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456 Index

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Ferula gummosa (galbanum) 68, 68, 127–128, 128,

293, 300

Ferula persica (Persian giant fennel) 69, 69, 300, 306 fever 315, 316

Ficus carica (g) 344 Firdaws al-Hikmah (e Paradise of Wisdom) (al-Tabari)

12, 13, 150

sad-ol-zekr/sad-ol-fekr/sad-ol-takhayol (memory

disorders) 170–171, 176–177, 178–179,

180–181, 181–182

at warts 341 ax (Linum usitatissimum) 196, 197, 205, 302, 429 ixweed (Descurainia sophia) 348 Florentine iris (Iris orentina) 72, 73

Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) 364 fojl (Raphanus sativus) 241, 251, 361 folfol aswad (Piper nigrum) 174, 175, 179, 361, 430 fovvah (Rubia tinctorum) 362

frankincense (Boswellia spp.) 197, 202, 206–207, 254 freckles 369 French lavender (Lavandula stoechas) 174, 175,

177–178

French tamarisk (Tamarix gallica) 99–101, 100

Fumaria parviora (fumitory) 366 fustaq (Pistacia vera) 83–85, 85, 293, 295, 304–305, 345

galbanum (Ferula gummosa) 68, 68, 127–128, 128,

293, 300

Galen 10, 11, 153–154, 153 gall oak see Quercus infectoria gandnaye koohi (Marrubium vulgare) 76–77, 78 garlic (Allium sativum) 160–161, 343, 347, 348 gas (rih) 421, 423 gastrointestinal system 403–404

anal ssure 404–413 IBD 191–219 smallpox/measles 336–337

gavan gazi (Astragalus brachycalyx) 38 ga vzaban (Anchusa azurea) 236, 249 gaz angabin (Tamarix gallica) 99–101, 100 gazanahe sag (Urtica urens) 106–107, 107

genetic resource protection 446–447 Gentiana lutea (gentian) 364 geography of Iran 1–2, 435 germander (Teucrium polium) 104, 104 al-ghashi (syncope) 231 giant thorny bamboo (Bambusa bambos) 238 ginger (Zingiber ocinale) 174, 175, 180–181, 432

Girtanneria jujuba (Ziziphus jujuba; jujube) 111–112,

112, 296, 348, 365

Glaucium corniculatum (red horned poppy) 360 Glycyrrhiza glabra (liquorice) 69–70, 69

antiviral 344, 347, 348 cough 293, 294–295, 301, 306 TB 321, 322, 324, 325–326

golden dodder (Cuscuta campestris) 56–58, 58, 360

gole mohamadi see Rosa × damascena (damask rose) golnar see Punica granatum (pomegranate) golran g (Carthamus tinctorius) 43, 44, 359, 363 Granatum punicum see Punica granatum (pomegranate)

grapevine (Vitis vinifera) 346 greater celandine (Chelidonium majus) 343, 347 Greek and Roman medicine 3–4, 5–10, 6, 10, 139,

152–154, 153

guggul see Commiphora wightii/C. mukul gum ammoniacum (Ferula ammoniacum) 61–62, 61, 366 gum arabic

babul (Acacia arabica/A. nilotica)

343, 363, 382, 384

senegal gum see Senegalia senegal

gum oleoresin 125–128

see also Ferula assa-foetida; Ferula gummosa

gum tragacanth (Astragalus spp.) 122–125, 366, 405,

409–410

GundeShapur University and Hospital 4, 12 gynecological conditions (vaginitis) 379–395

habaghi (Clinopodium brevifolium) 42–43, 43 habb-ol sanawbar (Pinus gerardiana) 81, 82, 304 habbat al-kazra’ (Pistacia terebinthus) 304, 430

hair care 354 hair loss 170 halileh siah see Terminalia chebula (myrobalan) Haly Abba   s (Ali ibn Aʿbbas Majussi Ahwazi Arjani)

15, 149

h ana (Lawsonia inermis) 73–74, 74, 366, 406, 410–411 h anzal (Citrullus colocynthis) 49–51, 50, 241, 251,

359, 388

harmal (Peganum harmala) 344 ha sha (ymbra capitata) 53–54, 54, 105, 105,

394–395

h awr abyad (Populus alba) 322, 326 hazel (Corylus avellana) 54–55, 55, 388–389 heart see cardiovascular system heavy metals 445 Heda  yat al-Motaʿallemin  at-Tibb (An Educational

