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66 Farsad Nadjafi and Mohammad Reza Kanani
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0.3–0.7 mm; anthers erect, oblong, 0.5–0.9
mm, longitudinally dehiscent, apex mucronate. Female flowers: pedicels c.0.5 mm;
sepals 6, oblong or spatulate, 1.6–2.5 mm ×
0.7–1.3 mm, apex obtuse or rounded, thicker, margin membranous, ± lobate; ovary
ovoid, c.1.5 mm, 3-celled; styles 3, (1–)2.5–4
mm, connate at base, deeply bifid, lobes divided at tip. Fruit a drupe, globose, 1–1.3 cm
in diameter, exocarp fleshy, pale green or
yellowish white, endocarp crustaceous.
Seeds reddish, 5–6 mm × 2–3 mm (Liogier,
1985–1997).
Erysimum × cheiri (L.) Crantz, Cl. Crucif.
Emend.: 116 (1769)
Synonyms: Cheiranthus × cheiri L., Ch. × chei-
ri f. glaucescens Pamp., Ch. × fruticulosus
(Spreng.) L’Hér. ex DC., Ch. × helveticus Jacq.,
Ch. × intermedius Schleich., Ch. × luteus Du-
lac, Ch. × muralis Salisb., Ch. × silenifolius
Willd., Cheiri × montanum Clairv., Cheiri mu-
rale (Lam.) Samp., Cheiri × vulgare Clairv.,
Cheirinia × suffruticosa Link, Crucifera × chei-
ri (L.) E.H.L. Krause, Erysimum × cheiri sub-
sp. inexpectans Véla, Ouarmim & Dubset,
E. × helveticum (Jacq.) DC., E. × murale Lam.,
E. × suffruticosum Spreng.
Family: Brassicaceae (Cruciferae).
Arabic name: Khiri asfar.
Persian name: Shab boye khiri.
English name: Wallflower (Fig. 2.34).
Distribution
Africa: Algeria, Morocco. Asia: China, Iraq,
Korea, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey. Europe:
Fig. 2.34. Erysimum × cheiri L. (By Fabricio. Cardenas, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/1/12/20180325_-_C%C3%A9ret_-_Erysimum_cheiri.jpg.)
Botany, Collection, and Cultivation 67
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Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, France,
Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary,
Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania,
Spain, Switzerland. Americas: Canada, Ecuador, Falkland Islands, USA. Oceania and
Australasia: Australia, New Zealand.
Morphology
Stems ascending to erect, up to 50 cm. Leaves
very narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, entire or
weakly dentate, canescent at least when
young. Petals orange-yellow. Siliquae substrict, much flattened, canescent, somewhat
strangulate between the seeds, 45–65 mm ×
3–4 mm. Style 2–3 mm (Tutin et al., 1964;
Davis, 1965–1988; Sell and Murrell, 2006).
Ferula assa-foetida L., Sp. Pl.: 248 (1753)
Synonyms: Ferula foetida St.-Lag., Narthex
polakii Stapf, N. silphium Oerst., Peucedanum
assa-foetida (L.) Baill., P. hooshee (Lindl. ex
Descourt.) Baill., Scorodosma assa-foetida (L.)
H. Karst.
Family: Apiaceae (Umbelliferae).
Arabic name: Anjedān, Hiltit.
Persian name: Anghuzah.
English name: Asafoetida (Fig. 2.35).
Distribution
Africa: Libya. Asia: Bangladesh, Iran, Laos,
Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.
Morphology
Perennial plant, hairy stem 100–200 cm
high, in middle c.15 mm thick, yellowish,
grooved, hairless. Basal leaves c.2-ternatopinnatisect, 30–35 mm × 15–25 mm; final
segments up to 100 mm × 20 mm, entire or
slightly lobed. Lower stem leaves 3–4-ternate-pinnate, pubescent, up to 30 cm ×
20 cm; final segments smooth, up to 40
mm × 15 mm, coarsely pinnate-lobed;
upper vagina c.9 cm × 4 cm, sub-membranaceous, sparingly pubescent. Panicle compact, a partial inflorescence from the central fruit umbel, briefly pedunculate and
from the male umbel ± very pedunculate c.4
composite, leaf sheath with reduced ovate,
Fig. 2.35. Ferula assa-foetida L. (By Valery Fassiaux, via Wikimedia commons, https://upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Ferula_assa-foetida_%28Uzbekistan%29_1.jpg.)
