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46 Farsad Nadjafi and Mohammad Reza Kanani
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3.5–5.5 cm × 3–3.5 cm, leathery, glabrous,
lateral veins conspicuously raised, base cuneate or broadly cuneate, margin entire, apex
rounded, emarginate, or conspicuously cordate depressed. Raceme with rachis densely
yellowish-brown pubescent. Flowers reddish.
Legume curved, 10–25 mm × c.2.5 cm
(Rechinger, 1963–2001; Davis, 1965–1988).
Cichorium intybus L., Sp. Pl.: 1026 (1753)
Synonyms: Cichorium rigidum Salisb., C. endivia
var. sativum DC., C. intybus var. balearicum
(Porta) Gand., C. intybus var. eglandulosum
Freyn & Sint., C. intybus var. indivisum Vis.,
C. intybus var. sylvestre (Lam.) Vis.
Family: Asteraceae.
Hillewaert, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Centaurium_
erythraea_%28plant%29.jpg.)
Arabic name: Hendebā.
Persian name: Kāsni.
Ceratonia siliqua L., Sp. Pl.: 1026 (1753)
English name: Chicory (Fig. 2.16).
Synonyms: Ceratonia coriacea Salisb., C. iner-
mis Stokes.
Distribution
Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae).
Arabic name: Kharnub.
Persian name: Kharnub.
English name: Locust bean, Carob.
Africa: Algeria, Angola, Egypt, Ethiopia,
Kenya, Libya, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Sudan, Tanzania, Tunisia, Zambia,
Zimbabwe. Asia: China, India, Iran, Iraq,
Lebanon, Pakistan, Syria, Transcaucasus,
Turkey, Yemen. Europe: Albania, Cyprus,
France, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Amer-
icas: Mexico, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, USA.
Tall tree 15–16 m high. Leaves 8–17 cm; leaflets 2–4 pairs, shiny, obovate or suborbicular,
Distribution
Morphology
Africa: Algeria, Democratic Republic of the
Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Guiana, Lesotho,
Libya, Madagascar, Mauritania, Mauritius,
Morocco, Tunisia, Zimbabwe. Asia: Afghanistan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, Caucasus, China, India, Indonesia, Iran,
Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos,
Lebanon, Mongolia, Myanmar, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Sakhalin, Syria, Saudi Arabia,
Taiwan, Tajikistan, Thailand, Transcaucasus, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan,
Vietnam, Yemen. Europe: Albania, Austria,
Baltic States, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,
Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Ireland,
Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine. Americas: Argentina, Bolivia,
Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica,
Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, USA,
Uruguay, Venezuela. Oceania and Austra-
lasia: Australia, New Zealand.
Botany, Collection, and Cultivation 47
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Fig. 2.16. Cichorium intybus L. (By Christian
Fischer, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/
Cichorium_Intybus.jpg.)
apex ± acute; outer phyllaries lanceolate,
longest more than half as long as to approach inner ones in length, spreadingerect, margin ciliate; inner phyllaries
linear-lanceolate. Florets blue or exceptionally pink or bluish-white. Achene brown,
subcylindric to obovoid, 2–3 mm, stout, rugulose, apex truncate. Pappus (0.1–)0.2–0.3
mm (Bobrov etal., 1934–1964; Rechinger,
1963–2001; Tutin etal., 1964; Davis, 1965–
1988; Castroviejo et al., 1980; Sell and
Murrell, 2006).
Cinnamomum aromaticum Nees, N.
Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: 74 (1831)
Synonyms: Cinnamomum aromaticum var.
longifolium Lukman., C. cassia var. medium
Lukman., Laurus cinnamomum Andrews, L.
malabathrum Reinw. ex Nees, L. zeylanica
Lam. ex Meisn.
Family: Lauraceae.
Arabic name: Chinese Qurfa.
Morphology
Herb, 40–110 cm tall, perennial, with a
strong taproot. Stem usually solitary, erect;
branches spreading-ascending, subglabrous.
Basal leaves rosulate, obovate to oblanceolate, 15–34 cm × 2–4 cm, attenuate into a
petiole-like basal portion, undivided to usually
runcinately pinnatipartite, sparsely covered
with long multicellular hairs, base attenuate, margin dentate; lateral lobes 3–6 pairs,
triangular; terminal lobe distinctly larger
than lateral ones, apex rounded to acute.
