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Fig. 2.53. Plantago ovata Forssk. (By Stan shebs, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/0/0b/Plantago_ovata_form.jpg.)
Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia. Asia: Afghanistan, Bahrain, Caucasus,
Distribution
China, India, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon,
Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria,
Turkmenistan, Thailand, Yemen. Europe:
Botany, Collection, and Cultivation 87
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Canary Islands, Cyprus, Portugal, Spain.
Americas: Mexico, USA.
Morphology
Annual plant, acaulous or short-stemmed,
3–10(–16) cm tall, branched at base, white
villouslanate. Leaves linear to narrowly lanceolate, 3–5 cm × 0.1–0.6 cm, 3-veined, base
attenuate tapering into the petiole, margins
entire or remotely denticulate, apex acute,
densely to sparsely white villous. Peduncle
as long as leaves or longer, rarely shorter
than leaves, arcuate-ascending or decumbent, rarely erect, 1–9(–12) cm, villous.
Spike globose to ovoid to narrowly ovoid,
0.5–2.5(–3) cm, densely flowered; bracts
glabrous, broadly ovate, 2–3 mm × 3–4 mm,
obtuse, scarious except for the herbaceous
midrib, lateral lamina much wider than midrib. Calyx 2.5–3 mm, glabrous, scarious except midrib; anterior sepals obovate-elliptic,
posterior sepals elliptic-obovate. Corolla
white, lobes broadly ovate or orbicular-cordate,
2–3 mm × 2 mm, acute, glabrous. Capsule
2-seeded. Seeds ovoid (Rechinger, 1963–2001;
Ghahreman, 1978).
Fig. 2.54. Polypodium vulgare L. (By Andre
Karwath aka Aka, CC BY-SA 2.5, https://upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Polypodium_
vulgare_-_close-up_%28aka%29.jpg.)
Morphology
Polypodium vulgare L., Sp. Pl.: 1085 (1753)
Synonyms: Ctenopteris vulgaris (L.) Newman.
Family: Polypodiaceae.
Arabic name: Basfāyaj.
Persian name: Baspāyak.
English name: Common polypody (Fig. 2.54).
Africa: Lesotho, Morocco. Asia: Caucasus,
China, Iran, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea,
Transcaucasus, Turkey. Europe: Albania,
Austria, Baltic States, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France,
Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary,
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine. Oceania and
Australasia: Australia, New Zealand.
Distribution
Rhizome long creeping, 3–4 mm in diameter, densely scaly; scales pale brown, lanceolate with ovate peltate base, 4–5 mm,
margin toothed, apex acuminate. Fronds
remote. Stipe straw-colored, 5–10 cm,
densely scaly at base, glabrescent upward.
Lamina pinnatifid or pinnatisect, oblong-lanceolate in outline, 10–20 cm × 5–7
cm, herbaceous or subleathery, glabrous,
apex shortly caudate. Segments 12–15
pairs, oblique, lanceolate, 3–4 cm × 0.5–0.8
cm, decurrent to adjacent lobes by very
narrowly winged rachis, margin toothed,
apex obtuse or acute. Veinlets hardly visible. Sori medial or slightly closer to costa
(Bobrov et al., 1934–1964; Rechinger,
1963–2001; Tutin et al., 1964; Davis,
1965–1988; Sell and Murrell, 2006).
Portulaca oleracea L., Sp. Pl.: 445 (1753)
Synonyms: Portulaca hortensis Rupr., P. offici-
narum Crantz.
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Family: Portulacaceae.
Arabic name: Rijlah.
Persian name: Khorfah.
English name: Pigweed, Common purslane,
Green purslane, Purslain, Purslane, Wild
purslane, Pursley (Fig. 2.55).
Distribution
Africa: Algeria, Angola, Botswana, Burkina
Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Chad, Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mali,
Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rodrigues Island, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra
Leone, Sudan, Tunisia, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
Asia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Borneo,
Cambodia, Caucasus, China, Bahrain, India,
Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Korea,
Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Maldives,
Myanmar, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines,
Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Syria, Tajikistan,
Taiwan, Transcaucasus, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Yemen. Europe:
Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Canary Islands, Denmark, Finland, France,
Germany, Great Britain, Greece (Aegean Islands), Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, Sweden, Ukraine. Americas: Argentina,
Bahamas, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Cayman
Islands, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba,
Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador,
Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panamá, Paraguay, Puerto
Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, USA, Uruguay,
Venezuela. Oceania and Australasia: Australia,
Fiji, Nauru, New Caledonia, New Zealand,
Tonga, Tuvalu.
