Частная микробиология. Учебное пособие
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ɍɇɂȼȿɊɋɂɌȿɌ ©ɊȿȺȼɂɁª
ɑȺɋɌɇȺə ɆɂɄɊɈȻɂɈɅɈȽɂə
ɍɑȿȻɇɈȿ ɉɈɋɈȻɂȿ
ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ
2025
ɍȾɄ 579.6 ȻȻɄ 28.4 ɑ 25
Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɵ
Ɇɚɫɥɹɤɨɜ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɨɜɢɱ – ɞɨɤɬɨɪ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ ɋɚɪɚɬɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ©Ɋɟɚɜɢɡª ɋɚɪɚɬɨɜ; ɍɪɹɞɨɜ ɋɟɪɝɟɣ ȿɜɝɟɧɶɟɜɢɱ – ɞɨɤɬɨɪ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ ɋɚɪɚɬɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ©Ɋɟɚɜɢɡª ɋɚɪɚɬɨɜ
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Ⱥɜɬɨɪɵ-ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ |
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ȿ ȼ Ʉɚɪɩɰɨɜɚ Ɋ Ɍ ɋɭɥɚɣɦɚɧɨɜɚ Ʌ ȼ ɂɥɶɢɧɚ ɇ ȼ ȼɨɟɜɨɞɢɧɚ |
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Ɇ Ⱥ ɉɨɥɢɞɚɧɨɜ Ⱦ ȼ Ɇɚɥɢɧɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɘ ɋ ɒɭɦɨɜɚ |
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ɑɚɫɬɧɚɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ȿ ȼ Ʉɚɪɩɰɨɜɚ Ɋ Ɍ ɋɭɥɚɣɦɚɧɨɜɚ |
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Ʌ ȼ ɂɥɶɢɧɚ ɇ ȼ ȼɨɟɜɨɞɢɧɚ Ɇ Ⱥ ɉɨɥɢɞɚɧɨɜ Ⱦ ȼ Ɇɚɥɢɧɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɘ ɋ ɒɭɦɨɜɚ – |
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ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ©Ɋɟɚɜɢɡª – 131 ɫ |
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ȼ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɢ ɩɨ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ |
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ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɢɪɭɫɧɵɯ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɞɚɟɬɫɹ |
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ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɪɚɡɛɨɪɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɯ |
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ɜɪɚɱɟɣ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟ |
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ɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɣ |
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ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨ-ɤɚɩɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɹɦ ɬɭɛɟɪɤɭɥɟɡ ɞɢɮɬɟ |
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ɪɢɹ ɦɟɧɢɧɝɨɤɨɤɤɨɜɚɹ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɤɥɸɲ ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɫɬɚ |
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ɮɢɥɨɤɨɤɤɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɫɬɪɟɩɬɨɤɨɤɤɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ |
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ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɚɱɟɣ ɬɟɪɚɩɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɯɢɪɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ Ɍɪɟɬɶɹ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɩɨɫɜɹ |
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ɳɟɧɚɛɨɥɶɲɨɣɝɪɭɩɩɟɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɯɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɣ– ɷɲɟɪɢɯɢɨɡɵ ɞɢɡɟɧɬɟɪɢɹ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɬɢɮ |
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ɩɚɪɚɬɢɮ Ⱥ ɢ ȼ ɫɚɥɶɦɨɧɟɥɥɟɡ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɣ ɢɟɪɫɢɧɢɨɡ ɯɨɥɟɪɚ ɑɟɬɜɟɪɬɚɹ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɩɨɫɜɹ |
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ɳɟɧɚɬɪɚɧɫɦɢɫɫɢɜɧɵɦɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɤɭ-ɥɢɯɨɪɚɞɤɚ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɧɵɣɬɢɮ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶɅɚɣɦɚ |
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ɉɹɬɚɹ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɜɟɧɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɲɟɫɬɨɣ |
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ɝɥɚɜɟɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹɚɧɚɷɪɨɛɧɵɟɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɢ ɝɚɡɨɜɚɹɝɚɧɝɪɟɧɚ ɫɬɨɥɛɧɹɤ ɛɨɬɭɥɢɡɦ ɋɟɞɶ |
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ɦɚɹ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ ɡɨɨɧɨɡɧɵɦ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɹɦ ɚ ɜɨɫɶɦɚɹ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɭ |
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ɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɜɢɪɭɫɧɵɯ ɝɟɩɚɬɢɬɨɜ ɝɟɩɚɬɢɬɵ Ⱥ ȼ ɋ D, E). |
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ȼɢɪɭɫɧɵɦ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɵ ɞɟɜɹɬɚɹ ɢ ɞɟɫɹɬɚɹ ɝɥɚɜɵ ɝɪɢɩɩ ɩɚɪɚ |
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ɝɪɢɩɩ ɤɨɪɶ ɤɪɚɫɧɭɯɚ ȼɂɑ-ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ |
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Ⱦɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɚ ɜ ɨɞɢɧɧɚɞɰɚɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɵ |
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ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɜɢɪɭɫɧɵɟ ɢ ɝɪɢɛɤɨɜɵɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ |
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ȼ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɵɬɟɫɬɵ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɩɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɱɚɫɬ |
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ɧɨɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ |
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ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ ɢ ɦɟ |