68 Farsad Nadjafi and Mohammad Reza Kanani
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supported by a spurious sheath for the testicles. Umbrella-bearing rays 20–25, c.5 cm
long, glabrous; umbrella c.17–20-flowered.
Small bracts, bracts or absent. Petals
blonde, 1–5 mm long, glabrous, ovary
glabrous. Mericarpia obovate or elliptic, up
to 12 mm × 7 mm, glabrous (Rechinger,
1963–2001; Ghahreman, 1978; Assadi
etal., 1989).
Ferula gummosa Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient.
Ser. 2, 2: 92 (1856)
Synonyms: Ferula erubescens Boiss., F. gal -
baniflua Boiss. & Buhse, Peucedanum galbanifluum (Boiss. & Buhse) Baill.
Family: Apiaceae (Umbelliferae).
Arabic name: Qinah.
Persian name: Bārijah, Qāsni.
English name: Galbanum (Fig. 2.36).
Distribution
Asia: Iran, Turkmenistan.
Morphology
Perennial plant, monocarpic, white. Stems
70–100 cm high, strawberry, 15 mm thick or
thicker in the middle, solid, grooved. Basal
leaves 30 cm × 20 cm, 4-pinna, densely
pubescent; last pieces c.1.5 mm × 1 mm,
pinnate; lobes 0.5–1 mm × 0.2 mm; upper
vagina c.5 cm × 4 cm, leathery, glabrous. Panicle loose. Shadowy fruit rays 10–20; radius
2–4 cm long. Umbel 15–20-flowered; petals
1.5 mm long, yellowish, pubescent. Mericarpia
10–15 mm × c.8 mm (Rechinger, 1963–2001;
Ghahreman, 1978; Assadi etal., 1989).
Fig. 2.36. Ferula gummosa Boiss. (By Pirehelokan, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Goli_Lo.jpg.)
Botany, Collection, and Cultivation 69
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Ferula persica Willd., Sp. Pl., ed. 4,
1: 1418 (1798)
Synonyms: Ferula puberula Boiss. & Buhse,
Peucedanum persicum (Willd.) Baill., Prangos
euryangiodes Stapf & Wettst.
Family: Apiaceae (Umbelliferae).
Arabic name: Sakbinaj.
Persian name: Komāye biābāni.
English name: Persian giant fennel (Fig. 2.37
Distribution
).
Asia: Iran, Transcaucasus.
Morphology
Perennial plant, polycarpical, hairy stems
30–100 cm high, thick, streaked. Basal leaves
3–4-pinnate, 30–35 cm × c.25 cm, above
glabrous, below sparingly, with a broadpubescent spine densely; final segments
4–20 mm × 3–10 mm, slightly to deeply
lobed, margin entire or coarsely toothed;
upper vagina c.8 cm × 2 cm, herbaceous,
pubes, not inflated. Panicle loose. Umbelbearing rays, 17–25; radius c.4 cm. Mericarpia 9–11 mm × 5–6 mm; wing c.0.5 mm
wide; dorsal tubes 5–7 through the valley;
joiners 16–18 (Rechinger, 1963–2001;
Ghahreman, 1978; Assadi etal., 1989).
Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Sp. Pl.: 742 (1753)
Synonyms: Glycyrrhiza alalensis X.Y. Li, G.
alaschanica Grankina, G. brachycarpa Boiss.,
G. echinata Lepech., G. glabra var. caduca X.Y.
Li, G. glabra subsp. glandulifera (Waldst. &
Kit.) Ponert, G. glabra var. glandulosa X.Y. Li,
G. glabra var. laxifoliolata X.Y. Li, G. glabra
var. pubescens Litv., G. glandulifera Waldst. &
Kit., G. hirsuta L., G. laevis Pall., G. michajlo-
viana Grankina & E.V. Kuzmin, G. nadezhi-
nae Grankina, G. officinalis Lepech., G. palli-
da Boiss. & Noë, G. violacea Boiss., G. vulgaris
Gueldenst. ex Ledeb., Liquiritia officinalis
Moench, L. officinarum Medik.
Fig. 2.37. Ferula persica. (By Mohammad Reza
Kanani.)
Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae).
Arabic name: Sus.
Persian name: Shirin bayan.