Morphology
Annual herb; stems sometimes flushed red
or purple, not articulated, prostrate or decumbent, less often ± erect, diffuse, much
branched; leaf axils with a few inconspicuous stiff bristles. Leaves alternate or occasionally subopposite; petiole short; leaf
blade flat, obovate, 10–30 mm × 5–15 mm,
base cuneate, apex obtuse, rounded, truncate, or retuse. Flowers in clusters of 3–5,
0.4–0.5 cm in diameter, surrounded by involucre of 2–6 bracts. Sepals green, helmeted,
c.4 mm, apex acute, keeled. Petals 5, yellow,
obovate, 3–5 mm, slightly connate at base,
apex retuse. Stamens 7–12, c.12 mm; anthers
yellow. Ovary glabrous. Stigma 4–6-lobed.
Capsule ovoid, c.5 mm. Seeds glossy black
when mature, never iridescent, obliquely
globose-reniform, 0.6–1.2 mm; testa cells
stellate, usually with central peglike tubercle, sometimes without and then surface
± granular (Bobrov et al., 1934–1964;
Rechinger, 1963–2001; Tutin et al., 1964;
Davis, 1965–1988; Sell and Murrell, 2006).
Fig. 2.55. Portulaca oleracea L. (By Stefan Lefnaer,
CC BY-SA 4.0, https://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Portulaca_oleracea_sl7.jpg)
Prunus armeniaca L., Sp. Pl.: 474 (1753)
Synonyms: Amygdalus armeniaca (L.) Du-
mort., Armeniaca armeniaca (L.) Huth, A.
vulgaris Lam., Prunus tiliifolia Salisb.
Botany, Collection, and Cultivation 89
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Family: Rosaceae.
Arabic name: Meshmesh.
Persian name: Zardālo.
English name: Armenian plum, Apricot
(Fig. 2.56).
Distribution
Africa: Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia. Asia:
Afghanistan, Caucasus, China, Iran, Kazakhstan, Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Mongolia,
Pakistan, Syria, Tajikistan, Transcaucasus,
Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. Europe:
Albania, Bulgaria, Cyprus, France, Germany,
Greece, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Romania,
Russia, Ukraine. Americas: Mexico, USA.
Oceania and Australasia: Australia.
Morphology
Tree up to 15 m tall; bark gray-brown, splitting; young shoots glabrous. Leaves broadly
ovate, up to 12 cm × 10 cm, finely serrate,
glabrous, rarely puberulent when young.
Flowers white or pink, 2–3 cm diameter,
hypanthium shortly cylindrical. Drupe
subglobose, 2.5–5 cm diameter, whitish,
yellow, or orange, finely pubescent to ±
glabrous; stone smooth (Bobrov et al.,
1934–1964; Rechinger, 1963–2001; Davis,
1965–1988).
Fig. 2.56. Prunus armeniaca L. (By Fir 0002,
Wikimedia Commons, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Prunus_armeniaca#/media/File:Apricots.jpg.)
Prunus amygdalus Batsch, Beytr. Entw.
Gewächsreich 1: 30 (1801)
Synonyms: Amygdalus amygdalus (Batsch)
Frye & Rigg, A. communis L., Druparia amyg-
dalus (Batsch) Clairv., A. amara Duhamel,
A. amara var. pendula Lavallée, A. amara var.
pyramidata Lavallée, A. amygdalina Oken ex
M. Roem., A. cochinchinensis Lour., A. communis f. acuta Magyar, A. communis f. albaplena Zabel, A. communis subvar. amara (Du-
hamel) Rouy & E.G. Camus, A. communis var.
amara (Duhamel) Willd., A. communis f. angustifolia (H. Jaeger) Zabel, A. communis var.
angustifolia H. Jaeger, A. communis f. compacta Zabel, A. communis var. cordiformis Risso,
A. communis f. cristata Magyar, A. communis
subvar. dulcis (Mill.) Rouy & E.G. Camus, A.
communis var. dulcis (Mill.) Borkh., A. communis f. elongata Magyar, A. communis var.
elongata Risso, A. communis florepleno F.J.
Schultz, A. communis foliis-variegatis F.J.
