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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_874_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
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- •Contents
- •1.1 Introduction
- •1.2 Ancient Past
- •1.3 Modern Period
- •1.4 Robot
- •1.5 Contemporary Period
- •1.6 Healthcare Robotics
- •1.9 Robotic-Assisted Surgery Logistics
- •1.10 Future Directions
- •1.7 Twenty-First Century
- •1.8 Hernia Repair
- •References
- •2.1 Introduction
- •2.2 Advantages
- •2.3 Disadvantages/Barriers
- •2.4 Training Requirements
- •2.6 Conclusion
- •References
- •3: Enhanced Recovery After Hernia Repair
- •3.1 Introduction
- •3.2 Pre-Operative Measurements
- •3.2.1 Smoking Cessation
- •3.2.2 Weight Loss
- •3.2.3 Diabetes Optimization
- •3.2.4 Nutritional Optimization
- •3.2.5 Prehabilitation
- •3.3 Intra-operative Measures
- •3.3.2 Perioperative Antibiotics
- •3.3.3 Surgical-Site Infections (SSI)
- •3.3.4 Improving Postoperative Intestinal Function
- •3.4 Post-operative Measures
- •3.4.2 Multimodal Pain Control
- •3.4.3 Early Enteral Feeding
- •3.5 Discussion
- •References
- •4.1 Introduction
- •4.3 Prosthetic Materials: History
- •4.4 Absorbable Synthetic Biomaterials
- •4.5 Biologic Products
- •4.5.1 Bovine Products
- •4.5.2 Cadaveric Products
- •4.5.3 Porcine Products
- •4.6 Hybrid Products
- •4.7 Flat Prosthetic Products
- •4.8 Miscellaneous Flat Products
- •4.9 Combination Flat Synthetic Prosthetics
- •4.14 Hiatal Hernia Repair Products
- •4.15 Fixation Devices
- •4.16 Conclusion
- •References
- •5.1 Inguinal Hernia
- •5.1.2 Inguinal Preoperative Imaging
- •5.1.3 Operative Approach
- •5.1.4 Laparoscopic Inguinal Hernia Repairs
- •5.1.5 Bilateral Hernias
- •5.1.6 Obesity
- •5.1.7 Anticoagulated Patients
- •5.1.8 Medical Comorbidities
- •5.1.9 Women
- •5.1.10 Femoral Hernias
- •5.1.11 Preperitoneal Mesh/Lower Midline Surgery
- •5.1.12 Scrotal/Nonreducible Hernia
- •5.1.13 Summary
- •5.1.14 Ventral/Incisional Hernia
- •5.1.16 Preoperative Imaging
- •5.1.17 Prehabilitation
- •5.1.18 Operative Approach
- •5.1.19 Mesh Utilization
- •5.2 Conclusion
- •References
- •6.1 Background
- •6.2 Pain Classification
- •6.3 Anatomic Considerations
- •6.7 Chronic Pain After Ventral Hernia Repair
- •6.8 Chronic Pain After Inguinal Hernia Repair
- •6.10 Open Extended Triple Neurectomy
- •6.11 Laparoscopic Retroperitoneal Triple Neurectomy
- •6.12 Chronic Orchialgia
- •6.14 Conclusion
- •References
- •7.1 Introduction
- •7.3 The Robotic Equipment
- •7.4.1 Patient Positioning
- •7.4.2 Cannulas
- •7.4.3 Robot Docking
- •7.5 Conclusion
- •References
- •8.6 Controversies
- •8.6.1 Direct Hernia Defect Closure
- •8.6.2 Mesh Fixation
- •8.6.3 Non-Mesh Robotic TAPP Repairs
- •8.7 Conclusion
- •References
- •8: Routine Robotic Inguinal Hernia Repair
- •8.1 Introduction
- •8.2 Patient Selection
- •8.3 Surgical Technique
- •8.3.2 Dissection
- •8.3.3 Mesh Placement
- •8.3.4 Peritoneal Closure
- •8.4 Recovery
- •8.5 Adverse Events
- •8.5.1 Small Bowel Obstruction
- •8.5.2 Recurrence
- •8.5.3 Chronic Pain
- •9.1 Introduction
- •9.2 History