Stem leaves similar to basal leaves but
smaller and less divided, gradually reduced
toward stem apex, base clasping, apex acute.
Synflorescence of main axis and larger
branches spiciform-paniculiform. Capitula
axillary and terminal, solitary or in clusters
of a few, sessile or on a several cm long,
thick, and apically slightly inflated peduncle, with usually 15–20 florets. Involucre
cylindric, 0.9–1.4 cm. Phyllaries abaxially
sparsely with glandular or simple hairs,
Persian name: Dārchin-e Chini.
Common name: Chinese cassia, Chinese cinnamon (Fig. 2.17).
Distribution
Asia: Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India,
Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Americas: Honduras, Trinidad and Tobago.
Morphology
Evergreen trees or shrubs, bark, branchlets,
and leaves very scented; branches angular,
the petioles strigose-tomentose, leaves oblong on both sides with sharp, sharp-arched
veins on the underside of the triple veins,
with vanishing at the tip of the leaf and
narrow silky panicles. Fruit fleshy, subtended by a perianth cup; perianth lobes 6
(eFloras, 2008).
48 Farsad Nadjafi and Mohammad Reza Kanani
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org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/CINNAMON_BUDS.jpg.)
Cinnamomum verum J. Presl, F. Berchtold
& J.S. Presl, Prir. Rostlin Aneb. Rostl.
Synonyms: Camphora mauritiana Lukman.,
Camphorina cinnamomum (L.) Farw., Cinnamomum alexii Kosterm., C. aromaticum J.
Graham, C. cinnamomum (L.) H. Karst., C.
iners Wight, C. karrouwa Lukman., C. leptopus
2: 36 (1823)
A.C. Sm., C. maheanum Lukman., C.
mathewianum Remya Kr., E.S.S. Kumar,
Radhamany, Valsalad. & R. Jagad., C. riedelii
Lukman., C. zeylanicum Blume, C. zeylanicum
var. antillanum Lukman., C. zeylanicum var.
barthii Lukman., C. zeylanicum var. bengalense Lukman., C. zeylanicum var. biafranum
Lukman., C. zeylanicum var. bonplandii Lukman., C. zeylanicum var. boutonii Lukman.,
Botany, Collection, and Cultivation 49
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C. zeylanicum var. capense Lukman., C. zeylanicum var. cayennense Lukman., C. zeylanicum var. commersonii Lukman., C. zeylanicum
var. cordifolium Blume ex Lukman., C. zeylan-
icum var. decandollei Lukman., C. zeylanicum
var. delessertii Lukman., C. zeylanicum var.
ellipticum Lukman., C. zeylanicum var. erectum Lukman., C. zeylanicum var. humboldtii
Lukman., C. zeylanicum var. leschenaultii
Lukman., C. zeylanicum var. madrassicum
Lukman., C. zeylanicum var. mauritianum
Lukman., C. zeylanicum var. meissneri Lukman., C. zeylanicum var. ovatum Lukman., C.
zeylanicum var. pallasii Lukman., C. zeylanicum var. pleei Lukman., C. zeylanicum var.
pourretii Lukman., C. zeylanicum var. regelii
Lukman., C. zeylanicum var. roxburghii Lukman., C. zeylanicum var. sieberi Lukman., C.
zeylanicum var. sonneratii Lukman., C. zeylanicum var. vaillantii Lukman., C. zeylanicum
var. variabile Lukman., C. zeylanicum var.
wolkensteinii Lukman., C. zeylanicum var.
zollingeri Lukman., Laurus cassia Burm.f.,
L. cinnamifera Stokes, L. cinnamomea Salisb.,
L. cinnamomum L., L. culitlaban Buch.-Ham.
ex Nees, L. montana Link ex Meisn., L. rigida
Wall., Persea cinnamomum Spreng.
Family: Lauraceae.
Arabic name: Qirfah.
Persian name: Dārchin.
English name: Cinnamon (Fig. 2.18).
Distribution
Africa: Comoros, Mauritius, Seychelles, Tanzania. Asia: Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia,
China, India, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri
Lanka, Taiwan, Vietnam. Americas: Argentina, Brazil, USA.