Schultz, A. communis var. fragilima Ficalho &
Cout., A. communis var. fragilis Pers., A. com-
munis var. fragilis Ser., A. communis var. glabra Popov, A. communis var. incana Popov, A.
communis lanceifolia K. Koch, A. communis f.
lanceolata Magyar, A. communis var. macrocarpa Ser., A. communis subvar. macrocarpa
(Ser.) Rouy & E.G. Camus, A. communis f.
marginata Zabel, A. communis var. maxima
Risso, A. communis var. media Popov, A. communis f. microcarpa Magyar, A. communis var.
microcarpa Dierb., A. communis var. ossea
Gren., A. communis f. ostraeiformis Magyar,
A. communis f. ovata Magyar, A. communis f.
pendula (H. Jaeger) Zabel, A. communis var.
pendula H. Jaeger, A. communis var. pistacia
Risso, A. communis f. platycarpa Magyar, A.
communis f. purpurea Zabel, A. communis var.
pyramidalis Risso, A. communis f. roseaplena
Zabel, A. communis f. rotundata Magyar, A.
communis var. rubra Risso, A. communis var.
rugosa Risso, A. communis f. salicifolia K.
Koch, A. communis var. sativa L., A. communis
var. semifragilis Magyar, A. communis var. se-
rotina Risso, A. communis var. sphaerocarpa
Dierb., A. communis var. spontanea Korsh., A.
communis var. stenocarpa Dierb., A. communis
var. subrotundata Risso, A. communis var.
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tenuis Risso, A. communis var. tristis Risso,
A. communis f. variegata Zabel, A. decipiens
Poit. & Turpin, A. dulcis Mill., A. elata Salisb.,
A. fragilis Borkh., A. indica Duhamel, A.
korshinskyi var. bornmuelleri Browicz, A. sativa Mill., A. sinensis Steud., A. stocksiana
Boiss., A. vulgaris Weston, A. vulgaris plena
Weston, Persica Mill., Prunus amygdalus f. al-
boplena (Zabel) Rehder, P. amygdalus var. am-
ara (Duhamel) Focke, P. amygdalus f. angusti-
folia Dippel, P. amygdalus var. dulcis (Mill.)
Koehne, P. amygdalus var. fragilis (Ser.) Fo-
cke, P. amygdalus var. macrocarpa Bean,
P. amygdalus var. ovalifolia Franch., P. a m y g -
dalus f. pendula (H. Jaeger) Rehder, P. am yg da lus var. pendula (H. Jaeger) Bean, P. a m y gd a lus var. pollardii Anon., P. amygdalus var.
praecox Bean, P. amygdalus f. purpurea (C.K.
Schneid.) Rehder, P. amygdalus f. roseoplena
(C.K. Schneid.) Rehder, P. amygdalus var. sa-
tiva (L.) Focke, P. amygdalus var. typica Fiori,
P. amygdalus f. variegata (C.K. Schneid.)
Rehder, P. armeniaca f. pendula (H. Jaeger)
Rehder, P. cochinchinensis (Lour.) Koehne,
P. communis (L.) Arcang., P. communis monstr.
albiplena (Zabel) Asch. & Graebn., P. commu-
nis subvar. amara (Duhamel) Asch. &
Graebn., P. communis f. amara (Duhamel)
C.K. Schneid., P. communis subsp. angustata
Arcang., P. communis subvar. angustifolia
(Dippel) Asch. & Graebn., P. communis lusus
compacta Zabel ex Asch. & Graebn., P. c o m munis f. dulcis (Mill.) C.K. Schneid., P. c o m munis var. fragilis C.K. Schneid., P. communis
subsp. fragilis Arcang., P. communis var. fragi-
lis (Ser.) C.K. Schneid., P. communis f. macrocarpa (A. Poit. & Turpin) C.K. Schneid., P.
communis monstr. marginata Zabel ex Asch.
& Graebn., P. communis f. pendula (H. Jaeger)
C.K. Schneid., P. communis lusus pendula (H.
Jaeger) Asch. & Graebn., P. communis lusus
purpurea (Zabel) Asch. & Graebn., P. communis f. purpurea C.K. Schneid., P. communis
lusus pyramidalis Asch. & Graebn., P. communis monstr. roseiplena (Zabel) Asch. &
Graebn., P. communis f. roseoplena C.K. Sch-
neid., P. communis subvar. sativa (L.) Asch. &
Graebn., P. communis var. typica C.K. Sch-
neid., P. communis f. variegata C.K. Schneid.,
P. communis monstr. variegata Zabel ex Asch.
& Graebn., P. dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb, P. dul-
cis var. amara (Duhamel) Buchheim, P. dulcis
var. fragilis (Ser.) Buchheim, P. dulcis var.
spontanea (Korsh.) Buchheim, P. intermedia
A.Sav., P. stocksiana (Boiss.) Brandis.