- •9.3 Pre-operative Preparation
- •9.4 Operative Techniques
- •9.6 Summary
- •References
- •10: Pelvic Hernias
- •10.1 Introduction
- •10.2 Technique
- •10.5 Docking
- •10.6 Surgical Technique
- •10.7 Dissection/Adhesiolysis
- •10.8 Defect Closure
- •10.10 Complications
- •10.12 Summary
- •10.13 Concluding Remarks
- •References
- •Glossary
- •11.1 Introduction
- •11.4 Other
- •11.5 Conclusion
- •References
- •12: Re-operation After Robotic Inguinal Hernia Repair
- •12.1 Introduction
- •12.6.1 Open Repair
- •12.6.2 Laparoscopic Repair
- •12.6.3 Robotic Repair
- •12.7 Special Considerations
- •12.8 Conclusions
- •References
- •13: Botulinum Toxin Aided Hernia Repair
- •13.1 Introduction
- •13.3 Existing Clinical Applications
- •13.5.1 Anatomy
- •13.5.2 Our Technique
- •13.6.4 Other Uses
- •13.7 Conclusion
- •References
- •14: Pneumoperitoneum Aided Hernia Repair
- •14.1 Introduction
- •14.1.1 Preoperation Treatment Options
- •14.2 Progressive Preoperative Pneumoperitoneum (PPP)
- •14.2.4 PPP Protocol
- •14.3 Surgical Repair: Minimally Invasive
- •14.5 Conclusion
- •References
- •15.1 Introduction
- •15.2 Patient Selection
- •15.5 Port Placement
- •15.6 Intraoperative Considerations
- •15.7 Conclusion
- •References
- •16.2 Operative Technique
- •16.2.2 Access
- •16.2.3 Port Placement
- •16.2.5 Upper Midline Defects (Lower Dock Setup)
- •16.2.6 Lower Midline Defects (Upper Dock Setup)
- •16.2.7 Side Dock Setup
- •16.2.8 Conclusion
- •17: Robotic IPOM-Plus Repair
- •17.1 Introduction
- •17.2 Definition
- •17.3 Surgical Technique
- •17.3.1 Preoperative Care
- •17.3.2 Patient Positioning
- •17.3.3 Trocar Placement
- •17.3.4 Docking
- •17.3.5 Instrumentation
- •17.3.6 Adhesiolysis
- •17.4 Postoperative Care
- •17.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •18: Transabdominal Preperitoneal (rTAPP) Repair
- •18.1 Introduction
- •18.2 Surgical Anatomy
- •18.4 Patient Selection
- •18.5 Preoperative Evaluation
- •18.6 Equipment
- •18.7 Surgical Technique
- •18.7.2 Trocar Placement, Adhesiolysis, Preperitoneal Dissection
- •18.8 Postoperative Care
- •18.9 Complications
- •18.9.1 Bleeding-Hematoma
- •18.9.2 Seroma
- •18.9.3 Intestinal Injury
- •18.9.4 Chronic Pain
- •18.9.5 Recurrence
- •18.10 Limitations
- •18.11 Conclusion
- •References
- •19.1 Introduction
- •19.2 Background
- •19.3 History
- •19.4 Pre-Operative Workup
- •19.6 Surgical Technique
- •19.6.1 Access
- •19.6.2 Port Placement
- •19.6.3 Dissection/Adhesiolysis
- •19.6.5 Midline Reconstruction
- •19.7 Complications
- •19.9 Discussion
- •19.10 Concluding Remarks
- •References
- •Glossary
- •20: Endoscopic Component Separation Techniques
- •20.1 Endoscopic Component Separation Techniques
- •20.4 Operative Steps
- •20.4.1 Preoperative Preparation
- •20.5 Operative Technique
- •20.5.1 Transfascial Approach
- •20.5.2 Modified Subfascial Approach
- •20.5.3 Endoscopic Subcutaneous CS Approach
- •20.8 Conclusions
- •References
- •21: Robotic Retro-Rectus Repairs
- •21.1 Introduction
- •21.2 Robotic Rives: Retromuscular Repairs
- •21.2.1 Patient Selection
- •21.2.2 General Measures
- •21.2.3 Single Docking: Cranial Approach
