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Surgical, Prosthetic, and Rehabilitation Principles
Fourth Edition
Volume 1
General Topics Upper Limb
Editors
Joseph Ivan Krajbich, MD Michael S. Pinzur, MD LTC Benjamin K. Potter, MD Phillip M. Stevens, MEd, CPO
Surgical, Prosthetic, and Rehabilitation Principles
Fourth Edition
Atlas of
Amputations and
Limb Deficiencies
Atlas of
Amputations and
Limb Deficiencies
Surgical, Prosthetic, and Rehabilitation Principles
Fourth Edition
Volume 1
General Topics
Upper Limb
Editors
Joseph Ivan Krajbich, MD
Michael S. Pinzur, MD
Phillip M. Stevens, MEd, CPO
© 2016 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Atlas of Amputations and Limb Deciencies, Fourth Edition
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Board of Directors, 2015-2016
David D. Teuscher, MD
President
Gerald R. Williams Jr, MD
First Vice President
William J. Maloney, MD
Second Vice President
Frederick M. Azar, MD
Treasurer
Frederick M. Azar, MD
Past President
Lisa K. Cannada, MD Howard R. Epps, MD Daniel C. Farber, MD Daniel K. Guy, MD Lawrence S. Halperin, MD David A. Halsey, MD David J. Mansfield, MD Raj D. Rao, MD Brian G. Smith, MD Ken Sowards, MBA Jennifer M. Weiss, MD Karen L. Hackett, FACHE, CAE (ex-officio)
The material presented in the fourth edition of the Atlas
of Amputations and Limb Deficiencies: Surgical, Prosthetic, and Rehabilitation Principles has been made available
by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons for educational purposes only. This material is not intended to present the only, or necessarily best, methods or procedures for the medical situations discussed, but rather is intended to represent an approach, view, statement, or opinion of the author(s) or producer(s), which may be helpful to others who face similar situations.
Some drugs or medical devices demonstrated in Academy courses or described in Academy print or electronic publications have not been cleared by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or have been cleared for specific uses only. The FDA has stated that it is the responsibility of the physician to determine the FDA clearance status of each drug or device he or she wishes to use in clinical practice.
Furthermore, any statements about commercial products are solely the opinion(s) of the author(s) and do not represent an Academy endorsement or evaluation of these products. These statements may not be used in advertising or for any commercial purpose.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher.
Staff
Ellen C. Moore, Chief Education Officer Hans Koelsch, PhD, Director, Department of Publications Lisa Claxton Moore, Senior Manager, Book Program Kathleen Anderson, Senior Editor Steven Kellert, Senior Editor Michelle Wild, Associate Senior Editor Courtney Dunker, Editorial Production Manager Abram Fassler, Publishing Systems Manager Suzanne O’Reilly, Graphic Designer Susan Morritz Baim, Production Coordinator Karen Danca, Permissions Coordinator Charlie Baldwin, Digital and Print Production Specialist Hollie Muir, Digital and Print Production Specialist Emily Nickel, Page Production Assistant Genevieve Charet, Editorial Coordinator
Published 2016 by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 9400 West Higgins Road Rosemont, IL 60018
Copyright 2016 by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015959857
ISBN 978-1-62552-437-9
Printed in Canada
Editors
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Atlas of Amputations and Limb Deficiencies: Surgical, Prosthetic, and Rehabilitation Principles Fourth Edition
Joseph Ivan Krajbich, MD, FRCS(C)
Staff Orthopaedic Surgeon Shriners Hospital for Children Portland, Oregon
Michael S. Pinzur, MD
Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Loyola University Health System Maywood, Illinois
LTC Benjamin K. Potter, MD
Chief Orthopaedic Surgeon, Amputee Care Program Deputy Chief, Orthopaedic Surgery Vice Chair (Research) and Associate Professor Uniformed Services University-Walter Reed Department of Surgery Bethesda, Maryland
Phillip M. Stevens, MEd, CPO, FAAOP
Prosthetist/Orthotist Hanger Clinic Adjunct Assistant Professor Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation University of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah
© 2016 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Atlas of Amputations and Limb Deciencies, Fourth Edition
Explore the full portfolio of AAOS educational programs and publications across the orthopaedic spectrum for every stage of an orthopaedic surgeon’s career, at www.aaos.org/store. The AAOS, in partnership with Jones & Bartlett Learning, also offers a comprehensive collection of educational and training resources for emergency medical providers, from first responders to critical care transport paramedics. Learn more at www.aaos.org/ems.