Family: Rosaceae.
Arabic name: Lowz, Lowz marr.
Persian name: Bādām, Bādām talkh.
Common name: Almond (Fig. 2.57).
Distribution
Africa: Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia.
Asia: Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Pakistan, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.
Europe: Bulgaria, Canary Islands, Cyprus,
France, Great Britain, Greece (Aegean Islands), Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Spain,
Switzerland. Americas: USA.
Morphology
Unarmed tree to 8 m; young shoots glabrous. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or elliptic,
2.5–9(–12) cm × 2–3 cm, dentate-serrate,
glandular, entirely glabrous or pubescent beneath when young, leathery; petioles 10–30
mm. Flowers white or pink, up to 4 cm diameter, pedicels up to 5 mm. Drupe obliquely
ellipsoid to elongate-ellipsoid, compressed,
up to 50 mm × 30 mm, olive-green, velutinous; stone pitted and ± grooved, keeled
(Rechinger, 1963–2001; Davis, 1965–1988;
Assadi etal., 1989; Sell and Murrell, 2006).
Papaver somniferum L., Sp. Pl.: 508 (1753)
Synonyms: Papaver album Mill., P. album-ni-
grum Crantz, P. amoenum Lindl., P. amplexicaule Stokes, P. apodocarpum Hussenot, P.
glabrum Gilib., P. hortense Garsault, P. h o r tense Hussenot, P. indehiscens Dumort., P.
nigrum Bubani, P. nigrum Garsault, P. officinale C.C. Gmel., P. opiiferum Forssk., P.
opiiferum var. album DC., P. paeoniiflorum
(Alef.) Corrêa, P. polycephalum Bailly, P.
polycephalum hort., P. polycephalum hort. ex
E. Vilm., P. setigerum subsp. valdesetosum
Botany, Collection, and Cultivation 91
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wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Ametllesjuliol.jpg.)
Maire, P. setigerum var. nigrum (Garsault)
P. Fourn., P. somniferum subsp. albiflorum
Wender., P. somniferum subsp. album Schübl.
& G. Martens, P. somniferum subsp. euroasi-
aticum Vessel., P. somniferum subsp. hortense
(Hussenot) Syme, P. somniferum subsp. hor-
tense Arcang., P. somniferum subsp. hortense
Huss, P. somniferum subsp. nigrum (DC.)
Thell., P. somniferum subsp. nigrum (Willd.)
Schübl. & G. Martens, P. somniferum subsp.
nigrum Schübl. & G. Martens, P. somniferum
subsp. officinale (C.C. Gmel.) Syme, P. s o m -
niferum subsp. officinalis Bonnier & Layens,
P. somniferum subsp. subspontaneum Basil.,
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P. somniferum subsp. variegatum Wender.,
P. somniferum var. album (Mill.) DC., P.
somniferum var. austroviolaceum Vessel.,
P. somniferum var. coerulescens Rothm., P.
somniferum var. genuinovilaceum Vessel.,
P. somniferum var. glaucum Rothm., P. s o m niferum var. hortense (Huss) Rouy & Fou-
caud, P. somniferum var. hypoleucum Rothm.,
P. somniferum var. laciniatum Wender., P.
somniferum var. leucum (Rothm.) K.Ham-
mer, P. somniferum var. nigrum DC., P. s o m -
niferum var. officinale (C.C. Gmel.) Garcke, P.
somniferum var. pallidum Rothm., P. s o mniferum var. plenum H. Mart., P. somniferum
var. poecilospermum Alef., P. somniferum
var. pullatum Vessel., P. somniferum var.
rubellum Vessel., P. somniferum var. valdesetosum (Maire) Maire, P. somniferum var.
violiflorum Vessel., P. stipitatum Hussenot,
P. sylvestre Godr.
Family: Papaveraceae.
Arabic name: Ofiun.
Persian name: Khashkhāsh.
English name: Opium poppy, Breadseed
poppy (Fig. 2.58).
