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Medicinal Plants Used in Traditional Persian Medicine
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history of Persian Medicine
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Medicinal Plants Used in Traditional
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Persian Medicine
Edited by
Hartwig Schulz
Consulting and Project Management for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants,
Stahnsdorf, Germany
Seyed Ahmad Emami
1
Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy,
1,2
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
2
Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Pharmacy,
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Farsad Nadjafi
1
Shahid Beheshti University, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute,
1,2
Tehran, Iran
2
MateriaMed GmbH, Vienna, Austria
CABI is a trading name of CAB International
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK.
ISBN-13: 9781800621657 (hardback)
9781800621664 (ePDF)
9781800621671 (ePub)
DOI: 10.1079/9781800621671.0000
Commissioning Editor: Rebecca Stubbs
Editorial Assistant: Emma McCann
Production Editor: James Bishop
Typeset by Straive, Pondicherry, India
Printed and bound in the UK by Severn, Gloucester
Contents
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Contributors vii
About the Editors ix
Preface xi
1 The History of Persian Medicine At a Glance, Emphasizing
the Life and Works of Avicenna 1
Seyed Ahmad Emami
2 Botany, Collection, and Cultivation of Some Medicinal Plants
Used in Traditional Medicine of Iran 27
Farsad Nadjafi and Mohammad Reza Kanani
3 Relationships Between Traditional Persian/Iranian Medicine
and Other Traditional Medical Systems 136
Hartwig Schulz
4 Nervous System Disorders Including Different Forms of Stresses
and Alzheimer’s Disease
Zahra Ayati, Maryam Nikoosokhan, and Seyed Ahmad Emami
5 An Evidence-Based Review of Medicinal Plants Cited
in Canon of Medicine for Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Saeideh Momtaz, Roodabeh Bahramsoltani, Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari,
and Roja Rahimi
6 Herbal Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease in View of Avicenna
Zahra Taghipour and Mamak Hashemi Habib Abadi
7 An Evidence-Based Review of Medicinal Plants Prescribed
by Avicenna for Management of Diabetes
Zahra Boghrati, Seyed Ahmad Emami, and Maryam Akaberi
8 An Evidence-Based Review of Medicinal Plants for Cough
Management Cited by Avicenna
Motahare Nayebzadeh, Fatemeh Etemadpour, and Parmis Badr
167
191
230
281
288
v
9 An Evidence-Based Review of Medicinal Plants for Tuberculosis
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Management Cited by Avicenna 313
Seyedeh Mahnaz Karimi
10 Application of Certain Medicinal Herbs to Cure Various Viral
Diseases and Enhance the Human Immune System 332
Zahra Boghrati, Elaheh Zibaee, Maryam Nikoosokhan, Hamed Baharara,
Sajad Azad, and Seyed Ahmad Emami
11 Treatment of Various Skin Diseases, Including Psoriasis, Skin Cancer,
Ultraviolet Protection, Skin Dryness, and Allergic Reactions 352
Maryam Nikoosokhan
12 Use of Certain Herbal Drugs to Cure Various Gynecological Disorders
379
Seyyed Ahmad Askari, Shakila Hajizadeh, Mojgan Tansaz,
Bahia Namavar Jahromi, and Sayyedeh Fatemeh Askari
13 Medicinal Plants for Anal Fissure in the Canon of Avicenna:
An Evidence-Based Review 403
Ghazaleh Mosleh, Abdolali Mohagheghzadeh, and Meysam Zaeri
14 An Evidence-Based Review of Medicinal Plants for Sexual Dysfunction
Management Cited by Avicenna 419
Elaheh Zibaee, Seyed Majid Ghazanfari, Lida Jarahi, Mina Borhani,
and Seyed Ahmad Emami
15 The Current Situation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants’
Industry, Research, Education, and Standardization in Iran.
How Can Traditional Persian Medicine Products be Successfully
Adapted to the Needs of the European Market? 435
Farsad Nadjafi and Hartwig Schulz
Index 451
Contributors
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Mamak Hashemi Habib Abadi, Department of Persian Medicine, School of Medicine,
Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari, Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of
Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; and GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network
(USERN), Tehran, Iran.