- •21.2.4 Double Docking: Lateral Approach
- •21.2.5 Single Docking: Lateral Approach
- •21.3 e-TEP
- •21.3.3 Upper Midline Defect
- •21.3.4 Lower Midline Defects
- •21.3.5 Side-Docking
- •21.4 Conclusion
- •References
- •22: Robotic Transversus Abdominus Release
- •22.1 Introduction
- •22.2 Historical Context
- •22.2.3 The Rives-Stoppa Repair
- •22.2.4 Posterior Component Separation
- •22.2.6 Minimally Invasive Approaches
- •22.2.7 Operative Considerations
- •22.2.8 Patient Selection
- •22.3 Pre-Operative Planning
- •22.4 Technique
- •22.4.3 Trocar Placement
- •22.4.4 Docking
- •22.4.5 Retromuscular Dissection
- •22.4.6 Transversus Abdominis Release
- •22.4.8 Contralateral Dissection
- •22.4.9 Fascial Closure
- •22.4.11 Post-Operative Care
- •22.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •23.1 Introduction
- •23.2 Operating Room Set Up
- •23.3 Surgical Technique
- •23.4 Postoperative Care
- •23.5 Conclusion
- •References
- •24: Lumbar Hernia
- •24.1 Introduction
- •24.1.1 Historical Background
- •24.1.2 Classifications
- •24.1.3 Surgical Anatomy
- •24.1.4 Pathogenesis
- •24.1.5 Clinical Presentation
- •24.2 Preoperative Planning
- •24.3 Operative Technique
- •24.3.1 Open Approach
- •24.3.2 Mimimally Invasive Approach
- •24.3.2.1 Conventional Laparoscopy
- •24.3.2.2 Robotic Assisted
- •24.3.3 Hybrid Approach
- •24.4 Conclusion
- •References
- •25.1 Background
- •25.3 Preoperative Considerations
- •25.4 Operating Room Set Up
- •25.5.2 Transversus Abdominis Release (TAR)
- •25.5.4 Mesh Placement
- •25.6 Postoperative Management of Modified Sugarbaker with TAR
- •25.7 Complications
- •25.8 Traditional Sugarbaker Repair
- •25.8.1 Operating Room Set Up
- •25.9 Postoperative Management
- •25.10 Conclusion
- •References
- •References
- •27.2 Obesity
- •27.3 Malnutrition
- •27.4 Immunosuppression
- •27.5 Age
- •27.6 Special Considerations: Cytoreductive Surgery
- •27.7 Future Thoughts
- •References
- •28.1 Morgagni Hernia
- •28.1.1 Si
- •28.1.2 Xi
- •28.2 Bochdalek Hernia
- •28.2.1 Si
- •28.2.2 Xi
- •28.3 Traumatic Diaphragmatic Hernia
- •28.4 Summary
- •References
- •29: Robotic Assisted Morgagni Hernia Repair
- •29.1 Introduction
- •29.2 Preoperative Evaluation
- •29.3 Patient Selection
- •29.6 Intraoperative Considerations
- •29.7 Recommended Instruments
- •29.8 Postoperative Care
- •29.9 Conclusion
- •References
- •30: Robotic Paraesophageal Hernia Repair
- •30.1 Introduction
- •30.2 Preoperative Evaluation
- •30.2.1 Upper Endoscopy
- •30.2.2 Barium Swallow
- •30.2.3 High Resolution Esophageal Manometry
- •30.2.4 pH Monitoring
- •30.3 Operative Technique
- •30.3.1 Operating Room (OR) Setup
- •30.3.2 Patient Positioning
- •30.3.3 Trocar Placement
- •30.3.4 Docking
- •30.3.5 Visualization
- •30.3.7 Esophageal Lengthening
- •30.3.8 Crural Closure
- •30.3.9 Relaxing Incisions
- •30.3.10 Fundoplication
- •30.3.11 Mesh Reinforcement
- •30.4 Peri-Operative Complications
- •30.4.1 Pneumothorax
- •30.4.2 Vagal Injury
- •30.4.3 Esophageal Perforation
- •30.4.4 Gastric Perforation
- •30.4.5 Bleeding
- •30.4.6 Dysphagia
- •30.4.7 Reflux
- •30.5 Outcomes
