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Family: Asteraceae (Compositae).
Arabic name: Afsantin.
Persian name: Afsantin.
English name: Absinthe (Fig. 2.9).
Distribution
Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia,
Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Western Sahara. Asia:
Afghanistan, Borneo, Cambodia, Caucasus,
China, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Japan,
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Mongolia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Philippines, Siberia,
Syria, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Thailand, Transcaucasia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Vietnam. Europe: Albania, Austria,
Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain,
Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine.
Americas: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada,
Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic,
Fig. 2.9. Artemisia absinthium L. (By Valerie 75, CC BY-SA 3.0-migrated, https://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Artemisia_absinthium_001.jpg.)
Botany, Collection, and Cultivation 37
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Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, USA, Urugu ay. Oceania and Australasia: Australia, New
Zealand.
Morphology
Aromatic perennial herb, suffrutescent,
more or less gray sericeous or puberulent,
40–150 cm tall. Stems 1–3 cm. Leaves
2–3-pinnatisect or 5-lobed, lobes ± oblong,
subacute, petiolate, upper leaves 4–6 cm ×
2–4 cm; leaf blade ovate-elliptic or ovate,
8–12 cm × 7–9 cm, 2- or 3-pinnatisect;
lobes lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, usually obtuse. Inflorescence narrow or broad
panicle; bracts similar to leaves but smaller.
Flowering stems erect, sericeous at least
above, up to 1 m; outer flowers filiform, female, inner hermaphrodite, fertile, corolla
yellowish, glabrous, marginal female florets
15–25; corolla yellow, glabrous, obliquely
2-toothed; disk florets 30–70(–90), bisexual; capitula hemispherical, depressed-globose, many-flowered, 3–5(–6) mm broad,
shortly paniculate inflorescence, nodding;
involucre globose or subglobose, 2–3(–4)
mm in diameter; outer bracts oblong, herbaceous; inner ovate, herbaceous, with a
wide scarious margin. Receptacle hemispheric, conspicuously pilose or hairy.
Achenes oblong, 0.8–1 mm, with apical corona or without (Bobrov etal., 1934–1964;
Rechinger, 1963–2001; Tutin etal., 1964;
Davis, 1965–1988; Assadi etal., 1989; Sell
and Murrell, 2006).
Common name: For various species in the
genus include Mugwort, Wormwood, Sagebrush, Sage, Suttle wood, Artemisia (Fig. 2.10).
Distribution
Asia: China, Japan, Korea. Europe: Russia.
Morphology
Perennial herb, 1.5–2 m tall, with creeping
rhizomes, glabrescent, pubescent. Basal
leaves faded before pollination. Middle
leaves with petiole 2.5–3 cm; leaf blade
ovate, 10–20 cm × 5–12 cm, glabrescent,
abaxially gray tomentose, adaxially thinly
arachnoid; pinnatipartite, segments 2 or 3
pairs, oblong or oblong-lanceolate; distal
lobes larger, base attenuate, entire or occasionally few serrate. Uppermost leaves’
bracts lanceolate, entire or 3-cleft. A large
synflorescence, often rather narrow, panicle;
ultimate branches short, without bracts. Involucre oblong, 2.5–3 mm; outer phyllaries
Artemisia montana (Nakai) Pamp., Nuovo
Giorn. Bot. Ital., Ser. 2, 36: 461 (1930)
Synonyms: Artemisia gigantea Kitam., A. gi-
gantea f. montana (Nakai) H. Hara, A. vul-
garis var. montana Nakai, A. vulgaris subsp.
latiloba Nakai, A. montana var. montana.
Family: Asteraceae (Compositae).
Arabic name: A species of Berenjāsf.
Persian name: A species of Dermaneh.
Fig. 2.10. Artemisia montana (Nakai) Pamp. (By
Qwert1234, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Artemisia_
montana_1.JPG?uselang=de.)
38 Farsad Nadjafi and Mohammad Reza Kanani
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arachnoid tomentose. Corolla apex lacerate,
marginal female florets 4–6; disk florets
8–14, bisexual. Achene obovoid, 1.5–2 mm
(Bobrov etal., 1934–1964).