Guide for Medicinal Students) (Akhaweyni)

13, 15

hekkah (eczema) 369–370, 372 Helleborus albus (false helleborine) 109, 109 Helleborus niger (Christmas rose) 70–71, 71, 366 Hemerocallis fulva (daylily) 360 henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) 71–72, 72 hendeba see Cichorium intybus (chicory)

henna (Lawsonia inermis) 73–74, 74, 366, 406,

410–411

hepatic disorders 403–404, 422

hepatoprotective plants 210, 321, 326, 365 viral hepatitis 303, 343, 344, 345, 348

herbal oils 192

see also essential oils

herpes (HSV) 337–338, 343, 344, 345, 346

27–28, 28, 284,

Index 457

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Hildegard of Bingen 158–159 h immas (Cicer arietinum) 247, 254, 259, 363, 426 Hippocrates of Kos 3, 5–6, 6, 139, 152, 153 history 1–24, 136–154 HIV 343, 347 holbah (Trigonella foenum-graceum) 105–106, 106,

194–196, 197, 365, 431

h ommad (Rumex spp.) 200, 217, 384, 394 homrah (erysipelas) 356, 357 Hordeum vulgare (barley) 244, 252, 258, 364 horf (Lepidium sativum) 197, 207, 360, 390

horseradish tree (Moringa oleifera) 242–244, 252, 258,

261, 364

hospitals in Persia 5, 149 human immunodeciency virus (HIV) 343, 347 human papillomavirus (HPV) 340–341, 344, 348 humoral theory 3–4, 153, 157, 160–161, 168–169

cough 289 heart diseases 231 sexual dysfunction 420–423 skin diseases 353–354, 370

vaginitis 381 hygiene 353 Hyoscyamus niger (henbane) 71–72, 72 hypoglycemic plants 241, 247, 282–285 Hyssopus ocinalis (hyssop) 293, 295, 296, 300–301,

306–307

IBD (inammatory bowel disease) 191–219 Ibn al-Bayta r 150 Ibn al-S  uri (Rashid al-Din Ibn al Suri) 152 Ibn al-Wad 151 Ibn Batt tu ta 148–149 Ibn Butlan 160 Ibn Juljul (Abu Da wud Sulayman ben Hassan) 146 Ibn Masawayh 145 Ibn Rumiyyah (Abu al-Abbas al-Ashbili) 149 Ibn Samjun 150 Ibn Sina see Avicenna Ibn Sirabiyun 152 Ibn Wahshiyah 150 ihlilaj kabuli see Terminalia chebula (myrobalan) immunization (smallpox) 335 incenses

for catarrh 333

frankincense 197, 202, 206–207, 254 Indian gooseberry see Phyllanthus emblica Indian head ginger (Costus spicatus) 55–56, 56, 359 Indian traditional medicine (Ayurveda) 156–157 infections

bacterial 297, 299, 300, 302, 303, 305

leprosy 358, 368

tuberculosis 313–314, 315–327 leishmaniasis 361 vaginitis 380–395 viral see viral infections

inammatory bowel disease (IBD) 191– inammatory cytokines

in depression 173 in IBD 193–194 wound healing 409

inammatory skin diseases 354–357, 359, 360, 363,

364, 365, 366, 372

inuenza 343, 344, 345 inhalation of drugs 183 insomnia 170 intestinal disorders 191–219, 404 Iran 1–2, 435, 447

medicinal plants 140–141, 435–447

cultivation 112–122, 114, 115, 119,

436–438, 437

industry 440–441 research 438–440, 447 wild collection 122–128, 438

Iris spp. 389

I. orentina (Florentine iris) 72, 73

Islamic Traditonal Medicine (ITM) see Traditional

Persian/Iranian Medicine

itching 369–371, 372

jadwar (Curcuma zedoaria) 237, 249 Japan (Kampo medicine) 157

ja vshir/jawshir (Opopanax hispidus) 80, 304 jaw-e-zboa (Myristica fragrans) 386, 390, 429–430 jawz (Juglans regia) 389–390 jerjir (Eruca sativa) 364, 429