- •30.6 Reoperative Considerations
- •30.9 Conclusion
- •References
- •31.1 Introduction
- •31.2 Surgical Indications
- •31.3 Preoperative Evaluation
- •31.4 Surgical Technique
- •31.5 Postoperative Care
- •31.6 Outcomes
- •31.7 Conclusion
- •References
- •32.4 Organ Perforation
- •32.6 Postoperative In-hospital Complications
- •32.7 Late Complications
- •32.8 Conclusion
- •References
- •33: Reoperation After Robotic Diaphragmatic Hernia Repair
- •33.1 Introduction
- •33.6 Open Repair
- •33.7 Laparoscopic Repair
- •33.8 Robotic Repair
- •33.9 Conclusions
- •References
- •Index

14 Pneumoperitoneum Aided Hernia Repair
Follow-up
(months)
Mortality
(n,%)
Morbidity
(n,%)
Recurrence
rate (n,%)
251
Surgical success
(reduction) (n,%)
Insufated
volume (cc)
Insufation
time (days)
IHLD/VH/
IH
12 IHLD 7 NA 100 1(8.3) NA NA 12
Author
Raynor etal. [62] 8 VH 7 NA 100 3(37.5) NA NA 12
Table 14.1 Series reporting the use of PPP for the repair of IHLD of hernias with loss of domain (Since 1985, including ve patients or more)
Astudillo etal.
41 VH 5.5 23,200 100 2(4.8) NA NA 25.3
[63]
Caldironi etal.
[56]
Luder etal. [64] 11 IHLD 14–21 12,000 NA 0 NA NA 12
9.3 7000–20,000 87.5 NA 2(25) NA 12
8 IHLD, 1
Coelho etal. [65] 36 VH 6–15 7700 83.3 2(5.5) NA NA 10
Toniato etal. [66] 77 IHLD 11 23,200 90.1 2(2.6) NA NA 38.3
Mayagoitia etal.
22.4 NA 100 1(11.1) NA NA 17.6
VH, 1 IH
8 IHLD, 1
[58]
Beitler etal. [67] 25 IH 7–18 4000–9000 100 2(8) NA NA 24
Mcadory etal.
11.6 15,000 100 0 1(25) 1(25) 4–36
IH
[40]
Minossi etal. [45] 4 IHLD, 1
VH, 1 IH
19 IHLD 15.5 14,700 100 NA 7(36.8) NA NA
Tanaka etal. [47] 23 IHLD 10 4000 100 1(4.3) 6(26) 2(8.7) 24
Sabbagh etal.
8 IHLD 15 666–18,000 100 1(12.5) 6(75) NA 12
[44]
López
Sanclemente etal.
[61]
21.6 13,590 NA NA NA NA NA
IH
Oprea etal. [42] 14 IHLD, 3
Cavalli etal. [55] 5 IH 100 0 18–96
Renard etal. [4] 45 IHLD 15.7 6138 93 3(8) 15(41) 1(2) 18.6
IHLD incisional hernia with loss of domain, VH ventral hernia, IH inguinal hernia

252
Y. Renard et al.
Fig. 14.5 CT-scan before (left) and after (right) PPP showing the spontaneous reintegration of
herniated organs
Table 14.2 Individual and pooled data of the 3 main studies that reported the volumetric results
of PPP and the efcacy and tolerance of subsequent reintegration surgery in patients with giant
IHLD
Sabbagh etal.
[44]
Setting of the study Prospective Retrospective Prospective
Number of patients 19 23 45 87
VIH before PPP (cc) 1420 4500 4012 3575
VAC before PPP (cc) 9083 9410 6309 7735
VIH/(VAC+VIH) ratio before
PPP (%)
VAC after PPP (cc) 11,104 NA 9603 10,112
Mean increase in the VAC (%) 22 NA 53 42.4
Success of surgical
reintegration, n (%)
Non-absorbable meshes, n (%) 18 (95) 23 (100) 37 (82) 78 (93)
Specic surgical
complications; n (%)
Rate of recurrence with non
absorbable meshes; n (%)
Follow-up 2years 18months
Global mortality, n (%) 2 (11) 2 (9) 1 (2) 5 (6)
NA not available, VIH volume of the incisional hernia, VAC volume of the abdominal cavity, PPP
progressive preoperative pneumoperitoneum
14 36 38 32
19 (100) 23 (100) 42/45 (93) 84/87
7 (37) 6 (26) 15 (41) 28 (36)
NA 1 (4) 3 (8)
Tanaka etal.