English name: Liquorice, Licorice (Fig. 2.38).
Distribution
Africa: Algeria, Egypt. Asia: Afghanistan,
Bangladesh, Caucasus, China, Iran, Iraq,
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Maldives,
Mongolia, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria,
Tajikistan, Transcaucasus, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. Europe: Austria, Albania, Bulgaria, Cyprus, France, Greece,
Hungary, Island, Italy, Portugal, Romania,
Russia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine. Amer-
icas: USA. Oceania and Australasia: Australia.
Morphology
Perennial herb, stem 50–150 cm tall, woody
at base, densely scaly glandular punctate,
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white hairy. Leaves 5–14 cm, 11–17-foliolate; stipules caducous, linear, 1–2 mm; petiole densely yellow-brown glandular hairy
and villous; leaflets ovate-oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or elliptic, 1.7–4 cm × 0.8–2
cm, abaxially densely yellow scaly glandular
punctate and pubescent on veins, adaxially
glabrescent or pilose, base rounded, apex
rounded, or retuse and with mucro. Racemes
much and densely flowered; rachis densely
brown scaly glandular punctate, white villous and tomentose; bracts lanceolate, c.2 mm,
membranous. Calyx campanulate, 5–7 mm,
sparsely yellow glandular punctate and
pubescent, 5-toothed; upper 2 teeth mostly
joined. Corolla purple or light purple,
9–12 mm; standard ovate or oblong, 1–1.1 cm,
base clawed, apex retuse; wings 8–9 mm;
keel straight, 7–8 mm. Ovary glabrous. Legume oblong, flat, 17–35 mm × 4.5–7 mm,
rarely constricted between seeds, glabrous
or sparsely hairy, rarely glandular hairy.
Seeds 2–8, dark green, c.2 mm in diameter,
smooth (Bobrov e ta l., 1934–1964; Rech inger,
1963–2001; Tutin et al., 1964; Davis,
1965–1988).
Helleborus niger L., Sp. Pl.: 558 (1753)
Synonyms: Helleborus altifolius Steud.
Family: Ranunculaceae.
Arabic name: Kharbaq aswad.
Persian name: Kharbaqe siāh.
English name: Christmas rose, Black hellebore (Fig. 2.39).
Distribution
Europe: Austria, France, Germany, Italy,
Switzerland, Sweden. Americas: USA.
Botany, Collection, and Cultivation 71
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wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Helleborus_niger_Kaiser.jpg.)
Morphology
Perennial herb with rhizomes or erect, up to
30 cm, rather woody stems and digitate or
pedate leaves, basal leaves overwintering,
pedate with 7–9 segments; cauline leaves
ovate, entire, pale green. Inflorescence cymose. Flowers large; perianth segments 5;
honey leaves 8–12, obliquely infundibuliform,
smaller than the perianth segments; involucre
absent. Fruit of 3–8, several-seeded follicles.
Flowers 2–3, 3–10 cm in diameter. Perianth
segments white or pink-tinged, ovate. Follicles c.7, connate at base (Tutin etal., 1964).
Hyoscyamus niger L., Sp. Pl.: 179 (1753)
Synonyms: Hyoscarpus niger (L.) Dulac, H.
agrestis Kit. ex Schult., H. auriculatus Ten.,
H. bohemicus F.W. Schmidt, H. lethalis Salisb.,
H. niger subsp. agrestis (Kit.) Hultén, H. officinarum Crantz, H. pallidus Waldst. & Kit.
ex Willd., H. persicus Boiss. & Buhse, H. pictus Roth, H. syspirensis K. Koch, H. verviensis
Lej., H. vulgaris Neck., H. vulgaris L.
Family: Solanaceae.
Arabic name: Banj aswad, Sikarān.
Persian name: Bangdāneh.
English name: Henbane, Black henbane,
Stinking nightshade (Fig. 2.40).
Distribution
Africa: Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia. Asia: Afghanistan, Caucasus, China, Iran, Iraq, Japan,
Kazakhstan, Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon,
Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Syria,
Tajikistan, Transcaucasus, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. Europe: Albania, Austria,
Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain,
Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Ukraine. Americas: Mexico, USA. Oceania and
Australasia: Australia, New Zealand.
Morphology
Biennial herb, to 1 m tall, pubescent throughout with sticky glandular hairs. Roots sometimes stout, fleshy, 2–3 cm in diameter.