Astragalus brachycalyx Fisch., Exsicc.
(Pl. Alepp. Kurd. Moss.) 1843:
no. 363 (1843)
Synonyms: Astracantha brachycalyx (Fisch.)
Podlech, Tragacantha brachycalyx (Fisch.)
Kuntze.
Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae).
Arabic name: A kind of Anzarut.
Persian name: Gavan gazi.
Common name: A kind of Milkvetch.
Distribution
Asia: Iran, Iraq, Turkey.
Morphology
Lax shrub, sometimes umbraciform. Leaf
rachis spiny, 25–45 mm, recurved. Leaflets
elliptic, muticous, 4–6-paired, 3–10 mm;
stipules lanceolate, c.6 mm, velutinous
below, united for two-thirds their length.
Flowers sessile, 2–3 per leaf axil. Inflorescence globose, 10–20-flowered. Bracts
broadly ovate, white-hairy on the dorsal
surface, 2–4 mm. Calyx c.4 mm, tomentose;
tube c.3 mm; teeth narrowly triangular.
Corolla white; 7–9 mm, platonychioid
(Rechinger, 1963–2001; Davis, 1965–1988;
Assadi etal., 1989).
Astragalus fasciculifolius Boissier, Diagn.
Pl. Orient. 2: 73 (1843)
Synonyms: Astragalus afghanopersicus
Kitam., A. arbusculinus Bornm. & Gauba,
A. cornutus Bunge, A. fasciculifolius subsp.
arbusculinus (Bornm. & Gauba) Tietz, Tragacantha fasciculifolia (Boissier) Kuntze, T. tebesiensis Kuntze.
Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae).
Arabic name: Anzarut.
Persian name: Anzarut, gonjar.
English name: Sarcocolla.
Distribution
Asia: Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman,
Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates.
Morphology
Fruticose plant, shrub 30–120 cm wide,
puffed up with elongated branches, most
appositely gray-tonentous, armed with numerous long white thorns. Rameal leaves
remotely 2–3-paired, axillary to bunch of
5–7-leaflets reduced, leaflets sub lens sparingly and appressedly puberulous or glabrate, fleshy glaucous, obovate or linear-cuneate, obtuse or notched, mucronate.
Flowers of solitary bundles short; pedicellate, bracteolis very small, squamiform;
calyx flowery tubular, appressed and sparingly hirsute, with teeth four times shorter
than the lanceolate-subulate tube, ovateoblong or globose, glistening in fruit, of an
oblong standard, calyces of fruit smaller
than those of the preceding ones; petals
1.5–3 lines long (Rechinger, 1963–2001;
Assadi etal., 1989).
Astragalus spp. (15 species)
1. Astragalus gummifer Labill., J. Phys.
(Halle) 1: 46 (1790)
Synonyms: Astracantha adanica (Ivan.)
Greuter, A. gummifera (Labill.) Podlech, A.
rayatensis (Eig) Podlech, A. tournefortii
(Boissier) Podlech, Astragalus adanicus
Ivan., A. adpressus Ehrenb. ex Walp., A. eri-
anthus Willd., A. gummifer subsp. tournefortii (Boissier) Ponert, A. noemiae Eig, A.
rayatensis Eig, A. tournefortii Boissier,
Tragacantha eriantha (Willd.) Kuntze, T.
gummifera (Labill.) Kuntze, T. tournefortii
(Boissier) Kuntze.
Botany, Collection, and Cultivation 39
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2. Astragalus gossypinus Fischer,
Exsicc. (Pl. Alepp. Kurd. Moss.) 1843:
no. 398 (1843)
Synonyms: Astracantha gossypina (Fisch.)
Podlech, A. xanthogossypina (Hand.-Mazz.)
Podlech, Astragalus filagineus Boissier, A.
gossypinoides Hand.-Mazz. & Bornm., A.
xanthogossypinus Hand.-Mazz., Tragacantha
filaginea (Boissier) Kuntze, T. gossypina
(Fisch.) Kuntze.
3. Astragalus microcephalus Willd., Sp.
Pl., ed. 4, 3: 1332 (1802)
Synonyms: Astracantha microcephala (Willd.)