[47]
Renard etal.
[4]
Pooled
results
(97)
a risk of the use of a bridging repair which may lead to higher post-operative complication and recurrence rate [71]. Even though minimally invasive hernia repair
continues to gain in popularity rapidly, general surgeons have yet to develop the

14 Pneumoperitoneum Aided Hernia Repair
ideal, standardized method that adequately decreases common postoperative complications, such as wound failure, hernia recurrence and pain. The advent of robotics
has made some complex repairs more feasible, but only time and well- designed
clinical studies will tell if this will be a durable modality for ventral and incisional
hernia with loss of domain repair [72].
253
14.4 Results ofSurgery
Table 14.1 reports the series published about the use of PPP, on patients with IHLD
and ventral hernias with loss of domain. Briey, regarding long-term efcacy, hernia repair preceded by PPP seems to yield a low rate of hernia recurrence. Tanaka
etal. reported only one recurrence (4%) after two years of follow-up [47]. Our team
noticed three recurrences (8%) after a mean follow-up of only 18months with the
use of a nonabsorbable mesh [4]. The crucial point highlighted in Table14.1 is represented by the excellent rate of surgical success, i.e. the complete closure of the
defect in almost all cases after PPP.Nevertheless, recurrence, morbidity and mortality rates are still scarcely reported in the available literature concerning the treatment of IHLD, in particular after preparation with PPP.
14.5 Conclusion
CT scan with volumetry allows objective measurement of the exteriorized volume
thereby aiding in the diminution of the risk of post-operative respiratory complications and appreciation of the efcacy of the preparation. The PPP, also called “Goni
Moreno protocol”, is a useful alternative technique to CST inducing a signicant
extension of the anterolateral abdominal muscles and increasing the abdominal cavity volume allowing an “ideal” treatment of IHLD.
PPP is relatively well tolerated by patients treated for an IHLD, and hernia
repair preceded by PPP seems to yield good outcomes with low rate of hernia
recurrence and serves to minimize the risk of postoperative abdominal compartment syndrome. PPP serves in the capacity of both a therapeutic endeavor and a
pre-operative test for tolerance of the surgical repair. The main advantage of PPP
compared with CST is the possibility to close large defects without transection of
any abdominal wall muscle. If one is surgically unable to effect a closure of the
midline, CST can be always be performed in addition to the PPP.To our knowledge, no study to date has compared PPP with CST.Overall, the studies reporting
separately on PPP and on CST are not directly comparable, and whether PPP
should be a relevant alternative or an adjunct to component separation needs to be
discussed. PPP can be performed for all IHLD whatever the abdominal location,
whereas CST is primarily designed for median IHLD and can be performed in
emergency. The use of PPP preoperatively for robotic assisted hernia repair needs
further elucidation but with the expansion of robotic component separation, future
study needs to be performed.

254
Y. Renard et al.
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257

Operating Room Setup
andIntraoperative Considerations
15
forRobotic Ventral Hernia Repair
JeffersonTylerWatson andKarlA.LeBlanc
15.1 Introduction
There are multiple benets to the robotic surgical system when compared to conventional laparoscopy. Surgical visualization is enhanced by the system’s threedimensional capabilities. The surgeon drives the camera from his or her console,
thus obviating the need for an experienced laparoscopic camera driver. Furthermore,
the instrumentation has fully articulating wrists, thus diminishing the constraints of
traditional laparoscopic instruments. These cumulative benets result in a more efcient, ergonomic and exible process, allowing the surgeon to approach larger and
more complex hernias in a minimally invasive fashion. There is also evidence that
the robotic platform may decrease certain complications associated with traditional
laparoscopic ventral hernia repair [2, 3]. The laparoscopic approach as described by
Karl LeBlanc involves placement of intraperitoneal mesh without closure of the
hernia defect; this has remained the most commonly performed minimally invasive
approach to incisional ventral hernia repair for over two decades [4, 5]. Studies have
shown that recurrence, pseudo-recurrence, or bulging occurs in 17% of these
patients. Closure of the fascia laparoscopically has been described in the literature,
but requires signicant technical expertise. The articulating arms of the robot allow
for a more technically feasible facial closure, thereby decreasing this risk to approximately 0–5%. Primary fascial closure is also associated with a decrease in seroma
formation from 27% to 11% [6–9].