Leaves sessile, sometimes forming a rosette;
72 Farsad Nadjafi and Mohammad Reza Kanani
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subsp. albicans (Lange) O. Bolòs & Vigo,
I. madonna Sprenger, I. majoricensis Barceló,
I. officinalis Salisb.
Family: Iridaceae.
Arabic name: Susan abyad.
Persian name: Zanbaqe sefid.
English name: Florentine iris (Fig. 2.41).
Distribution
Africa: Morocco. Asia: Lebanon, Saudi Arabia,
Syria, Turkey, Yemen. Europe: Bulgaria, Cyprus, France, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Spain.
Morphology
Stems 40–90 cm, stout, with branches at
least 5 cm long in the upper half, the lower
flowers well-exserted from the subtending
bract even in bud. Leaves 30–70 cm × 20–35
wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hyoscyamus_niger_0003.
JPG#/media/Datei:Hyoscyamus_niger_0003.JPG.)
mm, somewhat glaucous, more or less
straight. Flowers (3–)4(–5), the lower subsessile on the main axis and enclosed by the
blade of rosette leaves ovate-lanceolate or
oblong, c.30 cm × 10 cm, coarsely dentate or
pinnately lobed or parted, apex acute; blade of
cauline leaves ovate or deltate-ovate, 4–10 cm ×
2–6 cm, pubescent with sticky hairs, nearly
clasping or broadly cuneate at base, lobed or
entire. Flowers subsessile or on pedicels
3–5 mm. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 1–1.5 cm;
lobes deltate, unequal, acute. Corolla pale
yellow, usually with purple veins, campanu-
subtending bract up to anthesis, pure white;
spathes 35–55 mm, scarcely exceeding the
hypanthial tube, scarious in the upper, often
tinged with purple. Hypanthial tube 17–25 mm.
Falls 55–90 cm × 40–60 mm, cuneateobovate, without a distinct claw. Standards
55–90 cm × 45–60 mm, broadly elliptical,
with a short, wide claw. Seeds pyriform, rugose, reddish-brown (Davis, 1965–1988;
Castroviejo etal., 1980).
late, 2–3 cm. Stamens exserted. Fruiting
calyx urceolate, 2–2.5 cm × 1–1.5 cm; lobes
mostly erect, tipped with a sharp tooth. Cap-
Juniperus sabina L., Sp. Pl.: 1039 (1753)
sules ovoid-rounded, c.1.5 cm × 1.2 cm. Seeds
yellow-brown, discoid, c.1 mm in diameter
(Bobrov etal., 1934–1964; Rechinger, 1963–
2001; Tutin etal., 1964; Davis, 1965–1988;
Synonyms: Juniperus humilis Salisb., J. sa b-
ina var. cupressifolia Aiton, Sabina officinalis
Garcke, S. vulgaris Antoine.
Sell and Murrell, 2006).
Family: Cupressaceae.
Iris florentina L., Syst. Nat. ed.
10, 2: 863 (1759)
Synonyms: Iris albicans Lange, I. florentina
subsp. albicans (Lange) K. Richt., I. × germanica
Arabic name: Abhal.
Persian name: Mymarz.
English name: Savin (Fig. 2.42).
Botany, Collection, and Cultivation 73
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Fig. 2.42. Juniperus sabina L. (By Meneerke.
Bloem, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Juniperus_
sabina_02.JPG.)
Fig. 2.41. Iris florentina L. (By Alessandra. Perugi,
CC BY-SA 3.0, https://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Irisflorentina_ap.jpg.)
Distribution
Africa: Algeria. Asia: Caucasus, China, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Korea, Kyrgyzstan,
Tajikistan, Transcaucasus, Turkey. Europe:
Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, France, Germany,
Greece, Italy, Poland, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, Sweden, Ukraine.