Morphology
Evergreen small trees, up to 10 m. Bark
black-brown, inner bark with cinnamic aldehyde flavor. Young branchlets gray, somewhat tetragonous, white-maculate. Buds
sericeous-puberulent. Leaves usually opposite; petiole c.2 cm, glabrous; leaf blade
greenish-white abaxially, green and shiny
Fig. 2.18. Cinnamomum verum J. Presl. (https://
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cinnamomum_
verum_002.JPG#/media/File:Cinnamomum_
verum_002.JPG.)
adaxially, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 11–16 cm
× 4.5–5.5 cm, leathery or subleathery, glabrous on both surfaces, triplinerved, midrib
and lateral veins elevated on both surfaces,
transverse veins and veinlets reticulate, conspicuously foveolate abaxially, base acute,
margin entire, apex acuminate. Panicle axillary or terminal, 10–12 cm; peduncle and rachis sericeous-puberulent. Flowers yellow,
c.6 mm. Perianth tube obconical; perianth
lobes 6, oblong, subequal, gray puberulent
outside. Fertile stamens 9; filaments hairy
near base, those of 3rd whorl each with 2
glands, others glandless; anthers 4-celled;
cells of 1st and 2nd whorls introrse but those
of 3rd whorl extrorse. Ovary ovoid, 10–15 mm,
glabrous; style short; stigma discoid. Fruit
ovoid, 10–15 mm, black when mature; perianth cup in fruit cupuliform, dilated, dentate,
teeth truncate or acute at apex (eFloras, 2008).
Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad., Linnaea
12: 414 (1838)
Synonyms: Citrullus colocynthis subsp. insipi-
dus (Pangalo) Fursa, C. colocynthis subsp.
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stenotomus (Pangalo) Fursa, C. colocynthoides
Pangalo, C. pseudocolocynthis M. Roem.,
Colocynthis officinalis Schrad., C. vulgaris
Schrad., Cucumis bipinnatifidus Wight ex
Naudin, C. colocynthis L., C. colocynthoides Pi.
Savi, Cucurbita colocyntha Link.
Family: Cucurbitaceae.
Arabic name: H anzal .
Persian name: Hanzal , Hendewaneh abujahl,
Kabast.
English name: Bitter apple (Fig. 2.19).
Distribution
Africa: Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad,
Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya,
Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Sahara, Senegal, Somalia, Sudan, Tunisia. Asia:
Afghanistan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, India,
Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Myanmar,
Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sri
Lanka, Syria, Transcaucasus, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Yemen. Europe: Bulgaria, Cyprus, France, Greece, Hungary,
Italy, Romania, Russia, Spain. Americas:
Argentina, Paraguay, USA.
Morphology
Trailing perennial herb; rootstock stout,
somewhat woody; stems c.2 mm in diameter,
hispid. Leaves elongate-ovate, scabrid-hairy
beneath, 2.5–12 cm × 1.5–8 cm, 1- to 2pinnatisect with 3–5 sinuate-lobed segments, lobes ± pinnately lobulate. Petals
greenish-yellow, 6–10 mm × 4–6 mm. Calyx
lobes subulate; corolla lobes c.5 mm, ovate,
acute. Ovary sparsely hispid. Fruit globose-subglobose, 5–12 cm diameter, smooth,
green or yellow, often striped or mottled;
Fig. 2.19. Citrullus colocynthis (L.). (By H. Zell, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/3/3b/Citrullus_colocynthis_004.JPG.)
Botany, Collection, and Cultivation 51
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pulp exceedingly bitter. Seeds 6.5–10 mm ×
3.5–5 mm × 2–2.5 mm (Bobrov etal., 1934–
1964; Rechinger, 1963–2001; Davis, 1965–
1988).
Commiphora gileadensis (L.) C. Chr.,
Dansk Bot. Ark. 4(3): 18 (1922)
Synonyms: Balsamea gileadensis (L.) Oken,
B. meccanensis Gled., B. opobalsamum (L.) Baill.,
Balsamodendrum ehrenbergianum O. Berg,
B. gileadense (L.) Kunth ex DC., B. opobalsamum (L.) Kunth ex DC., Balsamus libanotus
Stackh., B. meccanensis Stackh., B. theophrasti Stackh., Commiphora albiflora Engl., C. an-
cistrophora Chiov., C. anfractuosa Chiov., C.
cassan Chiov., C. gillettii Chiov., C. microcarpa
Chiov., C. opobalsamum (L.) Engl., C. suckerti-
ana Chiov., C. velutina Chiov., Amyris gilead-
ensis L., A. opobalsamum L.
