MD
Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation
Loyola University Health System
Maywood, Illinois
LTC Benjamin K. Potter, MD
Chief Orthopaedic Surgeon, Amputee Care Program
Deputy Chief, Orthopaedic Surgery
Vice Chair (Research) and Associate Professor
Uniformed Services University-Walter Reed
Department of Surgery
Bethesda, Maryland
Phillip M. Stevens, MEd, CPO, FAAOP
Prosthetist/Orthotist
Hanger Clinic
Adjunct Assistant Professor
Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, Utah
© 2016 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Atlas of Amputations and Limb Deciencies, Fourth Edition

Explore the full portfolio of AAOS educational programs and publications
across the orthopaedic spectrum for every stage of an orthopaedic surgeon’s
career, at www.aaos.org/store. The AAOS, in partnership with Jones & Bartlett
Learning, also offers a comprehensive collection of educational and training
resources for emergency medical providers, from first responders to critical
care transport paramedics. Learn more at www.aaos.org/ems.

Contributors
Joseph F. Alderete Jr, MD
Chief, Orthopaedic Oncology Section
Associate Program Director, Orthopaedic Residency
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
San Antonio Military Medical Center (formerly Brooke
Army Medical Center)
San Antonio, Texas
Motasem A. Al Maaieh, MD
Instructor
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
University of Miami
Miami, Florida
Edward A. Athanasian, MD
Associate Professor of Clinical Orthopedics
Chief, Hand Surgery Service
Hospital for Special Surgery
New York, New York
M. David Beachler, CP
Lead Clinical Prosthetist
Orthotic and Prosthetic Services
Walter Reed National Military Medical Center
Bethesda, Maryland
Christopher Bibbo, DO, FACS
Department of Surgery
Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
John H. Bowker, MD
Professor Emeritus
Department of Orthopaedics
Miller School of Medicine
University of Miami
Miami, Florida
Mihai Bragaru, PhD
Chelmsford, United Kingdom
Rickard Brånemark, MD, MSc, PhD
Orthopaedic Surgeon
Department of Orthopaedics
Sahlgrenska University Hospital
Gothenburg, Sweden
Joseph Karl Brenner, BSc/Biology, CP, FAAOP
Director of Clinical Prosthetics
Hanger Clinic
Michigan Institute for Electronic Limb Development
Livonia, Michigan
John T. Brinkmann, MA, CPO/L, FAAOP
Assistant Professor and Research Prosthetist
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Northwestern University
Chicago, Illinois
Helena Burger, MD, PhD
Medical Director
University Rehabilitation Institute
Ljubljana, Slovenia
Greg Bush, BA, CP(C)
Research Prosthetist
Institute of Biomedical Engineering
University of New Brunswick
Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
Federico Canavese, MD, PhD
Head, Department of Pediatric Surgery
University Hospital Estaing
Clermont-Ferrand, France
Kevin Carroll, MS, CP, FAAOP
Vice President, Prosthetics
Department of Prosthetics
Hanger Clinic
Orlando, Florida
Min Ho Chang, MD
Staff Physician
Interdisciplinary Pain Management Center
Womack Army Medical Center
Fort Bragg, North Carolina
Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Medicine
and Rehabilitation
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
Bethesda, Maryland
Ee Ming Chew, MBBS
Consultant
Department of Hand Surgery
Singapore General Hospital
Singapore
© 2016 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Atlas of Amputations and Limb Deciencies, Fourth Edition

Benjamin B. Chi, MD
Orthopaedic Surgery Resident
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Walter Reed National Military Medical Center
Bethesda, Maryland
W. Lee Childers, PhD, MSPO, CP
Assistant Professor
Department of Prosthetics and Orthotics
Alabama State University
Montgomery, Alabama
Mickey S. Cho, MD
Attending Hand Surgeon
Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation
San Antonio Military Medical Center (formerly
Brooke Army Medical Center)
San Antonio, Texas
Helen Cochrane, CPO(c), MSc
Project Director
College of Allied Rehabilitation Sciences
University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial
Center
Manila, Philippines
Sheila A. Conway, MD
Associate Professor
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
Miami, Florida
Colleen P. Coulter, PT, DPT, PhD, PCS
Physical Therapist IV
Department of Orthotics and Prosthetics
Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta
Atlanta, Georgia
Robin C. Crandall, MD
Orthopaedic Surgeon
Limb Deficiency Clinic
Twin Cities Shriners Hospitals for Children
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Donald R. Cummings, CP, LP
Director
Department of Prosthetics
Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children
Dallas, Texas
Anna Cuomo, MD
Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgeon
Department of Orthopaedics
University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Charles d’Amato, MD, FRCSC
Orthopaedic Surgeon
Shriners Hospital for Children
Portland, Oregon
Todd DeWees, BS, CPO
Prosthetist/Orthotist
Pediatric Orthotic and Prosthetic Services
Shriners Hospital for Children
Portland, Oregon
Michael P. Dillon, PhD
Senior Lecturer in Prosthetics and Orthotics
Department of Prosthetics and Orthotics
La Trobe University
Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
Kim Doolan, BA, CPV
Clinical Coordinator
Allen Orthotics and Prosthetics
Midland, Texas
Paul J. Dougherty, MD
Professor
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Wayne State University
Detroit, Michigan
Gregory A. Dumanian, MD, FACS
Chief, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine
Chicago, Illinois
Tobin T. Eckel, MD
Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Surgeon
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Walter Reed National Military Medical Center
Bethesda, Maryland
Mark Edwards, MHPE, CP
Director
Professional and Clinical Services
Ottobock
Austin, Texas
Jorge A. Fabregas, MD
Residency Director
Department of Orthopaedics
Children’s Orthopaedics of Atlanta
Atlanta, Georgia
Atlas of Amputations and Limb Deciencies, Fourth Edition © 2016 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons

Stefania Fatone, BPO(Hons), PhD
Associate Professor
Northwestern University Prosthetics-Orthotics Center
Northwestern University
Chicago, Illinois
Brian J. Giavedoni, MBA, CP, LP
Senior Prosthetist
Department of Orthotics and Prosthetics
Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta
Atlanta, Georgia
James R. Ficke, MD
Chairman and Professor
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Johns Hopkins Hospital
Baltimore, Maryland
Sandra Fletchall OTR/L, CHT, MPA, FAOTA
Manager, Department of Burn Rehabilitation
Firefighters’ Regional Burn Center
Memphis, Tennessee
Michael J. Forness, DO
Director, Limb Differences Clinic
Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics
Helen Devos Children’s Hospital/Spectrum Health
Grand Rapids, Michigan
Johnathan A. Forsberg, MD, PhD
Orthopaedic Oncologist
National Institutes of Health and John P. Murtha
Cancer Center
Naval Medical Research Center
Silver Spring, Maryland
Robert S. Gailey, PhD, PT
Professor
Department of Physical Therapy
University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
Coral Gables, Florida
Donald A. Gajewski, MD
Director
Center for the Intrepid
San Antonio Military Medical Center (formerly Brooke
Army Medical Center)
San Antonio, Texas
Ignacio A. Gaunaurd, PhD, MSPT
Research Physical Therapist
Department of Research
Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System
Miami, Florida
Frank A. Gottschalk, MD
Professor
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Dallas, Texas
James A. Harder, BSc, MD, FRCS(C)
Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgeon
Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics
Alberta Children’s Hospital
Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Carson Harte, CEO
Exceed
Lisburn, Northern Ireland
Bradford D. Hendershot, PhD
Lead Scientist
Center for Rehabilitation Sciences Research
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
Bethesda, Maryland
Andrea Hess, CP
Upper Limb Clinical Specialist
Ottobock Healthcare
San Jose, California
James T. Highsmith, MD, MS
Dermatologist
Fellowship, Private Practice
Total Skin and Beauty Dermatology Center
Birmingham, Alabama
M. Jason Highsmith, PhD, DPT, CP, FAAOP
Associate Professor
University of Southern Florida School of Physical
Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences
Tampa, Florida
Wendy Hill, BScOT
Occupational Therapist
Atlantic Clinic for Upper Limb Prosthetics
University of New Brunswick
Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
© 2016 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Atlas of Amputations and Limb Deciencies, Fourth Edition

Ali Hussaini, BASc, MScE
Engineer
Institute of Biomedical Engineering
University of New Brunswick
Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
Justin Z. Laferrier, PT, PhD, OCS, SCS, ATP, CSCS
Assistant Professor
Department of Physical Therapy
University of Connecticut
Storrs, Connecticut
Sabrina Jakobson Huston, CPO
Prosthetist/Orthotist
Department of Pediatric Orthotic Prosthetic Services
Shriners Hospital for Children
Portland, Oregon
Brad M. Isaacson, PhD, MBA, MSF
Program Manager/Lead Scientist
Center for Rehabilitation Sciences Research
The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the
Advancement of Military Medicine
Bethesda, Maryland
Michelle A. James, MD
Chief of Orthopaedic Surgery
Shriners Hospital for Children, Northern California
Sacramento, California
Brian Kaluf, BSE, CP
Clinical Outcome and Research Director
Ability Prosthetics and Orthotics
Greenville, South Carolina
JoAnne L. Kanas, PT, CPO, DPT
Corporate Director of Orthotics and Prosthetics
Department of Orthotics and Prosthetics
Shriners Hospital for Children
Tampa, Florida
Stephen J. Kovach III, MD
Assistant Professor of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
University of Pennsylvania Health System
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Joseph Ivan Krajbich, MD, FRCS(C)
Staff Orthopaedic Surgeon
Shriners Hospital for Children
Portland, Oregon
Peter Kyberd, BSc, MSc, PhD
Vice President’s Research Chair in Rehabilitation
Cybernetics
Institute of Biomedical Engineering
University of New Brunswick
Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
Chris Lake, L/CPO, FAAOP
Owner, Clinical Director
Department of Upper Limb Prosthetics
Lake Prosthetics and Research
Euless, Texas
Jakub Stuart Langer, MD
Orthopaedic and Hand Surgeon
Shriners Hospital for Children – Consultant Hand Surgeon
Portland, Oregon
John F. Lawrence, MD
Senior Physician
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
University of California, Los Angeles
Los Angeles, California
L. Scott Levin, MD, FACS
Chair, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Penn Medicine
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Robert D. Lipschutz, CP, BSME
Assistant Professor
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,
Feinberg School of Medicine
Northwestern University
Clinical Practice Leader
Department of Prosthetics and Orthotics
Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago
Chicago, Illinois
Ellen J. MacKenzie, MSc, PhD
Professor and Chair
Department of Health Policy and Management
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
Baltimore, Maryland
Samir Mehta, MD
Chief, Orthopaedic Trauma and Fracture Service
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Atlas of Amputations and Limb Deciencies, Fourth Edition © 2016 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
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