Podlech.
4. Astragalus verus Olivier, Voy. Emp.
Othoman 3: t. 44 (1807)
Synonyms: Astracantha atropatana (Bunge)
Podlech, A. chorassanica (Bunge) Podlech,
A. consentanea (Boriss.) Czerep., A. densissima (Boriss.) Czerep., A. fallax (Fisch.)
Podlech, A. heratensis (Bunge) Podlech, A.
kuramensis (Boriss.) Podlech, A. lasiocaulos
(Bunge) Podlech, A. longiramosa (Boriss.)
Czerep., A. meana (Boriss.) Podlech, A. mer-
aca (Boriss.) Podlech, A. meschhedensis
(Bunge) Podlech, A. multifoliolata (Boriss.)
Podlech, A. ochrobia (Bunge) Podlech, A.
pachyacantha (Bunge) Podlech, A. parrowia-
na (Boissier & Hausskn.) Podlech, A. pileto-
clada (Freyn & Sint.) Czerep., A. pulvinata
(Bunge) Podlech, A. semipellita (Bunge)
Podlech, A. serpentinica (Sirjev & Rech.f.)
Podlech, A. strobilifera (Royle ex Benth.)
Podlech, A. unguiculata (Boriss.) Czerep.,
Astragalus atropatanus Bunge, A. brachycentros Fisch., A. chorassanicus Bunge, A. consentaneus (Boriss.) Boriss., A. fallax Fisch.,
A. heratensis Bunge, A. horridissimus Sirjev
& Bornm., A. keyserlingii Bunge, A. kuramensis (Boriss.) Czerep., A. lasiocaulos
Bunge, A. longemucronulatus Sirjev &
Rech.f., A. meanus (Boriss.) Boriss., A. mer-
acus (Boriss.) Boriss., A. meschhedensis
Bunge, A. multifoliolatus (Boriss.) Sirjev,
A. ochrobius Bunge, A. pachyacanthus
Bunge, A. parrowianus Boissier & Hausskn., A. piletocladus Freyn & Sint., A. pulvi-
natus Bunge, A. royleanus D. Dietr., A. semi-
pellitus Bunge, A. serpentinicus Sirjev &
Rech.f., A. unguiculatus (Boriss.) Boriss., A.
wrangelii Sirjev, Tragacantha atropatana
(Bunge) Kuntze, T. brachycentra (Fisch.)
Kuntze, T. chorassanica (Bunge) Kuntze, T.
consentanea Boriss., T. densissima Boriss.,
T. heratensis (Bunge) Kuntze, T. keyserlingii
(Bunge) Kuntze, T. kuramensis Boriss., T.
lasiocaulos (Bunge) Kuntze, T. longiramosa
Boriss., T. meana Boriss., T. meraca Boriss.,
T. multifoliolata Boriss., T. ochrobia (Bunge)
Kuntze, T. pachyacantha (Bunge) Kuntze,
T. piletoclada (Freyn & Sint.) Boriss., T. pulvinata (Bunge) Kuntze, T. semipellitus
(Bunge) Kuntze, T. strobilifera (Royle ex
Benth.) Kuntze, T. unguiculata Boriss., T.
vera (Olivier) Kuntze.
5. Astragalus myriacanthus Boissier,
Diagn. Pl. Orient. 9: 91 (1849)
Synonyms: Astracantha echidniformis (Sirjev)
Podlech, A. eschkerensis (Boissier & Hauss-
kn.) Podlech, A. lateritians (Freyn & Bornm.)
Podlech, A. multispina (Freyn & Bornm.)
Podlech, A. myriacantha (Boissier) Podlech,
Astragalus echidniformis Sirjev, A. eschkerensis
Boissier & Hausskn., A. janthinus Boissier &
Hausskn., A. lateritians Freyn & Bornm., A.
multispina Freyn & Bornm., A. stapfii Sirjev,
Tragacantha eschkerensis (Boissier & Hauss-
kn.) Kuntze, T. janthina (Boissier & Hausskn.) Kuntze, T. myriacantha (Boissier)
Kuntze.