Family: Burseraceae.
Arabic name: Balsān.
Persian name: Balsāne makki.
than the terminal one. Flowers in 1- to
several-flowered glabrous to pubescent
cymes or clusters; peduncle c.0.5–5 mm
long; pedicels 0.5–2.5(–6) mm long. Calyx
1–1.5 mm long, glabrous or pubescent.
Petals c.2–5 mm long, white or cream, glabrous or pubescent outside. Fruits ellipsoid to
ovoid, obtuse, and apiculate at the apex,
5–10 mm × 3–7 mm, glabrous or sparsely
puberulous, purplish, marked with 4 pale
lines, subsessile or usually on a distinct
stalk; pericarp 4-valved; pseudaril with cuplike basal part and thinner upper part; stone
ellipsoid to ovoid, flattened, 4–7.5 mm ×
3–5 mm, with sterile cell much smaller than
the fertile cell (Thulin, 1999).
Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari, Bull.
Bot. Surv. India 6: 327 (1965)
Synonyms: Balsamodendrum wightii Arn.,
Balsamea mukul (Hook. ex Stocks) Baill.,
Balsamodendrum mukul Hook. ex Stocks,
B. roxburghii Stocks, Commiphora mukul
(Hook. ex Stocks) Engl., C. roxburghii Engl.,
C. roxburghii var. serratifolia Haines.
English name: Arabian balsam.
Distribution
Africa: Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya,
Somalia, Sudan. Asia: Oman, Saudi Arabia,
Yemen.
Morphology
Shrub or tree, up to 5 m tall, unarmed, sometimes with long slender drooping branches;
bark yellowish to dull orange or gray or
black, smooth, sometimes peeling in small
papery flakes; branchlets longitudinally
ridged, glabrous to pubescent. Leaves
3–9(–11)-foliolate, glabrous to densely pubescent, sometimes with hooked hairs; petiole 2–35 mm long, sometimes narrowly
winged; rhachis sometimes narrowly
winged; leaflets linear to oblanceolate, obovate or suborbicular, 0.3–3.2 cm × 0.1–2(–
2.5) cm, subacute to retuse at the apex, with
entire margins, the lateral leaflets smaller
Family: Burseraceae.
Arabic name: Moql el yahud.
Persian name: Moqle azraq.
English name: Guggul, Mukul myrrh.
Distribution
Asia: India, Pakistan.
Morphology
Shrubby, with glandular hairs pubescent on
the sides; branches scattered along the apex,
prickly; leaves sessile simple or trifoliolate,
terminal leaflet rhomboid-ovate, anteriorly
serrate-toothed, lateral (when present)
twice less serrate-incised; intermediate
leaflet up to 2 cm long, 8 mm broad, lateral
6–8 mm long, 3–4 mm broad, with a few
prominular lateral nerves equal to the flowers
and leaves; pedicels 2–3, fascicles very short;
52 Farsad Nadjafi and Mohammad Reza Kanani
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calyx campanulate, glandular-hairy, with
triangular tubes with long teeth; petals largely
linear, calyx 2.5× longer; stamens equaling
half of the petals; ovary oblong-ovoid in
tapering style; drupes ovoid, with acute epicarp 4-valve, 6 mm long, 5 mm gross (Nasir
and Ali, 1970–1995).
Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl., A.L.P.P.
de Candolle & A.C.P. de Candolle, Monogr.
Phan. 4: 10 (1883)
Synonyms: Balsamea myrrha Baill., B. myrrha
(T. Nees) Oken, B. playfairii Engl., Balsamo-
dendrum myrrha T. Nees, B. simplicifolium
Baker, Commiphora coriacea Engl., C. cuspidata
Chiov., C. molmol (Engl.) Engl. ex Tschirch,
C. rivae Engl., C. simplicifolia Schweinf. ex Baker.
Family: Burseraceae.
Arabic name: Mor.
Persian name: More makki.
English name: Myrrh, Common myrrh, African myrrh.
Distribution
Africa: Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya,
Somalia. Asia: Oman, Saudi Arabia, Yemen.