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ɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɨɜ ɜɭɡɨɜ ɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɨɜ ɉɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɫɨɨɬ |
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ɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɩɨ ɦɢɤɪɨɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɥɟɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɚ |
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ɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɨɜ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɧɨɣ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɊɎ |
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© Ɇɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ©Ɋɟɚɜɢɡª |
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© Ʉɚɪɩɰɨɜɚ ȿ ȼ ɋɭɥɚɣɦɚɧɨɜɚ Ɋ Ɍ ɂɥɶɢɧɚ Ʌ ȼ |
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ȼɨɟɜɨɞɢɧɚ ɇ ȼ ɉɨɥɢɞɚɧɨɜ Ɇ Ⱥ Ɇɚɥɢɧɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ Ⱦ ȼ |
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ɒɭɦɨɜɚ ɘ ɋ , 2025 |
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ɈȽɅȺȼɅȿɇɂȿ |
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ɋɌɊɍɄɌɍɊȺ ɈɉɂɋȺɇɂə ɁȺȻɈɅȿȼȺɇɂɃ ......................................................... |
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ɋɉɂɋɈɄ ɋɈɄɊȺɓȿɇɂɃ......................................................................................... |
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ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ.................................................................................................................. |
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1. ȼɈɁȾɍɒɇɈ-ɄȺɉȿɅɖɇɕȿ ɂɇɎȿɄɐɂɂ.......................................................... |
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1.1. ɌɍȻȿɊɄɍɅȿɁ.................................................................................................... |
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1.2. ȾɂɎɌȿɊɂə...................................................................................................... |
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1.3. ɆȿɇɂɇȽɈɄɈɄɄɈȼȺəɂɇɎȿɄɐɂə.......................................................... |
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1.4. ɄɈɄɅɘɒ........................................................................................................ |
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ɋɌȺɎɂɅɈɄɈɄɄɈȼɕȿ ɂ ɋɌɊȿɉɌɈɄɈɄɄɈȼɕȿ ɂɇɎȿɄɐɂɂ.................. |
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2.1. ɋɌȺɎɂɅɈɄɈɄɄɂ.......................................................................................... |
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2.2. ɋɌɊȿɉɌɈɄɈɄɄɂ........................................................................................... |
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Ʉɂɒȿɑɇɕȿ ɂɇɎȿɄɐɂɂ.................................................................................. |
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3.1. ɄɈɅɂɗɇɌȿɊɂɌɕ ɗɒȿɊɂɏɂɈɁɕ .......................................................... |
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3.2. ȾɂɁȿɇɌȿɊɂə ................................................................................................. |
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3.3. ȻɊɘɒɇɈɃɌɂɎɂɉȺɊȺɌɂɎȺɂȼ.......................................................... |
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3.4. ɋȺɅɖɆɈɇȿɅɅȿɁ........................................................................................... |
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3.5. ɄɂɒȿɑɇɕɃɂȿɊɋɂɇɂɈɁ........................................................................... |
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3.6. ɏɈɅȿɊȺ........................................................................................................... |
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ɌɊȺɇɋɆɂɋɋɂȼɇɕȿ ɁȺȻɈɅȿȼȺɇɂə........................................................... |
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4.1. Ʉɍ-ɅɂɏɈɊȺȾɄȺ ........................................................................................... |
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4.2. ȼɈɁȼɊȺɌɇɕɃɌɂɎ....................................................................................... |
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4.3. ȻɈɅȿɁɇɖɅȺɃɆȺ ɄɅȿɓȿȼɈɃȻɈɊɊȿɅɂɈɁ ........................................ |
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ɂɇɎȿɄɐɂɂ ɉȿɊȿȾȺɘɓɂȿɋə ɉɈɅɈȼɕɆ ɉɍɌȿɆ |
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ȼȿɇȿɊɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ɁȺȻɈɅȿȼȺɇɂə Ɂɉɉɉ ........................................................ |
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5.1. ɋɂɎɂɅɂɋ....................................................................................................... |
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5.2. ȽɈɇɈɊȿə......................................................................................................... |
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5.3. ɍɊɈȽȿɇȿɌȺɅɖɇɕɃɏɅȺɆɂȾɂɈɁ........................................................... |
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ȺɇȺɗɊɈȻɇɕȿ ɂɇɎȿɄɐɂɂ.............................................................................. |
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6.1. ȽȺɁɈȼȺəȽȺɇȽɊȿɇȺ.................................................................................... |
