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14 Pneumoperitoneum Aided Hernia Repair
Follow-up
(months)
Mortality
(n,%)
Morbidity
(n,%)
Recurrence
rate (n,%)
251
Surgical success
(reduction) (n,%)
Insufated
volume (cc)
Insufation
time (days)
IHLD/VH/
IH
12 IHLD 7 NA 100 1(8.3) NA NA 12
Author
Raynor etal. [62] 8 VH 7 NA 100 3(37.5) NA NA 12
Table 14.1 Series reporting the use of PPP for the repair of IHLD of hernias with loss of domain (Since 1985, including ve patients or more)
Astudillo etal.
41 VH 5.5 23,200 100 2(4.8) NA NA 25.3
[63]
Caldironi etal.
[56]
Luder etal. [64] 11 IHLD 14–21 12,000 NA 0 NA NA 12
9.3 7000–20,000 87.5 NA 2(25) NA 12
8 IHLD, 1
Coelho etal. [65] 36 VH 6–15 7700 83.3 2(5.5) NA NA 10
Toniato etal. [66] 77 IHLD 11 23,200 90.1 2(2.6) NA NA 38.3
Mayagoitia etal.
22.4 NA 100 1(11.1) NA NA 17.6
VH, 1 IH
8 IHLD, 1
[58]
Beitler etal. [67] 25 IH 7–18 4000–9000 100 2(8) NA NA 24
Mcadory etal.
11.6 15,000 100 0 1(25) 1(25) 4–36
IH
[40]
Minossi etal. [45] 4 IHLD, 1
VH, 1 IH
19 IHLD 15.5 14,700 100 NA 7(36.8) NA NA
Tanaka etal. [47] 23 IHLD 10 4000 100 1(4.3) 6(26) 2(8.7) 24
Sabbagh etal.
8 IHLD 15 666–18,000 100 1(12.5) 6(75) NA 12
[44]
López
Sanclemente etal.
[61]
21.6 13,590 NA NA NA NA NA
IH
Oprea etal. [42] 14 IHLD, 3
Cavalli etal. [55] 5 IH 100 0 18–96
Renard etal. [4] 45 IHLD 15.7 6138 93 3(8) 15(41) 1(2) 18.6
IHLD incisional hernia with loss of domain, VH ventral hernia, IH inguinal hernia
252
Y. Renard et al.
Fig. 14.5 CT-scan before (left) and after (right) PPP showing the spontaneous reintegration of herniated organs
Table 14.2 Individual and pooled data of the 3 main studies that reported the volumetric results of PPP and the efcacy and tolerance of subsequent reintegration surgery in patients with giant IHLD
Sabbagh etal. [44]
Setting of the study Prospective Retrospective Prospective Number of patients 19 23 45 87 VIH before PPP (cc) 1420 4500 4012 3575 VAC before PPP (cc) 9083 9410 6309 7735 VIH/(VAC+VIH) ratio before
PPP (%) VAC after PPP (cc) 11,104 NA 9603 10,112 Mean increase in the VAC (%) 22 NA 53 42.4 Success of surgical
reintegration, n (%) Non-absorbable meshes, n (%) 18 (95) 23 (100) 37 (82) 78 (93) Specic surgical
complications; n (%) Rate of recurrence with non
absorbable meshes; n (%) Follow-up 2years 18months Global mortality, n (%) 2 (11) 2 (9) 1 (2) 5 (6)
NA not available, VIH volume of the incisional hernia, VAC volume of the abdominal cavity, PPP progressive preoperative pneumoperitoneum
14 36 38 32
19 (100) 23 (100) 42/45 (93) 84/87
7 (37) 6 (26) 15 (41) 28 (36)
NA 1 (4) 3 (8)
Tanaka etal. [47]
Renard etal. [4]
Pooled results
(97)
a risk of the use of a bridging repair which may lead to higher post-operative com­plication and recurrence rate [71]. Even though minimally invasive hernia repair continues to gain in popularity rapidly, general surgeons have yet to develop the
14 Pneumoperitoneum Aided Hernia Repair
ideal, standardized method that adequately decreases common postoperative com­plications, such as wound failure, hernia recurrence and pain. The advent of robotics has made some complex repairs more feasible, but only time and well- designed clinical studies will tell if this will be a durable modality for ventral and incisional hernia with loss of domain repair [72].
253
14.4 Results ofSurgery
Table 14.1 reports the series published about the use of PPP, on patients with IHLD and ventral hernias with loss of domain. Briey, regarding long-term efcacy, her­nia repair preceded by PPP seems to yield a low rate of hernia recurrence. Tanaka etal. reported only one recurrence (4%) after two years of follow-up [47]. Our team noticed three recurrences (8%) after a mean follow-up of only 18months with the use of a nonabsorbable mesh [4]. The crucial point highlighted in Table14.1 is rep­resented by the excellent rate of surgical success, i.e. the complete closure of the defect in almost all cases after PPP.Nevertheless, recurrence, morbidity and mortal­ity rates are still scarcely reported in the available literature concerning the treat­ment of IHLD, in particular after preparation with PPP.