J. T. Watson (*)
Division of Advanced Gastrointestinal Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
Division of Trauma Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
e-mail: Jefferson.watson@duke.edu
K. A. LeBlanc
Our Lady of the Lake Physician Group, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019
K. A. LeBlanc (ed.), Robotic Assisted Hernia Repair,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23025-8_15
259

260
However, to optimize these benets, methodical and wise selection of patients,
preoperative preparation, instrument selection, room coordination and device positioning must be employed. The preferred techniques of the authors for these steps
are described in the following sections. The statements and recommendations of
this chapter reect the available technology of the Intuitive Surgical robotic systems
(Intuitive Surgical, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA). Future technologies may modify some of
these considerations in this chapter but none are available at the time of this
writing.
J. T. Watson and K. A. LeBlanc
15.2 Patient Selection
Successful outcomes of robotic ventral hernia repair depend upon the appropriate
selection of candidates. When making this clinical decision, one must consider the
size of the hernia and the comorbidities of the patient. One must also address modiable risk factors, including tobacco use and obesity. Attenuating these risks, if
possible, is a key component to improving post-operative outcomes, both in terms
of wound healing and prevention of hernia recurrence. It is preferable that the
patient has not smoked for at least one month, a criterion that can be conrmed
using a nicotine test. Weight loss should also be achieved prior to undergoing elective hernia repair, particularly if a patient has a BMI over 50. If prior operations
have left signicant abdominal scarring or skin defects, the patient may not be the
ideal robotic surgical candidate.
Prior operative reports of any previous abdominal surgery, particularly hernia
operations, should be reviewed to gauge the size and location of previous defects, as
well as the type of mesh and method of xation(s) utilized. The authors often nd
clinical utility in a preoperative CT scan on patients as well, to evaluate size and
location of hernia, which can aid in port placement, particularly in obese patients or
those who have suffered recurrent hernias.
15.3 Preoperative OR Setup andSelection ofInstruments
Having an established operative room set-up with designated staff who are familiar
with the robotic surgical system and the specic technique employed to perform
robotic hernia repairs can be extremely helpful in ensuring efciency and quality of
care. The robotic surgical system is ideally placed in a larger operating room to
facilitate ease of patient cart positioning. With a little forethought, the patient cart
can be situated in the most convenient position possible to allow for the most direct
path to the patient when it is time to dock. This planning decreases excessive or
complicated movements required by the circulator nurse. For example, the author
routinely approaches his ventral hernias with his ports placed in the right anterior
axillary line (Fig. 15.1).
In that case, the patient cart should be situated immediately to the patient’s left.
Also, before the patient enters the room, it is imperative that all extra trocars, sutures

15 Operating Room Setup andIntraoperative Considerations forRobotic Ventral…
261
Fig. 15.1 Typical trocar and robot positions
and appropriate mesh sizes are available to avoid intraoperative delays. The CO2
tanks should be routinely assessed preoperatively to have adequate supply. One
must have both robotic and laparoscopic monitors and/or monitors that have the
capacity for both modalities. Optimally, they should be easily viewable by the surgeon, surgical technician, circulator and surgical assistant, if present.
These cases require open, laparoscopic, and robotic surgical instrumentation; however, it is important to minimize the numbers of trays and instruments to only those that
will be pertinent to the case. This restriction decreases count time, turnover time and
table clutter. As an example, key instruments for the robotic ventral hernia repair include:
• Laparoscopic Instruments: Zero degree camera, optical view trocar for entry,
laparoscopic graspers, scissors for adhesiolysis, locking single action laparo-
scopic grasper for mesh passage, laparoscopic suture passer (Carter-Thomason
or other) and needle holders for passage of sutures
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