Distribution
Africa: Algeria, Angola, Ethiopia, Libya,
Morocco, Tunisia. Asia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Caucasus, China, India,
Iran, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Korea, Laos, Lebanon, Mongolia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Saudi
Arabia, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, Transcaucasus, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Yemen. Europe: Albania,
Baltic States, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Canary Islands, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland,
France, Great Britain, Greece (Aegean Islands), Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Norway,
Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden,
Ukraine. Americas: Argentina, Canada, Chile,
Ecuador, Honduras, Mexico, Peru, USA,
Venezuela. Oceania and Australasia: Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania.
Fig. 2.58. Papaver somniferum L. (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Opium_poppy.jpg#/media/
File:Opium_poppy.jpg.)
Botany, Collection, and Cultivation 93
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Morphology
Annual herb, 30–60(–100) cm tall (to 1.5 m
in cultivation), glabrous or rarely slightly setose on plant below or on peduncle. Taproot
erect, almost conical. Stems erect, glaucous,
glabrous, occasionally somewhat setose.
Leaves alternate; blade ovate or oblong,
7–25 cm, both surfaces glabrous, glaucous,
and rather waxy, veins distinct, slightly
raised, base cordate, margin irregularly undulate-serrate, apex acuminate to obtuse;
leaves below shortly petiolate but above sessile and amplexicaul. Flowers solitary, deeply
cup-shaped, 5–12 cm in diameter, pedicel to
25 cm, glabrous or rarely sparsely setose.
Flower buds nutant at first, erect at anthesis, oval-oblong or broadly ovoid, 1.5–3.5 cm
× 1–3 cm, glabrous. Sepals 2, green, broadly
ovate, margin membranous. Petals 4, white,
pink, red, purple, or various, often with a
dark basal blotch, suborbicular or almost
flabellate, 4–7 cm × 3–11 cm, margin undulate or variously lobed. Stamens many; filaments white, linear, 1–1.5 cm; anthers
yellowish or cream, oblong, 3–6 mm. Ovary
green, spherical, 1–2 cm in diameter, glabrous; stigmas 5–12(–18), actinomorphic,
united into compressed disk, disk margin
deeply divided, lobes crenulate. Capsule
brown when mature, spherical or oblongelliptic, 4–9 cm × 4–5 cm, glabrous. Seeds
many, black or deep gray, adaxially alveolate
(Bobrov etal., 1934–1964; Rechinger, 1963–
2001; Davis, 1965–1988; Assadi etal., 1989;
Sell and Murrell, 2006).
Fig. 2.59. Punica granatum L. (By Sanjay Acharya,
CC BY-SA 4.0, https://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Pomegranate_Fruit_
Setting.jpg.)
Distribution
Africa: Algeria, Cameroon, Chad, Comoros,
Eritrea, Ethiopia, Libya, Morocco, Niger,
Somalia, Tunisia. Asia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Caucasus, China, India, Iran, Iraq,
Korea, Laos, Oman, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Transcaucasus, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Yemen. Europe:
Bulgaria, Canary Islands, Greece, France,
Canary Islands, Italy, Portugal, Romania,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland. Americas: Bahamas, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador,
Jamaica, Leeward Islands, Mexico, Panamá,
Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, USA,
Venezuela. Oceania and Australasia: New
Caledonia, Norfolk Island.
Morphology
Punica granatum L., Sp. Pl.: 472 (1753)
Synonyms: Granatum punicum St.-Lag., Puni-
ca florida Salisb., P. grandif lora Steud., P. nana
L., P. spinosa Lam., Rhoea punica St.-Lag.
Family: Lythraceae.
Arabic name: Rommān (Jolnār).
Persian name: Anār (Golnār).
English name: Pomegranate (Fig. 2.59).
Shrub or small tree, 2–3 m tall, glabrous.
Branches and branchlets 4-angled, becoming terete with age, often terminating as
indurate spines. Petiole 2–10 mm; leaf blade
adaxially shiny, lanceolate, elliptic-oblanceolate, or oblong, 2–9 cm × 1–2 cm, base attenuate, apex obtuse or mucronate. Floral
tube red-orange or pale yellow, campanulate-urceolate, 2–3 cm × 1–1.5 cm; sepals
5–9, erect, deltate. Petals 5–9, bright redorange [or white], obovate, 1.5–3 cm × 1–2
cm, apex rounded or obtuse. Stamens
numerous, included to exserted. Ovary
8–13-loculed, in 2 or 3 superposed layers,
lower locules with axile placentation, upper
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ones with apparent parietal placentation.