Morphology
Shrub, rarely small tree, dioecious, rarely
monoecious; bark grayish-brown; branchlets
densely arranged, ascending, slender, 0.8–
1 mm in diameter. Leaves both scalelike and
needlelike; needlelike leaves usually present
on young plants, rarely present on adult
plants, decussate or in whorls of 3, closely
appressed, 3–7 mm, concave adaxially, convex abaxially, apex sharply pointed; scalelike
leaves decussate, rhombic or rhombic-ovate,
1–2.5 mm, abaxial gland central, prominent,
elliptic. Pollen cones ellipsoid or oblong,
3–4 mm; microsporophylls 10–14, each with
2–4 pollen sacs. Seed cones light brownish-green, brown, purplish-blue, or black
when ripe, often glaucous, usually irregularly globose, 5–8 mm × 5–9 mm, (1or)2-seeded. Seeds ovoid, slightly flattened,
4–5 mm, ridged, with resin pits, apex blunt
or slightly pointed (Bobrov et al., 1934–
1964; Tutin etal., 1964; Davis, 1965–1988).
Lawsonia inermis L., Sp. Pl.: 340 (1753)
Synonyms: Alcanna spinosa (L.) Gaertn.,
A. spinosa (L.) Gaertn., Casearia multiflora
Spreng, Lawsonia alba Lam., L. alba var. flavescens Hassk., L. alba var. miniata Hassk.,
L. coccinea Sm., L. falcifolia Stokes, L. inermis
var. spinosa (L.) Pers., L. purpurea Lam.,
L. spinosa L., Rotantha combretoides Baker.
74 Farsad Nadjafi and Mohammad Reza Kanani
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Family: Lythraceae.
Arabic name: H anā.
Persian name: Hanā.
English name: Henna, Egyptian privet (Fig. 2.43).
Distribution
Africa: Algeria, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad,
Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana,
Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Libya,
Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra
Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda. Asia: Bangladesh, India, Iraq,
Laos, Lebanon, Maldives, Myanmar, Oman,
Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Syria, Tajikistan, Vietnam, Yemen. Europe: Netherlands.
Americas: Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Guyana,
Mexico, Panamá, Suriname, Venezuela. Ocea-
nia and Australasia: New Guinea.
Morphology
The younger branches of the plant are often
mm, narrowly obovate or oblong or broadly
lanceolate, often short acuminate, mucronulate, feathered, sparingly reticulate-venous,
gradually tapering towards the short petiolus. Calyx 3–5 mm long. Petals slightly
longer than calyx, at first white or pale sulfurous, then covered with milk. Fruit 4–6
mm × 4.5–8 mm; seeds 2–2.6 mm (Rechinger,
1963–2001).
Liquidambar orientalis Miller, Gard. Dict.
ed. 8: no. 2 (1768)
Synonyms: Liquidambar imberbis Aiton.
Family: Altingiaceae.
Arabic name: Lobnā.
Persian name: Anbar sāel.
English name: Oriental sweetgum, Turkish
sweetgum (Fig. 2.44).
Distribution
Asia: Turkey. Europe: Greece (Aegean Islands).
Fig. 2.43. Lawsonia inermis L. (By Dinesh Valke from Thane, India – Lawsonia inermis, CC BY-SA 2.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=51582890.)
Botany, Collection, and Cultivation 75
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Tree up to 20 m. Leaves palmatifid, 5–10(–12)
cm × 6–13 cm, divided into 5 lobes, each lobe
undivided or sparsely lobulate, margin finely
sinuate-dentate or -serrate, glabrous or rarely
with a sparse tuft of short hairs beneath at the
base of the main veins. Fruiting head 2.5–3 cm
diameter, pendulous (Davis, 1965–1988).
Malva sylvestris L., Sp. Pl.: 689 (1753)
Synonyms: Malva ambigua var. microphylla
Rouy, M. acutiloba K. Koch, M. acutiloba
Morphology
Martrin-Donos, M. acutiloba Sennen, M. albif lora C. Presl, M. albiflora J. Presl, M.
altissima Sennen, M. ambigua Guss., M. arag-
onensis Sennen, M. ciliata Wall., M. elata
Pomel, M. elata Salisb., M. equina Brunfels,
M. equina Brunfels ex Wallr., M. erecta
C. Presl, M. erecta Gilib., M. erecta J. Presl,
M. erevaniana Takht., M. glabra Desr., M. gross-
heimii Iljin, M. gymnocarpa Pomel, M. hirsuta
C. Presl, M. hirsuta J. Presl, M. hirsuta Viv.,
M. longelobata Sennen, M. longepedunculata
Sennen, M. longilobata Sennen, M. lucida
Lindl., M. major Garsault, M. martrinii Rouy,
M. orientalis Mill., M. plebeja Steven, M. polymorpha Guss., M. pumila Retz., M. racemosa
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