14.5 Conclusion

CT scan with volumetry allows objective measurement of the exteriorized volume thereby aiding in the diminution of the risk of post-operative respiratory complica­tions and appreciation of the efcacy of the preparation. The PPP, also called “Goni Moreno protocol”, is a useful alternative technique to CST inducing a signicant extension of the anterolateral abdominal muscles and increasing the abdominal cav­ity volume allowing an “ideal” treatment of IHLD.
PPP is relatively well tolerated by patients treated for an IHLD, and hernia repair preceded by PPP seems to yield good outcomes with low rate of hernia recurrence and serves to minimize the risk of postoperative abdominal compart­ment syndrome. PPP serves in the capacity of both a therapeutic endeavor and a pre-operative test for tolerance of the surgical repair. The main advantage of PPP compared with CST is the possibility to close large defects without transection of any abdominal wall muscle. If one is surgically unable to effect a closure of the midline, CST can be always be performed in addition to the PPP.To our knowl­edge, no study to date has compared PPP with CST.Overall, the studies reporting separately on PPP and on CST are not directly comparable, and whether PPP should be a relevant alternative or an adjunct to component separation needs to be discussed. PPP can be performed for all IHLD whatever the abdominal location, whereas CST is primarily designed for median IHLD and can be performed in emergency. The use of PPP preoperatively for robotic assisted hernia repair needs further elucidation but with the expansion of robotic component separation, future study needs to be performed.
254
Y. Renard et al.

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257
Operating Room Setup andIntraoperative Considerations
15
forRobotic Ventral Hernia Repair
JeffersonTylerWatson andKarlA.LeBlanc

15.1 Introduction

There are multiple benets to the robotic surgical system when compared to con­ventional laparoscopy. Surgical visualization is enhanced by the system’s three­dimensional capabilities. The surgeon drives the camera from his or her console, thus obviating the need for an experienced laparoscopic camera driver. Furthermore, the instrumentation has fully articulating wrists, thus diminishing the constraints of traditional laparoscopic instruments. These cumulative benets result in a more ef­cient, ergonomic and exible process, allowing the surgeon to approach larger and more complex hernias in a minimally invasive fashion. There is also evidence that the robotic platform may decrease certain complications associated with traditional laparoscopic ventral hernia repair [2, 3]. The laparoscopic approach as described by Karl LeBlanc involves placement of intraperitoneal mesh without closure of the hernia defect; this has remained the most commonly performed minimally invasive approach to incisional ventral hernia repair for over two decades [4, 5]. Studies have shown that recurrence, pseudo-recurrence, or bulging occurs in 17% of these patients. Closure of the fascia laparoscopically has been described in the literature, but requires signicant technical expertise. The articulating arms of the robot allow for a more technically feasible facial closure, thereby decreasing this risk to approx­imately 0–5%. Primary fascial closure is also associated with a decrease in seroma formation from 27% to 11% [69].
J. T. Watson (*) Division of Advanced Gastrointestinal Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
Division of Trauma Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA e-mail: Jefferson.watson@duke.edu
K. A. LeBlanc Our Lady of the Lake Physician Group, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 K. A. LeBlanc (ed.), Robotic Assisted Hernia Repair,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23025-8_15
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However, to optimize these benets, methodical and wise selection of patients, preoperative preparation, instrument selection, room coordination and device posi­tioning must be employed. The preferred techniques of the authors for these steps are described in the following sections. The statements and recommendations of this chapter reect the available technology of the Intuitive Surgical robotic systems (Intuitive Surgical, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA). Future technologies may modify some of these considerations in this chapter but none are available at the time of this writing.
J. T. Watson and K. A. LeBlanc

15.2 Patient Selection

Successful outcomes of robotic ventral hernia repair depend upon the appropriate selection of candidates. When making this clinical decision, one must consider the size of the hernia and the comorbidities of the patient. One must also address modi­able risk factors, including tobacco use and obesity. Attenuating these risks, if possible, is a key component to improving post-operative outcomes, both in terms of wound healing and prevention of hernia recurrence. It is preferable that the patient has not smoked for at least one month, a criterion that can be conrmed using a nicotine test. Weight loss should also be achieved prior to undergoing elec­tive hernia repair, particularly if a patient has a BMI over 50. If prior operations have left signicant abdominal scarring or skin defects, the patient may not be the ideal robotic surgical candidate.
Prior operative reports of any previous abdominal surgery, particularly hernia operations, should be reviewed to gauge the size and location of previous defects, as well as the type of mesh and method of xation(s) utilized. The authors often nd clinical utility in a preoperative CT scan on patients as well, to evaluate size and location of hernia, which can aid in port placement, particularly in obese patients or those who have suffered recurrent hernias.
15.3 Preoperative OR Setup andSelection ofInstruments
Having an established operative room set-up with designated staff who are familiar with the robotic surgical system and the specic technique employed to perform robotic hernia repairs can be extremely helpful in ensuring efciency and quality of care. The robotic surgical system is ideally placed in a larger operating room to facilitate ease of patient cart positioning. With a little forethought, the patient cart can be situated in the most convenient position possible to allow for the most direct path to the patient when it is time to dock. This planning decreases excessive or complicated movements required by the circulator nurse. For example, the author routinely approaches his ventral hernias with his ports placed in the right anterior axillary line (Fig. 15.1).
In that case, the patient cart should be situated immediately to the patient’s left. Also, before the patient enters the room, it is imperative that all extra trocars, sutures
15 Operating Room Setup andIntraoperative Considerations forRobotic Ventral…
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Fig. 15.1 Typical trocar and robot positions
and appropriate mesh sizes are available to avoid intraoperative delays. The CO2 tanks should be routinely assessed preoperatively to have adequate supply. One must have both robotic and laparoscopic monitors and/or monitors that have the capacity for both modalities. Optimally, they should be easily viewable by the sur­geon, surgical technician, circulator and surgical assistant, if present.
These cases require open, laparoscopic, and robotic surgical instrumentation; how­ever, it is important to minimize the numbers of trays and instruments to only those that will be pertinent to the case. This restriction decreases count time, turnover time and table clutter. As an example, key instruments for the robotic ventral hernia repair include:
• Laparoscopic Instruments: Zero degree camera, optical view trocar for entry,
laparoscopic graspers, scissors for adhesiolysis, locking single action laparo-
scopic grasper for mesh passage, laparoscopic suture passer (Carter-Thomason
or other) and needle holders for passage of sutures