Fruit globose, leathery berries, variable in
color, red to yellow-green or red-brown,
5–12 cm in diameter, crowned by persistent
sepals, irregularly dehiscent. Seeds obpyramidal within juicy sarcotestal layer, ruby-red, pink, or yellowish-white (Rechinger,
1963–2001; Davis, 1965–1988).
Quercus infectoria G. Olivier, Voy. Emp.
Othoman 1: 252 (1801)
Synonyms: Quercus infectoria subsp. euinfec-
toria A. Camus, Q. lusitanica subsp. infectoria
(G. Olivier) Mouill.
Family: Fagaceae.
Arabic name: Balut sabghi.
Persian name: Dār māzu.
English name: Aleppo oak, Gall oak (Fig. 2.60).
Distribution
Asia: Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, Transcaucasus,
Turkey. Europe: Cyprus, Greece.
Morphology
Semi-evergreen small tree or shrub, l–4(–10) m;
young shoots finely pubescent, ± glabrescent, reddish- or yellowish-brown; buds reddish-brown, c.3 mm, ciliate. Leaves often
overwintering till new leaves appear, very
variable in size and color, 40–70(–100) mm
× 10–45 mm, coriaceous, ovate to narrowly
oblong, rounded or cuneate at base, margins
often undulate with 4–8 crenate to serrate
lobes, or entire; primary veins 6–11; indumentum of few floccose stellate-dendroid
hairs beneath and sometimes above, usually
glabrous later; petiole l–15(–25) mm (± absent on summer shoots). Peduncle absent or
to c.10 mm. Cupules solitary or in pairs,
hemispherical or cyathiform, 10–18 mm
diameter; scales strongly adpressed, grayish
pubescent; acorn up to two-thirds exserted
(Rechinger, 1963–2001; Davis, 1965–1988;
Ghahreman, 1978; Assadi etal., 1989).
Rheum officinale Baill., Adansonia
10: 246 (1872)
Synonyms: Rheum baillonii F. Heim.
Family: Polygonaceae.
Arabic name: Rāvand kaffi.
Persian name: Rivand chini.
English name: Chinese rhubarb (Fig. 2.61).
Distribution
Asia: China, Laos, Vietnam. Europe: Great
Britain.
Morphology
Large herb, 1.5–2 m tall with stout rhizomes and roots. Stem stout, hollow, finely
sulcate, with white hairs, especially above
and at nodes. Petiole of basal leaf terete,
about as long as blade or slightly shorter,
pubescent; leaf blade orbicular, rarely
broadly ovate, large, 30–50 cm in diameter,
or longer than wide, abaxially pubescent,
adaxially glabrous, rarely pubescent along
veins, basal veins 5–7, base subcordate; palmatilobate, apex subacute. Stem leaves
smaller upward; ocrea large, to 15 cm,
broad, outside with dense hairs. Panicles
large; branches spreading. Pedicel 3–3.5
mm, slender, jointed below middle. Flowers
4- or 5-fascicled. Tepals 6, green to yellow-white, elliptic or narrowly elliptic,
2–2.5 mm × 1.2–1.5 mm. Stamens shorter
than perianth. Style deflexed; stigma inflated. Fruit oblong-ellipsoid, 8–10 mm ×
7–9 mm; wings c.3 mm wide, with longitudinal veins near margin. Seeds broadly
ovoid (Sell and Murrell, 2006).
Rhus coriaria L., Sp. Pl.: 265 (1753)
Synonyms: Rhus amoena Salisb., Rh. coriaria
var. zebaria Shahbaz, Rh. heterophylla C.C.
Gmel., Rh. sumac O. Targ. Tozz., Rh. variifolia
DC., Toxicodendron coriaria (L.) Kuntze.
Botany, Collection, and Cultivation 95
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Fig. 2.60. Quercus infectoria. (By Gideon Pisanty, CC BY 3.0, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/f/f4/Quercus_boissieri_galls_2.JPG.)
Family: Anacardiaceae.
Arabic name: Somāq.
Persian name: Somāq.
English name: Tanner’s sumach (Fig. 2.62).
Distribution
Africa: Algeria, Morocco. Asia: Afghanistan,
Caucasus, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey,
Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Transcaucasus,
Uzbekistan. Europe: Albania, Bulgaria, Canary Islands, Cyprus, France, Greece (Aegean
Islands), Italy, Portugal, Spain, Ukraine.
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