Morphology
Spiny almost glabrous shrub or small tree,
usually with a distinct though short trunk,
up to 4 m tall; outer bark silvery, whitish, or
bluish-gray, peeling in large or small papery
flakes from the greener under-bark; exudate
hardly scented, viscid, producing a hard
translucent yellowish gum-resin; all branchlets spine-tipped. Leaves chartaceous, grayish-green or glaucous, very variable; petiole
1–10 mm long; a few lateral leaflets, sometimes very minute, may nearly always be
found on both long- and short-shoot leaves,
but most leaves may be without them or
they may be up to half the size of the terminal leaflet, which maybe elliptic, spathulate, or lanceolate, attenuate, cuneate,
rounded, or truncate at the base, rounded or
acute apically, 6–44 mm long, 3–20 mm
wide, with 3–4 rather weak main veins on
each side, ultimate vein network obscure;
margin entire or with up to 6 rather large
broad teeth on each side. Male flowers usually precocious, 2–4 together in dichasial
cymes 3–4 mm long which are often sparsely
glandular; bracteoles pale brown, ovatetriangular, 0.5–0.7 mm long and wide, often
lightly attached at the base and forming a
fragile detachable collar; receptacle beak
er-shaped, ± 2 mm deep and 2.3 mm wide;
calyx tube ± 1 mm, lobes ovate-triangular.
1.5 mm long; petals oblong, tapering,
pointed and recurved at the tip, 4.5 mm
long, 1.5 mm wide; filaments 1.4 and 1.2 mm,
anthers 1.2 and 1.0 mm long. Fruits 1–2
together on jointed stalks 2–4 mm long, flattened, ovoid, markedly beaked, ± 12.5 mm
long (including a 2.5 mm beak) × 6.3 mm
(1.6 × 3.5 mm); pericarp 2-valved; pseudaril
variable, usually with 2 large broadly oval facial lobes and much reduced narrower sutural lobes; occasionally the 4 lobes may be
subequal rather short and rounded; stone
smooth or with low, gentle swellings, ovoid,
cordate at the base, flattened, often with a
groove down the centre of each face, ± 7 mm
× 5 mm; occasionally both locules maybe fertile, a stone of this kind measured 7 mm ×
5.7 mm; apical pits minute; germination
shield large but often faintly demarcated
(Engler and Prantl, 1924–1980).
Cordia myxa L., Sp. Pl.: 199 (1753)
Synonyms: Bourreria glabra (Roth) G. Don,
Cordia latifolia Wall. ex G. Don, C. officinalis
Lam., C. paniculata Roth, C. petta-pelioporet
B. Heyne ex Roth, C. scabrifolia Benth. ex
Griseb., Ehretia glabra Roth, Gerascanthus
myxus (L.) Borhidi, Lithocardium myxa
Kuntze, Quarena indica Raf., Sebestena myxa
(L.) J. Presl, S. officinalis Gaertn.
Family: Boraginaceae.
Arabic name: Mokhayt, Sebestan.
Persian name: Sepestan.
Botany, Collection, and Cultivation 53
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English name: Assyrian plum, Spistan
(Fig. 2.20).
Distribution
Africa: Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the
Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea,
Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Mozambique,
Rodrigues, Senegal, Seychelles, Tanzania,
Uganda, Zimbabwe. Asia: Bahrain, Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait,
Laos, Lebanon, Myanmar, Oman, Pakistan,
Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Vietnam. Amer-
icas: Trinidad and Tobago, USA. Oceania and
Australasia. Australia, Fiji.
Morphology
Glabrous or sparsely pubescent tree, to 13
m. Leaves orbicular to ovate or obovate, obtuse to mucronate, entire, lamina (2.5)4–10
cm × (2.8)3–5.8 cm, petiole (1.2)2–4.5 cm.
Inflorescence thyrsoid-corymbose. c.25–
60(–100)-flowered. Calyx ± cylindrical and
4.5–5 mm in flower, very shallowly lobed,
accrescent to 9–13 mm and becoming
trumpet-shaped and woody in fruit. Corolla
white, tube ± equaling calyx, lobes 2.5–3.5 mm,
obtuse, recurved. Stamens distinctly exserted, anthers versatile. Drupe pinkish,
12–16 mm × 8–11 mm (in sicca), broadly
elliptic, mucronate (Rechinger, 1963–2001;
Davis, 1965–1988; Castroviejo etal., 1980).
Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav., Elench. Pl.
Horti Matr.: 37 (1803)
Synonyms: Coridothymus capitatus (L.)
Rchb.f., Origanum capitatum (L.) Kuntze,
Satureja capitata L., Thymus capitatus (L.)
Hoffmanns. & Link, Th. creticus Brot.
Family: Lamiaceae (Labiatae).
Arabic name: H āshā.
English name: Mediterranean thyme, Headed
savory, Conhead thyme (Fig. 2.21).
Distribution
Africa: Albania, Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia. Asia: Lebanon, Syria, Turkey.
Europe: Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain.
Fig. 2.20. Cordia myxa L. (By Marco Schmidt, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/a/a7/Cordia_myxa_MS_1790.jpg.)
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Morphology
Very aromatic dwarf shrub, 20–50 cm high,
and Prantl, 1897–1915; Davis, 1965–1988;
Castroviejo etal., 1980).
with ascending branches up to erect, woody,
clear, the young are tomentose white, which
usually only have axillary leaf buds. Floral
Corylus avellana L., Sp. Pl.: 998 (1753)
leaves imbricate, stem leaves long and falling with dryness, sessile, almost triangular,
linear, pointed, 6–12 mm long and 1–1.2(–
Synonyms: Corylus avellana subsp. sylvestris
Ehrh., C. sylvestris Salisb.
1.8) mm wide, being more or less on the
margin flat, more or less glabrous, ciliated
Family: Betulaceae.
at the base, grayish green on both sides,
dotted with glands. Inflorescences in dense
Arabic name: Bondoq, Jilwaz.
oval-rounded whorls, narrow, spike-like.
Calyx dorsally flattened, 5 mm long, upper
Persian name: Fandogh.
lip tridentate, shorter than the lower
2-toothed, all teeth being ciliated; calyx
tube with 20–22 nerves, unlike other Thy-
English name: Cobnut, Corkscrew hazel
(Fig. 2.22).
mus species and flattened by the back;
corolla 2-lipped, the tube straight; upper
lip porrect, emarginate; lower lip 3-lobed.
Stamens included, anther cells parallel, the
upper lip is bifid, with 4 stamens (Engler
Asia: Caucasus, Transcaucasus, Turkey. Europe: Albania, Austria, Baltic States, Belarus,
Distribution
curid=144925.)
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Botany, Collection, and Cultivation 55
Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece,
Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine.
Morphology
Large spreading shrub to 6 m, with brownish-gray, smooth bark. Young shoots yellowish-gray, hairy or glandular-pubescent.
Leaves ovate to broadly ovate and suborbicular, acuminate at apex and cordate at base,
biserrate and slightly lobulate, often shallowly lobed, cordate at base, 5–12 cm × 3–10 cm,
with 6–9 pairs of veins, dark green and
slightly pubescent above, pale green and pubescent beneath. Petioles 0.5–2.5 cm, glandular-hispid. Stipules oblong-ovate, obtuse,
hairy. Staminate catkins to 8 cm, with
broadly ovate bracts, pendent. Infructescence of 1–4 nuts; involucre mostly shorter
or rarely slightly longer than nut, divided to
half-way or a little more, usually irregularly
dentate or deeply dissected on one side or
both, stipitate-glandular below. Nut subglobose or ovoid with abruptly pointed tip, 1–2
cm × 1–1.6 cm, in clusters of 2–8 or sometimes singly, brown with a hard woody shell
(Bobrov etal., 1934–1964; Tutin etal., 1964;
Davis, 1965–1988; Sell and Murrell, 2006).
Costus spicatus (Jacq.) Sw., Prodr. Veg.
Ind. Occ.: 11 (1788)
Synonyms: Costus conicus Stokes, C. cylindri-
cus Jacq., C. micranthus Gagnep., C. quartus
Roem. & Schult., Alpinia spicata Jacq., Amomum petiolatum Lam.
Family: Costaceae.
Arabic name: Qustholw.
Persian name: Quste shirin.
English name: Crepe ginger (Fig. 2.23).
Distribution
Americas: Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti,
Leeward Islands, Mexico Gulf, Mexico,
Puerto Rico, Windward Islands.
Morphology
Perennial, herbaceous plant, often in close
interactions with ants, produces a sugary
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