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6.2. ɋɌɈɅȻɇəɄ...................................................................................................... |
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6.3. ȻɈɌɍɅɂɁɆ...................................................................................................... |
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ɁɈɈɇɈɁɇɕȿ ɂɇɎȿɄɐɂɂ................................................................................. |
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7.1. ɑɍɆȺ............................................................................................................... |
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7.2. ɋɂȻɂɊɋɄȺəəɁȼȺ ........................................................................................ |
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7.3. ȻɊɍɐȿɅɅȿɁ..................................................................................................... |
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ȼɂɊɍɋɇɕȿ ȽȿɉȺɌɂɌɕ A, B, C, D .................................................................. |
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8.1. ȼɂɊɍɋȽȿɉȺɌɂɌȺȺ..................................................................................... |
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8.2. ȼɂɊɍɋȽȿɉȺɌɂɌȺȼ..................................................................................... |
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8.3. ȽȿɉȺɌɂɌɋ...................................................................................................... |
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8.4. ȽȿɉȺɌɂɌȿ...................................................................................................... |
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8.5. ȽȿɉȺɌɂɌD ..................................................................................................... |
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ɇȿɃɊɈȼɂɊɍɋɇɕȿ ɂɇɎȿɄɐɂɂ...................................................................... |
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9.1. ɉɈɅɂɈɆɂȿɅɂɌ............................................................................................ |
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9.2. ɄɈɄɋȺɄɂɂɇɎȿɄɐɂə................................................................................. |
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9.3. ȻȿɒȿɇɋɌȼɈ.................................................................................................. |
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9.4. ȼȿɁɂɄɍɅəɊɇɕɃɋɌɈɆȺɌɂɌ .................................................................... |
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9.5. ɄɅȿɓȿȼɈɃɗɇɐȿɎȺɅɂɌ........................................................................... |
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10. ɊɇɄ-ɋɈȾȿɊɀȺɓɂȿ ȼɂɊɍɋɕ........................................................................ |
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10.1. ȽɊɂɉɉ............................................................................................................ |
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10.2. ɉȺɊȺȽɊɂɉɉ................................................................................................ |
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10.3. ɗɉɂȾȿɆɂɑȿɋɄɂɃɉȺɊɈɌɂɌ............................................................... |
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10.4. ɄɈɊɖ............................................................................................................. |
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10.5. ɄɊȺɋɇɍɏȺ.................................................................................................. |
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10.6. ȼɂɑ-ɂɇɎȿɄɐɂə....................................................................................... |
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ȻȺɄɌȿɊɂȺɅɖɇɕȿ ȼɂɊɍɋɇɕȿ ɂ ȽɊɂȻɄɈȼɕȿ ɁȺȻɈɅȿȼȺɇɂə |
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ɊɈɌɈȼɈɃ ɉɈɅɈɋɌɂ............................................................................................ |
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11.1. ȼɂɊɍɋɇɕȿɁȺȻɈɅȿȼȺɇɂəɉɈɅɈɋɌɂɊɌȺ....................................... |
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11.2. ȽɊɂȻɄɈȼɕȿɁȺȻɈɅȿȼȺɇɂəɉɈɅɈɋɌɂɊɌȺ ..................................... |
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ɌȿɋɌɕ...................................................................................................................... |
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ɁȺȾȺɑɂ.................................................................................................................... |
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ȻɂȻɅɂɈȽɊȺɎɂɑȿɋɄɂɃ ɋɉɂɋɈɄ .................................................................... |
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4
ɋɌɊɍɄɌɍɊȺ ɈɉɂɋȺɇɂə ɁȺȻɈɅȿȼȺɇɂɃ
ɄɅȺɋɋɂɎɂɄȺɐɂə ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɨ ɪɨɞ ɜɢɞ – ɞɥɹ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɨ ɪɨɞ ɊɇɄ ȾɇɄ-ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ – ɞɥɹ ɜɢɪɭɫɨɜ
ɆɈɊɎɈɅɈȽɂə
ɌɂɇɄɌɈɊɂȺɅɖɇɕȿ ɋȼɈɃɋɌȼȺ ɞɥɹ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ
ɄɍɅɖɌɍɊȺɅɖɇɕȿ ɋȼɈɃɋɌȼȺ ɜɢɞɵ ɫɪɟɞ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤ ɬɟɪ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɞɪ.)