Jorja  ni (Seyyed Ismaʿil Jorjani) 16

judham (leprosy) 358, 368 Juglans regia (walnut) 389–390 jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) 111–112, 112, 296, 348, 365 Juniperus sabina (savin) 72–73, 73

kababah (Piper cubeba) 240–241, 251 kabar (Capparis spinosa) 318, 322, 325, 343 kabash see Plantago ovata (blond psyllium) kadu (Cucurbita pepo) 282–283, 292–293, 299–300, 363 kafur (Cinnamomum camphora) 250, 256 ka  je badami (Pinus pinea) 81–82, 83 kalaf (skin hyperpigmentation) 359, 361, 362, 365,

366, 369, 373

kalpureh (Teucrium polium) 104, 104 kama tus (Ajuga chamaepitys) 30–31, 31

kammoon (Bunium persicum) 199, 203, 211–212 kammum (Carum carvi) 321, 324, 325

Kampo medicine 157 karat (Acacia arabica/A. nilotica) 27–28, 28, 284, 343,

363, 382, 384

kasni see Cichorium intybus (chicory) katan (Linum usitatissimum) 196, 197, 205, 302, 429 kathira /katira (Astragalus spp.) 38, 40–41, 122–125,

366, 405, 409–410

219

458 Index

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kermat-ol bayza (Bryonia cretica) 42 keshmeshe kauli (Delphinium staphisagria) 60–61, 61 khafaqan (palpitation) 232 khakshir (Descurainia sophia) 348 khalaf (Salix spp.) 244–245, 252–253, 258 kharbaq aswad/kharbaqe siah (Helleborus niger) 70–71,

71, 366

khardal (Brassica nigra) 173, 174, 175, 176 kharnub (Ceratonia siliqua) 46, 382–383, 385 khas (Lactuca sativa) 245, 285, 344, 364 khas-ol-hemar (Taraxacum campylodes) 408, 412–413 khashkhash (Papaver somniferum) 90–93, 92, 285,

304, 430

khashkhash-e-bari (Glaucium corniculatum) 360 khatmi bostani (Althaea ocinalis) 32–33, 32, 205–206,

292, 297, 306

kheizaran (Bambusa bambos) 238 khiar (Cucumis sativus) 254, 259, 282 khiare khar (Ecballium elaterium) 64, 64, 360 khiri asfar (Erysimum × cheiri) 66–67, 66, 363, 406, 410 kholanjan (Alpinia ocinarum) 31–32, 426 khoone siawosh (Dracaena cinnabari) 62, 62, 406, 410 khorfah see Portulaca oleracea (purslane) khrbaq abyad/khrbaqe sed (Veratrum album) 109, 109 khrwaʿ (Ricinus communis) 345 khubbazah barriah see Malva sylvestris (common mallow)

kidney 422–423

komathara (Pyrus communis) 239, 250 koma  ye biabani (Ferula persica) 69, 69, 300, 306 kondor (Boswellia spp.) 197, 202, 206–207, 254 korath (Allium ampeloprasum) 212 koshouth (Cuscuta campestris) 56–58, 58, 360 kozborah (Coriandrum sativum) 198, 209–210,

238–239, 250, 438

leprosy 358, 368 lesan-ol-hamal (Plantago major) 203, 215, 367 lettuce (Lactuca sativa) 245, 285, 344, 364 leymun (Citrus limon) 245, 253, 259 libido, loss of 419–432 licorice see Glycyrrhiza glabra lifah (Atropa belladonna) 259 lifestyle interventions

in depression 172 hygiene 353

see also dietary recommendations Lilium candidum (Madonna lily) Linum usitatissimum (ax) 196, 197, 205, 302, 429 Liquidambar orientalis (Oriental sweetgum) 74–75,