Contributors

Joseph F. Alderete Jr, MD
Chief, Orthopaedic Oncology Section Associate Program Director, Orthopaedic Residency Department of Orthopaedic Surgery San Antonio Military Medical Center (formerly Brooke Army Medical Center) San Antonio, Texas
Motasem A. Al Maaieh, MD
Instructor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Miami Miami, Florida
Edward A. Athanasian, MD
Associate Professor of Clinical Orthopedics Chief, Hand Surgery Service Hospital for Special Surgery New York, New York
M. David Beachler, CP
Lead Clinical Prosthetist Orthotic and Prosthetic Services Walter Reed National Military Medical Center Bethesda, Maryland
Christopher Bibbo, DO, FACS
Department of Surgery Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
John H. Bowker, MD
Professor Emeritus Department of Orthopaedics Miller School of Medicine University of Miami Miami, Florida
Mihai Bragaru, PhD
Chelmsford, United Kingdom
Rickard Brånemark, MD, MSc, PhD
Orthopaedic Surgeon Department of Orthopaedics Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg, Sweden
Joseph Karl Brenner, BSc/Biology, CP, FAAOP
Director of Clinical Prosthetics Hanger Clinic Michigan Institute for Electronic Limb Development Livonia, Michigan
John T. Brinkmann, MA, CPO/L, FAAOP
Assistant Professor and Research Prosthetist Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Northwestern University Chicago, Illinois
Helena Burger, MD, PhD
Medical Director University Rehabilitation Institute Ljubljana, Slovenia
Greg Bush, BA, CP(C)
Research Prosthetist Institute of Biomedical Engineering University of New Brunswick Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
Federico Canavese, MD, PhD
Head, Department of Pediatric Surgery University Hospital Estaing Clermont-Ferrand, France
Kevin Carroll, MS, CP, FAAOP
Vice President, Prosthetics Department of Prosthetics Hanger Clinic Orlando, Florida
Min Ho Chang, MD
Staff Physician Interdisciplinary Pain Management Center Womack Army Medical Center Fort Bragg, North Carolina Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Bethesda, Maryland
Ee Ming Chew, MBBS
Consultant Department of Hand Surgery Singapore General Hospital Singapore
© 2016 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Atlas of Amputations and Limb Deciencies, Fourth Edition
Benjamin B. Chi, MD
Orthopaedic Surgery Resident Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Walter Reed National Military Medical Center Bethesda, Maryland
W. Lee Childers, PhD, MSPO, CP
Assistant Professor Department of Prosthetics and Orthotics Alabama State University Montgomery, Alabama
Mickey S. Cho, MD
Attending Hand Surgeon Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation San Antonio Military Medical Center (formerly Brooke Army Medical Center) San Antonio, Texas
Helen Cochrane, CPO(c), MSc
Project Director College of Allied Rehabilitation Sciences University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Center Manila, Philippines
Sheila A. Conway, MD
Associate Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, Florida
Colleen P. Coulter, PT, DPT, PhD, PCS
Physical Therapist IV Department of Orthotics and Prosthetics Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta Atlanta, Georgia
Robin C. Crandall, MD
Orthopaedic Surgeon Limb Deficiency Clinic Twin Cities Shriners Hospitals for Children Minneapolis, Minnesota
Donald R. Cummings, CP, LP
Director Department of Prosthetics Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children Dallas, Texas
Anna Cuomo, MD
Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgeon Department of Orthopaedics University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Charles d’Amato, MD, FRCSC
Orthopaedic Surgeon Shriners Hospital for Children Portland, Oregon
Todd DeWees, BS, CPO
Prosthetist/Orthotist Pediatric Orthotic and Prosthetic Services Shriners Hospital for Children Portland, Oregon
Michael P. Dillon, PhD
Senior Lecturer in Prosthetics and Orthotics Department of Prosthetics and Orthotics La Trobe University Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
Kim Doolan, BA, CPV
Clinical Coordinator Allen Orthotics and Prosthetics Midland, Texas
Paul J. Dougherty, MD
Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Wayne State University Detroit, Michigan
Gregory A. Dumanian, MD, FACS
Chief, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, Illinois
Tobin T. Eckel, MD
Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Surgeon Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Walter Reed National Military Medical Center Bethesda, Maryland
Mark Edwards, MHPE, CP
Director Professional and Clinical Services Ottobock Austin, Texas
Jorge A. Fabregas, MD
Residency Director Department of Orthopaedics Children’s Orthopaedics of Atlanta Atlanta, Georgia
Atlas of Amputations and Limb Deciencies, Fourth Edition © 2016 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
Stefania Fatone, BPO(Hons), PhD
Associate Professor Northwestern University Prosthetics-Orthotics Center Northwestern University Chicago, Illinois
Brian J. Giavedoni, MBA, CP, LP