6. Astragalus longistylus Bunge, Mém.
Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint Pétersbourg, Sér. 7,
11(16): 81 (1868)
Synonyms: Astracantha sofica (Bunge)
Podlech, Astragalus soficus Bunge, Tragacan-
tha longistyla (Bunge) Kuntze, T. sofica
(Bunge) Kuntze.
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7. Astragalus hypsogeton Bunge, Mém.
Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint Pétersbourg, Sér. 7,
11(16): 82 (1868)
Synonyms: Astracantha hypsogeton (Bunge)
Podlech, Tragacantha hypsogeton (Bunge)
Kuntze.
8. Astragalus echidna Bunge, Mém.
Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint Pétersbourg, Sér. 7,
11(16): 82 (1868)
Synonyms: Astracantha echidna (Bunge)
Podlech, A. kuhistana (Bunge) Podlech, As-
tragalus kuhistanus Bunge, Tragacantha echidna (Bunge) Kuntze, T. kuhistana (Bunge)
Kuntze.
9. Astragalus andalanicus Boissier &
Hausskn., P.E. Boissier, Fl. Orient.
2: 345 (1872)
Synonyms: Astragalus globiflorus var. anda-
lanicus (Boissier & Hausskn.) C.C. Towns., A.
karadaghicus Eig, Tragacantha andalanica
(Boissier & Hausskn.) Kuntze.
12. Astragalus pycnocephalus Fischer,
Exsicc. (Pl. Alepp. Kurd. Moss.) 1843:
no. 373b (1843)
Synonyms: Astracantha alexandri Sirjev)
Podlech, A. ferox (Borissier) Czerep., A. pyc-
nocephala (Fisch.) Podlech, A. zahlbruckneri
(Hand.-Mazz.) Podlech, Astragalus alexandri
Sirjev, A. eriacmus Boissier, A. ferox (Borissier) Borissier, A. guestii Eig, A. karsicola Sirjev
& Bornm., A. pycnocephalus subsp. munzurica
Ponert, A. pycnocephalus subsp. seytunensis
(Bunge) Ponert, A. quercetorum Eig, A.
seytunensis Bunge, A. zahlbruckneri Hand.Mazz., Tragacantha alexandri (Sirjev) Soják,
T. eriacma (Boissier) Kuntze, T. ferox Borissier, T. pycnocephala (Fisch.) Kuntze, T. seytun-
ensis (Bunge) Kuntze.
13. Astragalus albispinus Sirjev & Bornm.,
Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 52:
2 (1943)
Synonyms: Astracantha albispina (Sirjev &
Bornm.) Podlech.
14. Astragalus caspicus M. Bieb., Fl.
Taur. -Caucas. 2: 204 (1808)
10. Astragalus compactus Lam., Encycl. 1:
Synonyms: Astracantha compacta (Lam.)
Podlech, A. insidiosa (Borissier) Podlech,
Astragalus insidiosus (Borissier) Borissier, A. knappii Bornm., A. strictifolius
subsp. kutepovii (Sirjev) Ponert, Traga-
cantha compacta (Lam.) Steven, T. insidiosa
Borissier.
11. Astragalus globiflorus Boissier, Diagn.
Pl. Orient. 9: 81 (1849)
Synonyms: Astracantha globiflora (Boissier)
Podlech, Astragalus passargadensis Maassoumi, Tragacantha globiflora (Boissier)
Kuntze.
322 (1783)
Synonyms: Ankylobus caspicus (M. Bieb.) Ste-
ven, Astracantha caspica (M. Bieb.) Podlech,
Tragacantha caspica (M. Bieb.) Steven.
15. Astragalus floccosus Boissier, Diagn.
Pl. Orient. 9: 81 (1849)
Synonyms: Astracantha floccosa (Boissier)
Podlech, Tragacantha floccosa (Boissier)
Kuntze.
Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae).
Arabic name: Kathirā.
Persian name: Katirā.
English name: Milkvetch.
Botany, Collection, and Cultivation 41
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Distribution
Asia: Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Caucasus, Transcaucasus, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Tibet, Turkmenistan, West
Himalaya.
Morphology
Spiny shrub, leaves paripinnate; rachis
spiny; simple-hairy leaflets; stubs united
below, free from the petioles. Flowers sessile, 2–3 per leaf axil, forming a several- to
many-flowered inflorescence, ebracteolate
or bracteoles minute. Calyx white simple-hairy, lobed to the base. Standard platonychioid. Legume included within the
persistent corolla, unilocular, 1(2)-seeded.
(Boissier, 1867–1888; Rechinger, 1963–
2001; Davis, 1965–1988; Assadi et al.,
1989).
Bryonia alba L., Sp. Pl.: 1012 (1753)
Synonyms: B. dioica M. Bieb., B. monoeca
E.H.L. Krause, B. nigra Gilib., B. vulgaris
Gueldenst. ex Ledeb.
Family: Cucurbitaceae.
Arabic name: Fāsherā.
Persian name: Fāsherā.
English name: White bryony, Wild hop
(Fig. 2.11).
Distribution
Asia: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia,
Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. Europe:
Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary,
Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland,
Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine.
Americas: USA.
Morphology
Stems branched, usually minutely glandular,
sometimes also sparsely spiculate or hairy,
rarely glabrous, up to 4 m. Leaves narrowly
to broadly ovate-cordate, 4–5 cm × 10–15 cm,
shallowly to usually deeply 5–7-lobed, the
lobes ovate to elliptic or linear-lanceolate or
triangular, triangular usually rather sharply
Fig. 2.11. Bryonia alba L. (By Aung commonswiki, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/
Bryonia_alba1pl.jpg.)
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and coarsely sinuate-toothed or lobulate,
rarely subentire, acute or acuminate, sharply
dentate, the central much longer than the lateral. Petiole glabrous or sparsely spiculate,
sometimes sparsely minutely glandular, 1.5–
7.5 cm. Male racemes 4.5–24 cm, glabrous or
minutely glandular; calyx of female flowers
usually as long as the corolla; sepals triangular to lanceolate, l.5–3.5(–6.5) mm; petals
3.5–7 mm × 1.5–4 mm. Female inflorescences
usually corymbose, shorter than male; sepals
lanceolate, 1.1–3.5 mm; petals 1.0–4.0 mm ×
0.5–1.2 mm. Stigmas glabrous, small, some
times with a few small papillae. Fruit black,
7–8 mm. Seeds 5–6 mm × 3–3.8 mm × 2–2.2
mm (Bobrov et al., 1934–1964; Tutin et al.,
1964; Davis, 1965–1988).
Bryonia cretica L., Sp. Pl.: 1013 (1753)
Synonyms: Bryonia cretica var. monoica
Nábelek, B. dioica var. angulosa Mabille ex
Gillies, B. dioica var. elongata Ten., B. dioica
var. lutea Ser.
Family: Cucurbitaceae.
sharply sinuate-toothed or (usually 3-)
lobulated, the lobes entire or with few, large,
subobtuse teeth, the central usually not
markedly longer than the lateral. Petiole
glabrous or sparsely spiculate, sometimes
glaucous, often short, 0.5–5 cm. Male racemes 4.5–13.5 cm, glabrous or almost so
except for a few glands on the pedicels; calyx
of female flowers usually about half as long
as the corolla; stigma papillose-hairy; fruit
6–10 mm in diameter, red (Tutin etal., 1964;
Sell and Murrell, 2006).
Clinopodium brevifolium (Wahlenb.)
Bräuchler & Hjertson, Phytotaxa 356:
74 (2018)
Synonyms: Calamintha incana (Sm.) Boissier,
Clinopodium incanum (Sm.) Kuntze, C. insulare (Candargy) Govaerts, Melissa incana
(Sm.) Benth., Micromeria insularis Candargy,
Satureja incana (Sm.) Briq., S. insularis Greu-
ter & Burdet, Thymus brevifolius Wahlenb.,
Th. incanus Sm.
Family: Lamiaceae (Labiatae).
Arabic name: Kermat-ol bayzā.
Persian name: Fāsharā.
Common name: English mandrake, Bryony,
Red bryony, White bryony, Ladies’ seal.