ȺɇɌɂȽȿɇɇȺə ɋɌɊɍɄɌɍɊȺ ɜɢɞɵ ɚɧɬɢɝɟɧɨɜ ȺȽ-ɛɟɥɤɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɨ ɧɟɧɬɵ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɢ ɜɢɪɭɫɨɜ
ɎȺɄɌɈɊɕ ɉȺɌɈȽȿɇɇɈɋɌɂ ɷɤɡɨ- ɢ ɷɧɞɨɬɨɤɫɢɧɵ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ ɛɟɥɤɢ ɢ ɞɪ
ɊȿɁɂɋɌȿɇɌɇɈɋɌɖ
ɗɉɂȾȿɆɂɈɅɈȽɂə ɩɭɬɢ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɢ
ɉȺɌɈȽȿɇȿɁ
ɄɅɂɇɂɑȿɋɄȺə ɄȺɊɌɂɇȺ ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɵ ɫɢɧɞɪɨɦɵ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ
ɆȿɌɈȾɕ ȾɂȺȽɇɈɋɌɂɄɂ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɟɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ-ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ – ɞɥɹ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɜɢɪɭɫɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ ɫɤɢɣ ɫɟɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ-ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
Ʌȿɑȿɇɂȿ ɁȺȻɈɅȿȼȺɇɂə
ɉɊɈɎɂɅȺɄɌɂɄȺ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɧɟɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɂɆɆɍɇɂɌȿɌ
5
ɋɉɂɋɈɄ ɋɈɄɊȺɓȿɇɂɃ
ȺɌ – ɚɧɬɢɬɟɥɚ ȼɈɁ – ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ
ȼȽȼ HBV) – ɜɢɪɭɫ ɝɟɩɚɬɢɬɚ ȼ ȼȽ' – ɜɢɪɭɫ ɝɟɩɚɬɢɬɚ '
ȽȼɁ – ɝɧɨɣɧɨ-ɜɨɫɩɚɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ȽɁɌ – ɝɢɩɟɪɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ȽɗȻ – ɝɟɦɚɬɨɷɧɰɟɮɚɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɛɚɪɶɟɪ ɂɎȺ – ɢɦɦɭɧɨɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ Ʌɉɋ – ɥɢɩɨɩɨɥɢɫɚɯɚɪɢɞ ɆȻ – ɦɢɤɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɹ ɆɉȺ – ɦɹɫɨɩɟɩɬɨɧɧɵɣ ɚɝɚɪ
Ɇȿ – ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ ɆɉȻ – ɦɹɫɨɩɟɩɬɨɧɧɵɣ ɛɭɥɶɨɧ ɉɐɊ – ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚɡɧɚɹ ɰɟɩɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɊȺ – ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɚɝɝɥɸɬɢɧɚɰɢɢ
ɊȺȽȺ – ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɝɟɦɚɝɝɥɸɬɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɊɂɎ – ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɢɦɦɭɧɨɮɥɭɨɪɟɫɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɚɧɬɢɬɟɥ Ɋɇɚɬ – ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɚɧɬɢɬɟɥɚ
ɊɇȽȺ ɊɉȽȺ – ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɧɟɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɝɟɦɚɝɝɥɸɬɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɊɇɂɎ – ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɧɟɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɢɦɦɭɧɨɮɥɭɨɪɟɫɰɟɧɰɢɢ Ɋɉ – ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɰɢɩɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɊɋɄ – ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ Ɋɇ – ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɊɇɄ – ɪɢɛɨɧɭɤɥɟɢɧɨɜɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ
ɏȽ' – ɯɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɜɢɪɭɫɧɵɣ ɝɟɩɚɬɢɬ ɞɟɥɶɬɚ ɏȽȼ – ɯɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɜɢɪɭɫɧɵɣ ɝɟɩɚɬɢɬ ȼ
6
ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ
Ɇɢɤɪɨɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɢɡɭɱɚɸɳɚɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɜɢɪɭɫɵ ɝɪɢɛɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɢɯ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɯ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟ ɧɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ Ɂɧɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɦɢɤɪɨɛɢɨɥɨ ɝɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤ ɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɣ ɱɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɭɱɟɛɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ ɢɧ ɮɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɬɢɩɚɦ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɩɭɬɹɦ ɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ȼ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɵ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɪɵ ɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨ-ɤɚɩɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɢ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɬɭɛɟɪɤɭɥɟɡ ɞɢɮɬɟɪɢɹ ɦɟɧɢɧɝɨɤɨɤɤɨɜɚɹ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɤɥɸɲ ɗɬɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɫɬɪɨɝɨɝɨ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧ ɬɪɨɥɹ ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɮɢɥɨɤɨɤɤɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɫɬɪɟɩɬɨɤɨɤɤɨɜɵɟ
ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɟ ɨɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɢɹ ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɜɢɪɭɫɧɵɟ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɢ
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɜɢɪɭɫɧɵɟ ɝɟɩɚɬɢɬɵ Ⱥ % & ' ( ɧɟɣɪɨɜɢɪɭɫɧɵɟ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɢɨɦɢ ɟɥɢɬ ɛɟɲɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɤɥɟɳɟɜɨɣ ɷɧɰɟɮɚɥɢɬ ɢ ɊɇɄ-ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɜɢɪɭɫɵ ɝɪɢɩɩ ɤɨɪɶ ɤɪɚɫɧɭɯɚ ȼɂɑ-ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɹ
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨ ɫɬɢ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɢɪɭɫɧɨɣ ɢ ɝɪɢɛɤɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ Ɂɚɜɟɪɲɚɸɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɬɟɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɱɬɨ ɩɨɦɨɠɟɬ ɜ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɨ ɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ
ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɢ ɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜɪɚɱɟɣ-ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɨɧɢɫɬɨɜ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɨɜ ɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɬɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɩɪɨɫɚɦɢ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɤɢ
7
1.ȼɈɁȾɍɒɇɈ-ɄȺɉȿɅɖɇɕȿ ɂɇɎȿɄɐɂɂ
1.1.ɌɍȻȿɊɄɍɅȿɁ
ɄɅȺɋɋɂɎɂɄȺɐɂə Ⱦɨɦɟɧ (XEDWHULD Ɉɬɞɟɥ $FWLQRP\FHWɚɟɚɟ ɉɨɪɹ ɞɨɤ $FWLQRP\FHWDOHV ɋɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɨ 0\FREDFWHULDFHDH Ɋɨɞ 0\FREDFWHULXP ȼɢɞ 0\FREDFWHULXPWXEHUFXORVLV ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣɜɢɞ 0\FREDFWHULXPERYLV ɛɵɱɢɣɜɢɞ 0\FREDFWHULXP DIULFDQXP ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɜɢɞ 0\FREDFWHULXP OHSUDH
ɆɈɊɎɈɅɈȽɂə. ȼ ɦɚɡɤɚɯ ɢɡ ɦɨɤɪɨɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɦɢɤɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ – ɧɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɬɨɧɤɢɟ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ –4× ɦɤɦ ɝɪɚɦɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ Ʉɢɫɥɨɬɨ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɟɩɚɥɨɱɤɢ ɇɚɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯɫɪɟɞɚɯɦɨɝɭɬɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɟɬɜɹɳɢɟɫɹɮɨɪɦɵ Ɇɢɤɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢɬɭɛɟɪɤɭɥɟɡɚɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬɛɨɥɶɲɨɣɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɧɨ ɫɬɶɸ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɧɢɬɟɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɤɨɤɤɨɜɵɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭ ɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɢ /-ɮɨɪɦɵ Ʉɚɤ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɩɨɞɚɬɥɢ ɜɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɡɟɪɧɚ Ɇɭɯɚ ȼɵ ɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦ Ɉɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɯ ɬɨɧɤɢɯ Ɇ WXEHUFXORVLV ɢɥɢ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɯ ɬɨɥɫɬɵɯ 0 ERYLV ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɟɝɤɚ ɢɡɨɝɧɭɬɵɯ ɩɚɥɨɱɟɤ ɫ ɝɨɦɨ ɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɨɣ ɝɪɚɦɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵ ɫɩɨɪ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɚɩɫɭɥɭ Ɇɢɤɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɨɪɮɨɜɚɪɵ /-ɮɨɪɦɵ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɫɢɫɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɢ ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɬɭɛɟɪɤɭɥɟɡɧɵɣ ɢɦɦɭɧɢɬɟɬ
ɄɍɅɖɌɍɊȺɅɖɇɕȿ ɋȼɈɃɋɌȼȺ. Ɋɚɫɬɭɬ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɚɧɚɷɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ Ɋɚɫɬɭɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ – ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɧɟɞɟɥɶ Ɇɢɤɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɟɥɤɟ ɢ ɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɧɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɯ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɟ ɹɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɵ Ʌɟɜɟɧɲɬɚɣɧɚ – Ƀɟɧɫɟɧɚ Ɏɢɧɧɚ ,, ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢ ɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɇɚ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ ɪɨɫɬ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ – ɫɭɬɤɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɳɢɧɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɧɚɥɟɬɚ ɤɪɟɦɨɜɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɢ ɩɨ ɜɢɞɭ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɬ ɰɜɟɬɧɭɸ ɤɚɩɭɫɬɭ ɇɚ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɨɫɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ
ɎȺɄɌɈɊɕ ɉȺɌɈȽȿɇɇɈɋɌɂ. ɉɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵɟɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɬɭɛɟɪɤɭɥɟɡɧɨɣɩɚ ɥɨɱɤɢ ɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɦɚɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɧɚ ɜɧɟɞɪɟ ɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɟɝɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɥɢɩɢɞɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ – ɮɬɢɨɢɞɧɨɣ ɦɢ ɤɨɥɨɜɨɣ ɬɭɛɟɪɤɭɥɨɫɬɟɚɪɢɧɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɞɪ ɮɨɫɮɚɬɢɞɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɣ Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ – ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɣ ɝɥɢɤɨɥɢɩɢɞ – «ɤɨɪɞ-ɮɚɤɬɨɪ» ɥɟɝɤɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɟɦɵɣ ɩɪɢ ɤɭɥɶ ɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ Ɉɧ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɢ
8
ɤɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɨɫ ɠɝɭɬɚ ɤɨɪɞɚ Ʉɨɪɞ-ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɟɣ ɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɦɢɬɨɯɨɧ ɞɪɢɹɯ ɦɚɤɪɨɮɚɝɨɜ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɟɬ ɨɬ ɮɚɝɨɰɢɬɨɡɚ ɋ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɦɢɤɨɛɚɤ ɬɟɪɢɣ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɟɳɟ ɞɜɟ ɢɯ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɇɟɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɮɚɝɨ ɰɢɬɨɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɡɢɬɚ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɥɢɡɨɫɨɦɚɥɶ ɧɵɯ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ 2. ɋɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɝɧɨɣɧɨ-ɜɨɫɩɚ ɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɟɦɭɸ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɬɭɛɟɪɤɭɥɢɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɵ ȽȼɁ – «ȽɁɌ ɬɭɛɟɪɤɭɥɢɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ».