75, 302

liquorice see Glycyrrhiza glabra liver disorders 403–404, 422

hepatoprotective plants 210, 321, 326, 365

viral hepatitis 303, 343, 344, 345, 348

lobna (Liquidambar orientalis) 74–75, 75, 302 lobni (Styrax camporum) 362

locust bean (Ceratonia siliqua) 46, 382–383, 385 long aristolochia (Aristolochia fontanesii) 34–35, 35 long pepper (Piper longum) 156, 430 lowz see Prunus amygdalus/P. dulcis (almond) lung disorders

asthma 294, 295, 296, 300, 302, 304, 306, 348

Avicenna on 314–316, 319–320

cancer 299–300

in smallpox/measles 336

tuberculosis 313–327

see also cough Lupinus termis (lupin) 361

251

labdisi hamedani (Ajuga chamaepitys) 30–31, 31 Lactuca sativa (lettuce) 245, 285, 344, 364 Languas ocinarum (Alpinia ocinarum; Chinese

ginger) 31–32, 426

latent tuberculosis infection (LTB) 316

Lavandula stoechas (French lavender) 174, 175, 177–178 Lawsonia inermis (henna) 73–74, 74, 366, 406, 410–411 lawz see Prunus amygdalus/P. dulcis (almond)

laxatives 336, 368–369 lead 445 leishmaniasis 361 lemon (Citrus limon) 245, 253, 259 lemon balm (Melissa ocinalis)

cardiovascular disease 237, 249, 257, 261 dementia 174, 175, 178

Lens culinaris (lentil) 245, 253 Lentiscus atlantica (Pistacia atlantica; Atlas pistachio)

82–83, 84, 364

Lentiscus vera (Pistacia vera; pistachio) 83–85, 85, 293,

295, 304–305, 345

Lepidium sativum (cress) 197, 207, 360, 390

madder (Rubia tinctorum) 362 Madonna lily (Lilium candidum) 251 Magliasa (herbal preparation) 205, 207 majoram (Origanum majorana) 242, 251 makeup 337, 354 Makhzan al-Adwiyah (Drug Treasure) 18, 19 male sexual dysfunction 419–432

Malus spp. (apple) 196, 200, 215–216, 238, 250 Malva sylvestris (common mallow) 75–76, 77, 437

cough 293, 296, 302–303, 307

IBD 198, 207 mamiran (Chelidonium majus) 343, 347 mania 171–172 maraqi (melancholia) 171 Marduk-apla-iddina II 139 maritime squill (Drimia maritima) 63–64, 63, 293,

296, 300, 306

Marrubium vulgare (white horehound) 76–77, 78 marshmallow (Althaea ocinalis) 32–33, 32, 205–206,

292, 297, 306

marzanjosh (Origanum majorana) 242, 251 Ma sawaih al-Mardini 149

Index 459

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mastic/mast  aki see Pistacia lentiscus Matricaria chamomilla (chamomile) 197, 206, 296

Mattioli, Pietro Andrea 8

mawt e fajʿah (myocardial infarction) 232 mayaʿh   khoshk (Styrax ocinalis)yabesah/ mayaʿh

97–98, 99

measles 13, 335–337, 345 Medicago sativa (alfalfa) 198, 211 medical schools in Persia 3, 4, 142 medieval Islamic medicine 10–24, 141–154

see also Avicenna

Mediterranean thyme (ymbra capitata)

105, 105, 394–395

melancholia (depression) 171–173, 176, 177–178 melasma 359, 361, 362, 365, 366, 369, 373 Melissa ocinalis (lemon balm)

cardiovascular disease 237, 249, 257, 261 dementia 174, 175, 178

memory problems 170–171, 176–177, 178–179,

180–181, 181–182

mental disorders 167–186

Mentha spp. (mint) 430 meshmesh (Prunus armeniaca) 88–89, 89, 407, 411

Mesopotamian medicine 137, 139 mikhak see Syzygium aromaticum (clove) milkvetch see Astragalus spp. minerals 5, 140 mint (Mentha spp.) 430 misk el jin (Teucrium polium) 104, 104 Mithridates VI 4 miwizaj (Delphinium staphisagria) 60–61, 61 Moafaq al-Din Abu Mansour Ali Herawi 15 modern (Western) medicine

bacterial vaginitis 380 cardiovascular disease 232 common cold 334 herpes 338 holistic approach 353 measles 337 and medicinal plants 162, 442–446 personalized medicine 157 rabies 339–340 sexual dysfunction 423–425 skin disorders 372–373 smallpox 335 TB 317–318 warts 340–341

mokhayt (Cordia myxa) 52–53, 53, 294, 298, 306 monastic medicine 154, 157–160

moql el yahud/moqle azraq see Commiphora wightii/

C. mukul (guggul) mor/more makki see Commiphora myrrha/C. molmol (myrrh) Moringa oleifera (ben or horseradish tree) 242–244,