Distribution
Africa: Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia. Asia:
Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. Europe: Albania, Austria, Belgium,
Bulgaria, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France,
Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary,
Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland. Americas: USA.
Morphology
Stems up to 4 m, stems glabrous or coarsely
spiculate, rarely glaucous, branched. Leaves
ovate-cordate or broadly so, 3–10 cm × 3.5–
10 cm, shallowly to deeply 5–7-lobed, lanceolate or ovate, rather obtusely or sometimes
Arabic name: Habāghi.
Persian name: Reyhānak, Feranjemeshk,
Vārangbou, Marzeh.
Common name: Wild basil, Wild savory
(Fig. 2.12).
Distribution
Africa: Libya, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, Turke y. Europe: Cyprus, Greece.
Morphology
Perennial aromatic herb, pubescent to hirsute-pilose. Leaves shortly petiolate, ovate,
crenate-serrate. Verticillasters dense or
spreading, many-flowered, subtended by
floral leaves. Bracteoles linear or subulate, as
long as calyx tube or pedicels. Calyx tube
curved, but not saccate, 13-veined, not accrescent, hairy, bilabiate, lower teeth always
long-ciliate, usually 13-nerved. Corolla
Botany, Collection, and Cultivation 43
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Radio Tonreg, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Clinopodium_vulgare_%288402662385%29.jpg.)
purple or pink (rarely white), tube exserted,
exannulate, upper lip emarginate, lower lip
3-lobed, posterior lip usually notched. Stamens 4, lower pair longer than upper but all
shorter than corolla; thecae divergent. Style
branches very unequal, the lower oblong-lingulate, much larger than the upper lanceolate one. Disk usually symmetrical. Nutlets
obloid, obovoid, subglobose, glabrous, often
somewhat trigonal (Rechinger, 1963–2001;
Davis, 1965–1988; Castroviejo etal., 1980).
Carthamus tinctorius L., Sp. Pl.: 830 (1753)
Synonyms: Calcitrapa tinctoria (L.) Röhl.,
Carduus tinctorius (L.) Falk, Carthamus glaber
Burm.f., C. tinctorius var. spinosus Kitam.,
Centaurea carthamus E.H.L. Krause.
English name: Safflower, Dyer’s saffron,
False saffron (Fig. 2.13).
Distribution
Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia,
Libya, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique,
Nicaragua, Sudan, Tunisia, Zimbabwe. Asia:
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, Cuba, India, Mongolia, Iran, Iraq,
Lebanon, Syria, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea,
Kuwait, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Tajikistan,
Thailand, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Yemen. Eur-
ope: Austria, Baltic States, Belgium, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Great Britain,
Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Romania,
Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine. Americas: Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Paraguay,
USA, Uruguay. Oceania and Australasia:
Australia, New Zealand.
Morphology
Subglabrous annual plant 25–45 cm, cauline
leaves undivided or rarely sinuate to pinnatifid, ovate to lanceolate-ovate, spinose-dentate, or entire. Stems glabrous, shining
white. Cauline leaves glabrous, green, 3–9 cm
× 1–2 cm, ovate to linear, sessile, margins
entire to finely spiny-serrate. Capitula in
loose corymbs, broadly ovoid to conicalovoid. Outer phyllaries ovate, shorter than
to slightly exceeding inner; inner arachnoid,
acuminate. Flowers vermilion to orange-yellow; inner involucral bracts oblong-lanceolate, entire. Corolla yellow, orange, or reddish;
filaments subglabrous. Achenes epappose,
obpyramidal, more or less smooth, shiny,
white. Pappus absent or rarely the inner
achenes with short narrow scales (Bobrov
et al., 1934–1964; Rechinger, 1963–2001;
Tutin etal., 1964; Sell and Murrell, 2006).
Family: Asteraceae (Compositae).
Arabic name: Oʿs fur, Qurtum.
Persian name: Golrang, Kāfsheh, Kājirah.
Senna alexandrina
var. alexandrina
Synonyms: Cassia alexandrina (Garsault) T hell.,
C. acutifolia var. eriocarpa Maire, C. aethiopica
44 Farsad Nadjafi and Mohammad Reza Kanani
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https://t.me/med1917
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Carthamus_tinctorius_050709b.JPG.)