ȺɇɌɂȽȿɇɇȺə ɋɌɊɍɄɌɍɊȺ. Ɇɢɤɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɬɭɛɟɪɤɭɥɟɡɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɥɨɠ ɧɵɣ ɢ ɦɨɡɚɢɱɧɵɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɚɧɬɢɝɟɧɨɜ ȼ ɚɧɬɢɝɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ 0 WXEHUFXORVLV ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫ 0 ERYLV ɢ 0 PLFURWL ɂɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɟɫɬɧɨ-ɪɟɚɝɢ ɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɚɧɬɢɝɟɧɵ ɫ ɤɨɪɢɧɟɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɹɦɢ ɚɤɬɢɦɨɦɢɰɟɬɚɦɢ Ⱦɥɹ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɦɢɤɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɚɧɬɢɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ
ɊȿɁɂɋɌȿɇɌɇɈɋɌɖ. ɍɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵ ɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨ ɪɨɜ ȼɵɫɭɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɚɥɨ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɉɨɝɢɛɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɤɢɩɹɱɟɧɢɢ Ɇɢɤɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɬɭɛɟɪ ɤɭɥɟɡɚ ɞɨɥɝɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɠɢɡɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɧɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɧɨɝɨ ȼ ɜɵɫɨɯɲɟɣ ɦɨɤɪɨɬɟ ɨɧɢ ɠɢɜɭɬ ɞɨ ɦɟɫ ȼɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ 70 ɋ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɢɧ ɚ ɤɢɩɹɱɟɧɢɟ – ɦɢɧ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɤɚɪɛɨɥɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɫɭɥɟɦɵ ɩɨɝɢɛɚɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɭɬɤɢ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɥɢɡɨɥɚ – ɱɟɪɟɡ ɱɚɫ ɂɡ ɞɟɡɢɧɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɤ ɯɥɨɪɧɨɣ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɢ ɯɥɨɪɚɦɢɧɭ
ɗɉɂȾȿɆɂɈɅɈȽɂə. Ɉɫɨɛɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɤɭɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɚɝɟɪɹ ɛɟɠɟɧɰɟɜ ɥɢɰɚ ɛɟɡ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɠɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ȼɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɦɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɟɫɥɭɱɚɟɜɬɭɛɟɪɤɭɥɟɡɨɛɭ ɫɥɨɜɥɟɧ ɡɚɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɬ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɱɚɳɟ – ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɨɥɨɤɨ Ɇ ERYLV Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɢɫ ɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɢ – ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɛɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɭɛɟɪɤɭɥɟɡɨɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɹ ɸɳɢɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɛɵ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɫ ɦɨɤɪɨɬɨɣ. ɉɭɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ȼɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɤɚɩɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨ-ɩɵɥɟɜɨɣ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɫ ɦɨɤɪɨɬɨɣ. ©ȼɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɜɨɪɨɬɚª ɢɧɮɟɤ ɰɢɢ – ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ.
ɉȺɌɈȽȿɇȿɁ ɂ ɄɅɂɇɂɑȿɋɄȺə ɄȺɊɌɂɇȺ. ɂɧɤɭɛɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɬ – ɧɟɞ ɞɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ȼ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɟɪɜɢɱ ɧɵɣ ɞɢɫɫɟɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɣ ɬɭɛɟɪɤɭɥɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚ ɬɨɦ ɷɧɞɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɚɪɵɯ ɨɱɚɝɨɜ ȼ ɡɨɧɟ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɤɨɛɚɤɬɟ ɪɢɣ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɣ ɬɭɛɟɪɤɭɥɟɡɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɜɨɫɩɚɥɢɬɟɥɶ ɧɨɝɨ ɨɱɚɝɚ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɡɥɨɜ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɢɦ
9
ɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɥɟɝɨɱɧɭɸ ɢ ɜɧɟɥɟɝɨɱɧɵɟ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟ ɫɤɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɬɭɛɟɪɤɭɥɟɡɚ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɫɬɢ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɵ ɤɨɠɚ ɩɨɱɤɢ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɶ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ
ȼɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɬɭɛɟɪɤɭɥɟɡɚ ɩɨɩɚɜ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɤɬ ɫ ɤɨɪɦɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɜɞɵɯɚɟɦɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɥɟɝɤɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɇɚ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɟɝɨ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɫɩɚɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɥɢɮɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɷɤɫɫɭɞɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɹɞɟɪɧɵɯ ɝɢɝɚɧɬɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɥɢɦɮɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɗɤɫɫɭɞɚɬ ɫɤɨɩɢɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɫɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɫɟɬɶ ɢɡ ɮɢɛɪɢɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹɛɟɫɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɣɬɭɛɟɪɤɭɥɟɡɧɵɣɭɡɟɥɨɤ– ɬɭɛɟɪɤɭɥ Ɉɧɜɧɚ ɱɚɥɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɟɪɨɜɚɬɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ ɢ ɨɤɪɭɝɥɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɨɬ ɛɭɥɚɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɝɨ ɥɨɜɤɢ ɞɨ ɱɟɱɟɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɟɪɧɚ ȼɫɤɨɪɟ ɭɡɟɥɨɤ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɩɫɭɥɨɣ Ɍɤɚɧɶ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɡɟɥɤɚ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɬɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɹ ɨɬɦɢɪɚɟɬ ɢ ɩɪɟ ɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɭɯɭɸ ɤɪɨɲɤɨɜɚɬɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɳɭɸ ɬɜɨɪɨɝ ɤɚɡɟɨɡ
ɉɪɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɣ ɨɱɚɝ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɵɡɜɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɚɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɚɹ ɤɚɩ ɫɭɥɚ ɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ȼ ɨɪɝɚ ɧɢɡɦɟ ɫ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɡɢɫɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɩɟɪ ɜɢɱɧɨɦ ɨɱɚɝɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧ ɫɥɚɛɨ ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢ ɬɟɥɶɧɨɣɬɤɚɧɢɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɬɭɛɟɪɤɭɥɟɡɧɨɝɨɭɡɟɥɤɚ ɩɪɢɷɬɨɦ ɦɢɤɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɭɸ ɬɤɚɧɶ ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɦɧɨɠɟ ɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵɯ ɭɡɟɥɤɨɜ ɦɢɥɢɚɪɧɵɣ ɬɭɛɟɪɤɭɥɟɡ Ɇɟɥɤɢɟ ɬɭɛɟɪ ɤɭɥɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɬɭɛɟɪɤɭɥɟɡɧɵɟ ɮɨɤɭɫɵ Ɇɢɤɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɢɡ ɬɭɛɟɪɤɭɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɮɨɤɭɫɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɩɚɫɬɶ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ ɩɟɱɟɧɶ ɫɟɥɟɡɟɧɤɚ ɩɨɱɤɢ ɢ ɞɪ ɬɭɛɟɪɤɭɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɨɱɚɝɨɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɉɪɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ ɜ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɬɭɛɟɪɤɭɥɟɡɧɵɟ ɨɱɚɝɢ ɢ ɤɚɜɟɪɧɵ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɳɢɟ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɤɭɥɚɤɚ ȼɨɤɪɭɝ ɧɢɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɚɹ ɫɨɟɞɢ ɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɚɹ ɤɚɩɫɭɥɚ Ɍɭɛɟɪɤɭɥɟɡɧɵɟ ɤɚɜɟɪɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɨɫɜɟ ɬɨɦ ɛɪɨɧɯɨɜ ȼ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɠɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɤɚɲɥɟ ɫ ɦɨɤɪɨɬɨɣ ɉɪɢ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɬɭɛɟɪɤɭɥɟɡɚ ɢ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɚ ɠɟɧɢɹɯɜɥɟɝɤɢɯɧɚɪɭɲɚɟɬɫɹɝɚɡɨɨɛɦɟɧ ɭɝɧɟɬɚɟɬɫɹɡɪɢɬɪɨɩɨɷɡ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹɚɧɟ ɦɢɹ ɩɨɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɢɫɬɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɶ
ɆȿɌɈȾɕ ȾɂȺȽɇɈɋɌɂɄɂ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɦɨɤɪɨɬɚ ɦɨɱɚ ɝɧɨɣ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɦɨɡɝɨɜɚɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɪɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɨɜɶ. Ɇɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɹ – ɧɚɢɛɨ ɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ Ɉɧ ɩɪɨɫɬ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɟɧ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ
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