252, 258, 261, 364

mouth

candidiasis 388 in smallpox/measles 336

53–54, 54,

mugwort (Artemisia montana) 37–38, 37 multi-drug resistance to TB drugs 317 multi-target-directed ligands 182

murd see Myrtus communis (common myrtle) Musa × paradisiaca (banana) 430 mustard (black) (Brassica nigra) 173, 174, 175, 176 Mycobacterium tuberculosis mymarz (Juniperus sabina) 72–73, 73

myocardial infarction 232 myocarditis 231 Myristica fragrans (nutmeg) 386, 390, 429–430 myrobalan see Terminalia chebula myrrh see Commiphora myrrha/C. molmol Myrtus communis (common myrtle) 77–78, 79, 303

cardiovascular disease 240 cough 293, 295, 303 HPV 348 IBD 198, 208–209 TB 322, 326 vaginitis 386, 387, 390–391

Nagoya Protocol (Access to Genetic Resources)

446–447

nakhl (Phoenix dactylifera) 80–81, 384, 385, 391–392 namash (freckles) 369 Narcissus tazetta (bunch-owered narcissus) 344 nardin makhzani (Valeriana ocinalis) 107–109, 108 Nardostachys jatamansi (nard/naridin/nardin) 247,

254, 259, 364, 387

nasal administration route 183 nasal discharge 332–334 nasal treatment in smallpox/measles 336 nazleh (catarrh) 332–334 nervous system disorders 167–183

rabies 338–340 nesyan (forgetfulness) see dementia nettle (Urtica urens) 106–107, 107 Newcastle disease virus (NDV) 347

Nigella sativa (black cumin) 344, 347, 348, 361 nilufar abyad / abi (Nymphaea alba) 78–80, 79, 293,

295, 303–304

nomenclature 145 noqs an-o-al-bah (low sexual desire) 420–423 nut grass (Cyperus rotundus) 343 nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) 386, 390, 429–430 Nymphaea alba (white water-lily) 78–80, 79, 293, 295,

303–304

Ocimum basilicum (basil) 237, 249, 391 oum (Papaver somniferum) 90–93, 92, 285, 304, 430 Olea europaea (olive)

anal ssure 406–407, 411

cardiovascular disease 248, 254–255, 260

vaginitis 384, 391 oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia) 201, 218–219

316

460 Index

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oleoresin gum 125–128

see also Ferula assa-foetida; Ferula gummosa olfactory loss 141 olive see Olea europaea

ʿollaiq (Rubus fruticosus) 394 oʿn ab (Ziziphus jujuba) 111–112, 112, 296, 348, 365 onion (Allium cepa) 359, 426 oʿns  ol/oʿnsol bahri (Drimia maritima) 63–64, 63, 293,

296, 300, 306

Operculina turpethum (turbith) 246 opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) 90–93, 92, 285,

304, 430

Opopanax hispidus/O. chironius (opopanax) 80, 304 oram (skin disease) 354–355

orange (Citrus sp.) 359 Oriental sweetgum (Liquidambar orientalis) 74–75,

75, 302

Origanum majorana (sweet majoram) 242, 251

Ortolf von Baierland 161 Ortolf von Würzburg 160

oʿsfur (Carthamus tinctorius) 43, 44, 359, 363 oshagh/oshaq (Ferula ammoniacum/Dorema ammoniacum)

61–62, 61, 366

otroj (Citrus medica) 238, 250, 263

Paeonia ocinalis (common peony) 240

palpitation 232

panirak see Malva sylvestris (common mallow) panjangosht (Vitex agnus-castus) 110–111, 111,

408, 413

Papaver somniferum (opium poppy) 90–93, 92, 285,

304, 430

Papyrus Ebers (1550 BC) 138 Paracelsus 154, 161 paresiavoshan (Adiantum capillus-veneris) 29–30, 30

cough 289, 292, 294, 296, 297, 306, 348 Parkinson’s disease 174, 175, 176 Pastinaca sativa (parsnip) 430 pathology