Guibourt, C. angustifolia Vahl, C. decipiens
Desv., C. ehrenbergii Bisch., C. elongata Lem.-
Lis., C. forsskalii Royle, C. italica Lam. ex
Steud., C. lanceolata Collad., C. lanceolata
Forssk., C. lanceolata Wight & Arn., C. leniti-
va Bisch., C. ligustrinoides Schrank, C. medica
Forssk., C. medicinalis Bisch., C. orientalis
Pers., C. ovata Mérat & Lens ex Geiger, C.
senna L., Senna alexandrina Garsault, S. an-
gustifolia (Vahl) Batka, S. officinalis Roxb.
Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae).
Arabic name: Sanna maki.
Persian name: Sannāye maki.
Common name: Alexandrian senna (Fig. 2.14
Distribution
).
Africa: Algeria, Benin, Central African Republic, Chad, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria,
Somalia, Sudan. Asia: Bahrain, India, Iraq,
Kuwait, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Transcaucasus,
United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Yemen.
Americas: Brazil, Colombia, Dominican
Republic, Haiti, Mexico.
Morphology
Perennial herb, up to 90 cm tall. Branches are
hairless to nearly so. Stipules are lateral,
about 1.5 mm long, pointed. Leaves are compound, about 45–120 mm long, 5–9 pairs of
narrow lanceolate to ovate leaflets, about
12–45 mm long, 3.5–10 mm wide. Flowers
are borne in racemes, up to 15 cm long, at
branch ends or in leaf axils. Flowers are
covered with about 7–8 mm long cup-shaped
bracts; pedicel 3–4 cm long; sepals 5, nearly
equal, 10–13 mm long, about 6–8 mm broad,
spoon-shaped or cup-shaped, light yellow in
color; petals are 5, nearly equal, 14–18 mm
long, 7–10 mm wide, obovate, shortly
clawed, deep yellow, veins becoming prominent after drying; stamens are 10, upper 3 reduced to staminodes, rest perfect, 2 lower
largest; ovary is densely hairy, stipitate. Pods
are about 4–5 cm long, about 16–25 mm
broad, sparsely hairy, turning black at maturity, generally 4–10-seeded; stipe 2–3 mm
(Engler and Prantl, 1897–1915).
Centaurium erythraea Rafn, Danm. Holst.
Fl. 2: 75 (1800)
Synonyms: Centaurium minus Moench, Chi-
ronia centaurium (L.) F.W. Schmidt, Erythraea
Botany, Collection, and Cultivation 45
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centaurium (L.) Pers., E. vulgaris Gray, Gentiana centaurium L., Gonipia linearis Raf.
Ecuador, Jamaica, Peru, USA. Oceania and
Australasia: Australia, New Zealand.
Family: Gentianaceae.
Arabic name: Qant uryon saghir.
Morphology
Biennial plant with a distinct basal rosette,
Persian name: Qant uryon saghir.
stem usually solitary, sometimes several,
usually branched in the upper part, 10–
English name: Common centaury (Fig. 2.15).
50(–80) cm, corymbosely branched above.
Rosette-leaves 1–5 cm × 0.8–2 cm, obovate
Distribution
Africa: Algeria, Morocco. Asia: Afghanistan,
Caucasus, Iran, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Lebanon,
Syria, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, Transcaucasus, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan,
Yemen. Europe: Albania, Austria, Baltic
States, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus,
Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain,
Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine. Americas:
Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica,
to elliptical, usually obtuse, 3–7-veined;
basal leaves obovate to elliptical, usually
much smaller and narrower, often acute,
3–7-veined, uppermost linear. Flowers sessile or shortly pedicellate, pink to pinkishpurple, rarely white, in a dense or lax corymbiform cyme. Calyx 3–7 mm, rarely nearly
equaling the corolla tube, 0.5–0.75× corolla
tube. Corolla pink to purple, rarely white;
tube 6–11 mm, lobes 4–9 mm. (Bobrov etal.,
1934–1964; Rechinger, 1963–2001; Tutin
et al., 1964; Davis, 1965–1988; Sell and
Murrell, 2006).
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