Senior Prosthetist Department of Orthotics and Prosthetics Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta Atlanta, Georgia
James R. Ficke, MD
Chairman and Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Johns Hopkins Hospital Baltimore, Maryland
Sandra Fletchall OTR/L, CHT, MPA, FAOTA
Manager, Department of Burn Rehabilitation Firefighters’ Regional Burn Center Memphis, Tennessee
Michael J. Forness, DO
Director, Limb Differences Clinic Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics Helen Devos Children’s Hospital/Spectrum Health Grand Rapids, Michigan
Johnathan A. Forsberg, MD, PhD
Orthopaedic Oncologist National Institutes of Health and John P. Murtha Cancer Center Naval Medical Research Center Silver Spring, Maryland
Robert S. Gailey, PhD, PT
Professor Department of Physical Therapy University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Coral Gables, Florida
Donald A. Gajewski, MD
Director Center for the Intrepid San Antonio Military Medical Center (formerly Brooke Army Medical Center) San Antonio, Texas
Ignacio A. Gaunaurd, PhD, MSPT
Research Physical Therapist Department of Research Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System Miami, Florida
Frank A. Gottschalk, MD
Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, Texas
James A. Harder, BSc, MD, FRCS(C)
Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgeon Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics Alberta Children’s Hospital Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Carson Harte, CEO
Exceed Lisburn, Northern Ireland
Bradford D. Hendershot, PhD
Lead Scientist Center for Rehabilitation Sciences Research Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Bethesda, Maryland
Andrea Hess, CP
Upper Limb Clinical Specialist Ottobock Healthcare San Jose, California
James T. Highsmith, MD, MS
Dermatologist Fellowship, Private Practice Total Skin and Beauty Dermatology Center Birmingham, Alabama
M. Jason Highsmith, PhD, DPT, CP, FAAOP
Associate Professor University of Southern Florida School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences Tampa, Florida
Wendy Hill, BScOT
Occupational Therapist Atlantic Clinic for Upper Limb Prosthetics University of New Brunswick Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
© 2016 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Atlas of Amputations and Limb Deciencies, Fourth Edition
Ali Hussaini, BASc, MScE
Engineer Institute of Biomedical Engineering University of New Brunswick Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
Justin Z. Laferrier, PT, PhD, OCS, SCS, ATP, CSCS
Assistant Professor Department of Physical Therapy University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut
Sabrina Jakobson Huston, CPO
Prosthetist/Orthotist Department of Pediatric Orthotic Prosthetic Services Shriners Hospital for Children Portland, Oregon
Brad M. Isaacson, PhD, MBA, MSF
Program Manager/Lead Scientist Center for Rehabilitation Sciences Research The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Bethesda, Maryland
Michelle A. James, MD
Chief of Orthopaedic Surgery Shriners Hospital for Children, Northern California Sacramento, California
Brian Kaluf, BSE, CP
Clinical Outcome and Research Director Ability Prosthetics and Orthotics Greenville, South Carolina
JoAnne L. Kanas, PT, CPO, DPT
Corporate Director of Orthotics and Prosthetics Department of Orthotics and Prosthetics Shriners Hospital for Children Tampa, Florida
Stephen J. Kovach III, MD
Assistant Professor of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Pennsylvania Health System Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Joseph Ivan Krajbich, MD, FRCS(C)
Staff Orthopaedic Surgeon Shriners Hospital for Children Portland, Oregon
Peter Kyberd, BSc, MSc, PhD
Vice President’s Research Chair in Rehabilitation Cybernetics Institute of Biomedical Engineering University of New Brunswick Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
Chris Lake, L/CPO, FAAOP
Owner, Clinical Director Department of Upper Limb Prosthetics Lake Prosthetics and Research Euless, Texas
Jakub Stuart Langer, MD
Orthopaedic and Hand Surgeon Shriners Hospital for Children – Consultant Hand Surgeon Portland, Oregon
John F. Lawrence, MD
Senior Physician Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, California
L. Scott Levin, MD, FACS
Chair, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Penn Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Robert D. Lipschutz, CP, BSME
Assistant Professor Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Clinical Practice Leader Department of Prosthetics and Orthotics Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago Chicago, Illinois
Ellen J. MacKenzie, MSc, PhD
Professor and Chair Department of Health Policy and Management Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore, Maryland
Samir Mehta, MD
Chief, Orthopaedic Trauma and Fracture Service Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Atlas of Amputations and Limb Deciencies, Fourth Edition © 2016 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons