Учебное пособие по английскому языку с упражнениями по развитию креативного мышления. Часть 1

School Education for Adults

The significance of school education for adults is increasing at a time when the positions of the former leading strata are taken by new social forces and the educational system is undergoing a large-scale and rapid extension. In such periods older people get the opportunity to acquire qualifications equal to that of the younger ones by means of adult education.

a)Both factors assert themselves vigorously in the developing countries. In addition, there have appeared two further factors-one of a positive, the other of a negative implication. The lower costs of evening schools and correspondence courses tell in favor of extending these forms of education. This form, however, has its difficulties, too, because basic knowledge on which such courses have to be built on is still poor and uncertain.

b)Vocational education and extension courses too, ought to be organized mainly within the framework of this educational form.

c)It is of vital importance that the participants of such courses should be granted adequate favors as regards both working hours and lost wages in order to facilitate their preparing for the courses and exams.

Ex. 12. Make questions on the text above.

Ex. 13. Make report on the text above.

Ex. 14. Discuss the text in pairs.

LESSON 12

Grammar: 1. Subjunctive mood with verb wish

2.Subjunctive mood with construction “If only”

1.State the real situation to which the wish is contrary.

1. If only he were here with us! 2. If only he had been there with us. 3. If you had come a little earlier! 4. Oh, that I were a few years younger! 5. If only they had warned us at least! 6. Oh, that you knew now I feel! 7 Oh, that you had seen his face at the moment! 8. If only Yоu were not shouting like that! 9. Oh, that I could go to Italy! 10. If only there were just a slight possibility! 11. If only there had

61

been one chance in a thousand! 12. If it weren't raining so! 13. If only she could understand my feelings! 14. If only there had been a spare ticket left!

2. Express a wish contrary to reality, using "If only".

1. Unfortunately, I am old already. 2. Alas, I know nothing about his plans. 3. He failed in his English exam this winter. 4. It's a pity you were not with me at that time. 5. Unfortunately, I can't speak French. 6. What a pity I couldn't speak English at that time. 7. Alas, there is no one to help me. 8. There wasn't anybody to speak to. 9. Well, I never saw her during the demonstration. 10. Unfortunately, they have no idea what to do. 11. Why didn't you tell me in time? 12. Unfortunately, all that really happened. 13. It's a shame I wasn't able to explain everything to her. 14. Oh, boy! You are running too fast for me.

3. Comment on the mood and time expressed.

1. If I had any enthusiasm, I'd go on to new people. 2. If the human now fights for survival as he always has, he can eliminate not only himself but also all other life.

3.What the action of the play would have been like if Laertes had not had the occasion to revenge the death of his father, we cannot tell. 4. I asked her if she could come out that night, but she said her lady would be needing her. 5. Had this happened before supper, George would have expressed wishes and desires concerning Harris's fate in this world and the next that would have made a thoughtful man shudder (Jerome). 6. Another part of his mind, however, could only stare with such horror that it was as if, for the rest of his life, there would be behind his face staring eyes that would never close, an amazement-gaping mouth that would never shut. 7. Darling stood up, smiled a little, because he knew if he didn't smile, the tears would come. 8. I never doubted that if she hadn't been so busy with her own affairs, she would have suspected something was the matter. 9. My family were Republicans. I might be one too if I had stayed there. 10. Hers was a forceful clarity and a colourful simplicity and a bold use of metaphor that Demosphenes would have envied. 11. People said about them that they could not be more united even if they were married.

4.Give your ideas on the following situations.

62

What changes do you think would have taken place in our country's history: 1) if the Decembrists had won a victory over the Russian monarchy in 1825? 2) if Tsar Alexander II had not been killed by terrorists and had continued the 1861 reforms? 3) if World War I had not broken out in 1914? 4) if Russia had won that war? 5) if Tsar Nicolas II had not agreed to resign from the throne in 1917? 6) if V. Lenin had really been arrested by the Kerensky government? 7) if he had stayed alive longer and had continued the New Economic Policy? 8) if Trotsky had managed to take over power from Stalin in 1924? 9) if Stalin had been replaced by Kirov in the 30-ies? 10) if Hitler had won his war over the Allied Forces in the 40-s? 11) if Gaidar had stayed in the government longer? 12) if the rebellious Russian Parliament had succeeded in taking the power from President Yeltsin in 1993? 13) if the Communists came to power again now?

Vocabulary

act n 1. дело, поступок 2. закон, постановление (парламента, суда) 3. акт, документ 4. акт (часть пьесы)

art n искусство

counterpart n 1. копия, дубликат 2. двойник creation n 1. создание, сотворение 2. возникновение

creature n 1. создание, творение 2. живое существо 3. человек, создание essential adj существенный, неотъемлемый

ideal adj 1. идеальный, совершенный 2. воображаемый, мысленный, нереальный; n 1. идеал 2. верх совершенства, образец

god-like adj божественный paradise n рай

profound adj 1. глубокий 2. мудрый, дальновидный purification n очищение

purity n чистота

recovery n выздоровление, восстановление, возмещение sacrifice n жертва, жертвоприношение

self-expression n самовыражение self-realisation n самореализация self-sacrifice n самопожертвование

63

subjective adj субъективный, личный

token n 1. знак, символ 2. примета, признак

Ex. 5. Answer the following questions.

1.Is it difficult for employee to understand motivation of his chief?

2.Did employee make less effort when he couldn’t achieve success on his job?

3.Can you always receive anything you want from the members of your family?

4.Do you blame namely others than yourself in all misfortunes in your life?

5.Can a child be saved from catching a cold if he is warmly dressed?

Ex. 6. Explain the meaning of these phraseological units.

1.Forbidden fruit.

2.Bite the bullet.

3.Bitter truth.

4.Let the cat out of the bag.

5.To pull somebody’s leg.

Ex. 7. Find, as much as you can, definition for the following words. Explain your decision.

For example: book – beautiful book.

1.Director

2.Art

3.Motivation

4.Creation

5.Meaning

6.Idea

7.Phenomena

8.Film

Ex. 8. Give the answers interpreting following words.

Russian, director, “Stalker”

“Andrei Rublev”, orthodox, to shoot, 1966.

Shooting, film, a person, organizing Image, to play, film, a person

To write, paper, film, a person Director, film, activity, process

Example: fast, green, full – train.

Ex. 9. Make your own sentences based from four or more words, in which every word begins with the following letters:

Example: A…T…W…A…F…R…D... – Andrei Tarkovsky was a famous Russian director.

1.A…T…W…A…T…D…

2.A…T…S…S…

3.A…T…W…O…

4.A…T…W…A…R…D…

5.A…T…W…A…W…

Ex. 10. Explain what you see in the picture.

65

Ex. 11. Retell the text.

Andrei Tarkovsky’s movie language

Tarkovsky described art as a yearning for the ideal, the creation of an alternative reality. He saw the act of creation itself as an essential moment of art, the artist as a god-like creature; and yet art was not an end in itself. If, as a man of profound belief, he was to draw the old parallel between God and the artist, he saw the act of creation as one of self-sacrifice and not of self-expression or selfrealisation.

A counterpart to this dark vision is the quest for paradise that runs through his films. It is the realm of the childhood dreams, the sunlight and innocence of Ivan. It is the motivation of Stalker, and it lies at the heart of Chris's venture into space in Solaris. But it also underlies the visions of Nostalgia and The Sacrifice: the idea of sacrifice on behalf of a better world, the recovery of innocence and meaning.

Tarkovsky developed this aesthetic idea of film with increasing subtlety, cutting between past, present and future, and between memory, dream and vision, creating time within time in a complex system of subjective cross-references. Certain visual motifs recur in nearly all Tarkovsky's films: horses, dogs, rain, spilt milk, mirrors, manifestations of flying or levitation, parapsychological phenomena.

Similar parallels between the films and painting can be seen in the quotation of the four elements. Water and its allied symbols - bowls, jugs, towels, fish - were tokens of purity and purification.

Ex. 12. Make questions on the text above.

Ex. 13. Make a report on the text above.

Ex. 14. Discuss the text in pairs.

LESSON 13

Vocabulary

66

complement n 1. дополнение 2. комплект congregation n собрание

custom n обычай

decree n 1. ступень, степень 2. качество, достоинство, сорт 3. звание, ученая степень 4. звание, ранг 5. градус (температурный)

empower v 1. уполномочивать, доверять 2. давать возможность, разрешать fulfillment n выполнение, осуществление

grapple v пытаться преодолеть (затруднение), разрешить (задачу), бороться с чем-л.

reprisal n ответная мера, ответное действие shortage n недостаток, нехватка, дефицит stipulate v ставить условием, обусловливать

strict adj 1. точный, определенный 2. строгий, исполнительный, требовательный

Ex. 1. Answer the following questions.

1.Do you prefer to wait until the problem is solved by itself in difficult circumstances?

2.Do you agree that success is a result of hard work and less developed on luck?

3.Do you feel that it’s namely you from whom happiness of your family depends on?

4.Is it difficult for you to understand why some people like you and some people don’t?

5.Do you always prefer to make decision and act independently without any help from others?

Ex. 2. Explain the meaning of these phraseological units.

1.Play it by ear

2.Make ends meet

3.Like water off a duck’s back

67

4.It’s enough to make a cat laugh

5.It is a small world

Ex. 3. Find, as much as you can, definition for the following words. Explain your decision.

For example: book – beautiful book.

1.Custom

2.Fulfillment

3.Shortage

4.Family

5.Authorities

6.Sanction

7.Community

8.Children

Ex. 4. Give the answers interpreting following words.

Ex. 5. Make your own sentences based from four words, in which every word begins with the following letters:

Example: T…A…R…I…E... – There are reforms in education.

1.A…T…R…I…E…?

2.T…A…N…R…I…E…

3.W…T…B…R…I…E…?

4.T…W…B…R…I…E…

5.W…T…R…I…E…?

68

Ex. 6. Explain what you see in the picture.

Ex. 7. Retell the text.

Education of the United States

Education in the colonial era was administered within the families, according to British educational customs. It was a strict rule of the settlers' communities that the head of the family should teach his children to read and write. This was regarded a fundamental parental duty the fulfillment of which was required by the congregation representing the general public. The very first such decree passed in Massachusetts stipulated even a sanction: if the parents failed to perform their duty, the authorities were empowered to arrange for the child's education. And since during the time of schooling children were unable to work for the good of the family as a whole, this proved to be a serious reprisal in a country grappling with the problem of manpower shortage.

The first document relating to education had been the Old Deluder Statute of 1667, issued by the immigrant Puritans in Massachusetts. It stipulated that every town should have a teacher and the major ones even a grammar master.

Family education was complemented and later gradually replaced by a system of private schools and by philanthropy as a social institution (support of orphans, evening schools, founding of Sunday schools).

69

Ex. 8. Make questions on the text above.

Ex. 9. Make a report on the text above.

Ex. 10. Discuss the text in pairs.

LESSON 14

Vocabulary

absorb v поглощать accelerate v ускорять(ся)

calculate v 1. вычислять, подсчитывать 2. рассчитывать 3. калькулировать 4. полагать

cannery n консервный завод

content n 1. содержание 2. объем, вместимость, емкость 3. оглавление, содержание, содержимое 4. суть

decompose v 1. разлагать на составные части 2. разлагаться, гнить 3. растворять(ся)

depletion n исчерпывание, истощение, опустошение

dissolve v 1. растворять(ся), таять, разжижать, испаряться 2. распускать 3. аннулировать, расторгать 4. постепенно исчезать 5. разрушать, разлагать indicate v 1. показывать, указывать 2. выказывать 3. служить признаком, означать 4. предписывать, требовать 5. кратко выражать, давать понять organic adj органический

oxygen n кислород putrefaction n гниение

stream n 1. поток, ручей, течение, струя 2. направление

waste n 1. отбросы, отходы 2. излишняя трата 3. порча арендного имущества 4. убыль, убыток, ущерб

70