IBD 193–194

TB 316–317 pear (Pyrus communis) 239, 250 Peganum harmala (esfand or Syrian rue) 344 pepper see Piper longum; Piper nigrum Persian giant fennel (Ferula persica) 69, 69, 300, 306 personalized medicine 157 pesteh (Pistacia vera) 83–85, 85, 293, 295, 304–305, 345 pesticides 445, 446 pharmacy 145, 149 philosophical works by Avicenna 20–23, 21 phlebotomy 282, 333, 336 Phoenix dactylifera (date palm) 80–81, 384, 385,

391–392

Phyllanthus emblica (amla or Indian gooseberry)

64–66, 65

dementia 174, 175, 178–179

sexual dysfunction 430 skin disorders

pigweed see Portulaca oleracea

Pimpinella anisum (anise) 345, 392 Pinus gerardiana (chilghoza pine) 81, 82, 304 Pinus pinea (stone pine) 81–82, 83 Piper cubeba (cubeb) 240–241, 251 Piper longum (long pepper) 156, 430 Piper nigrum (black pepper) 174, 175, 179, 361, 430

pistachio (Pistacia vera) 83–85, 85, 293, 295,

304–305, 345

Pistacia atlantica (Atlas pistachio) 82–83, 84, 364 Pistacia lentiscus (mastic)

cardiovascular disease 247, 260 IBD 200–201, 204, 217–218 metabolic syndrome 361 vaginitis 391, 392

Pistacia terebinthus (terebinth) 304, 430 Pistacia vera (pistachio) 83–85, 85, 293, 295,

304–305, 345

plant protection products (PPPs) 445, 446

Plantago indica (psyllium) 284 Plantago major (plantain) 203, 215, 367 Plantago ovata (blond psyllium) 85–87, 86

cough 293, 295, 305

IBD 199, 203, 213 plantain (Plantago major) 203, 215, 367 Pliny the Elder (Naturalis historia) 9–10, 10 plum (Prunus domestica) 345 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) 445–446 polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) 388 polyherbal formulations

diabetes 285

IBD 198, 202, 205, 207

mental disorders 181–182

TB 316, 325

vaginitis 386 Polypodium vulgare (common polypody) 87, 87 pomegranate see Punica granatum

Populus alba (silver poplar) 322, 326 Portulaca oleracea (purslane or pigweed) 87–88, 88

anti-aging 361, 367

cardiovascular disease 245–246, 253, 259

inuenza 345

vaginitis 392 premenstrual syndrome 178 preservation of knowledge 141–142, 439 proteomics 155 Prunus amygdalus/P. dulcis (almond) 33–34, 33,

89–90, 91

antidiabetic 255 antiviral 345 cough 296, 305 sexual dysfunction 430–431 wound healing 365

Prunus armeniaca (apricot) 88–89, 89, 407, 411 Prunus domestica (plum) 345

360

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pruritis 369–371, 372 psoriasis 371, 372–373 psychiatric disorders 167–186 psyllium (Plantago indica) 284 Pterocarpus santalinus (red sandalwood) 238 pulmonary disorders see lung disorders pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) 282–283, 292–293,

299–300, 363

Punica granatum (pomegranate) 93–94, 93

antifungal 385, 386, 387, 392–393 anti-leishmaniasis 361 antiviral 345 cardiovascular disease 239, 250–251, 256, 261 diabetes 284

IBD 199, 203, 213–215 pyrexia (fever) 315, 316 pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) 446

Pyrus communis (pear) 239, 250

Qanonchah (e Small Canon) 17, 18 qant  uryon saghir (Centaurium er ythraea) 44–45, 46 qaqolah (Amomum subulatum) 249–250 qar (Cucurbita pepo) 282–283, 292–293, 299–300, 363 qaranfol see Syzygium aromaticum (clove) qathad (Senegalia senegal/A. senegal) 28–29, 29, 289,

292, 306

qinah (Ferula gummosa) 68, 68, 127–128, 128, 293, 300 qirfah see Cinnamomum verum/C. zeylanicum (cinnamon) qitha  ’ el himar (Ecballium elaterium) 64, 64, 360 qivand (Senegalia senegal/A. senegal) 28–29, 29, 289,

292, 306

qooba (psoriasis) 371, 372–373 qoras  hareq (Urtica urens) 106–107, 107 qorhe ama 192