Maryam Akaberi, Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of
Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Seyyed Ahmad Askari, Traditional Medicine and Materia Medica Research Center, Shahid
Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Sayyedeh Fatemeh Askari, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University
of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; and Department of Pharmacognosy and Traditional
Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
Zahra Ayati, Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad Univer-
sity of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; and NICM Health Research Institute, Western
Sydney University, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
Sajad Azad, Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad Univer-
sity of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Parmis Badr, Phytopharmaceutical Technology and Traditional Medicine Incubator, School
of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; and Pharmaceutical
Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
Hamed Baharara, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad
University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Roodabeh Bahramsoltani, Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine,
Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; and PhytoPharmacology Interest
Group, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network, Tehran, Iran.
Zahra Boghrati, Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University
of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Mina Borhani, Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University
of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Seyed Ahmad Emami, Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Pharmacy,
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; and Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
vii
viii Contributors
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Fatemeh Etemadpour, Department of Phytopharmaceuticals (Traditional Pharmacy),
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
Seyed Majid Ghazanfari, Iranian Research Center on Healthy Aging (IRCHA), Sabzevar
University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
Shakila Hajizadeh, Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Traditional Medicine,
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Bahia Namavar Jahromi, Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical
Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; and Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, School of Medicine,
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
Lida Jarahi, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University
of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Mohammad Reza Kanani, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Department of
Botany, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
Seyedeh Mahnaz Karimi, Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine,
Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Abdolali Mohagheghzadeh, Department of Phytopharmaceuticals (Traditional Pharmacy),
Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; and Pharmaceutical
SciencesResearch Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
Leila Mohtashami, Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University
of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Saeideh Momtaz, Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, Karaj,
Iran; and Toxicology and Diseases Group, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tehran,
University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; and Gastrointestinal Pharmacology Interest
Group, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network, Tehran, Iran.
Ghazaleh Mosleh, Phytopharmaceutical Technology and Traditional Medicine Incubator,
School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
Farsad Nadjafi, Shahid Beheshti University, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute,
Tehran, Iran; and MateriaMed GmbH, Josefstädterstrasse 43–45, Vienna, Austria.
Motahare Nayebzadeh, Department of Phytopharmaceuticals (Traditional Pharmacy),
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
Maryam Nikoosokhan, Science and Technology Park of the University of Tehran, College
of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
Roja Rahimi, Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran
University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; and PhytoPharmacology Interest Group,
Universal Scientific Education and Research Network, Tehran, Iran.
Hartwig Schulz, Consulting and Project Management for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants,
Waltraudstraße 4, Stahnsdorf, Germany.
Zahra Taghipour, Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran
University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Mojgan Tansaz, Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Traditional Medicine,
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
Meysam Zaeri, Department of Phytopharmaceuticals (Traditional Pharmacy), Faculty of
Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
Elaheh Zibaee, Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad
University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
About the Editors
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Hartwig Schulz (PhD) studied chemistry in Bonn and
Kiel (Germany). After completing his studies, he carried
out several years of research in the field of human nutrition
(vitamin E, phytosterins, plant lipids) at the University of
Kiel, Germany. Then, as head of an analytical department,
he worked 10 years for one of the largest perfume and
flavor manufacturers worldwide (Symrise). From 1996 to
2019, he was the director and professor of a research
institute under the responsibility of the Federal Ministry
of Agriculture in Germany. Hartwig Schulz is author of
numerous scientific articles and book chapters and as the
president of the German Society for Quality Research
(DGQ), he was also engaged for 8 years in food research
on national and international levels. Since his retirement,
he is working as a consultant, especially in the field of
“medicinal and aromatic plants”, and is also supporting
various development aid projects on a voluntary basis.
Seyed Ahmad Emami (PharmD, PhD) graduated in
Pharmacy from Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
(1993, Mashhad, Iran) and received his PhD (2001) in
Pharmacognosy from Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. He is currently serving as a full professor in the
Department of Pharmacognosy and the Department of
Traditional Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in Iran. With his long years’
experience in the field of pharmacognosy of medicinal
plants occurring in Iran, he has contributed significant
advances on all aspects of medicinal plants used in Traditional Persian Medicine. From 1998 to the present he
has supervised numerous students during their academic
education and performed research projects in different
fields such as isolation and identification of new valuable
ix
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