Учебное пособие по английскому языку с упражнениями по развитию креативного мышления. Часть 1

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) heliocentric theory

Copernicus himself said that it was in 1506, immediately after his return from Italy, that he began to develop his astronomical system and to write it down. The astronomical observations, which he had begun in Italy, were continued in Poland, particularly at Frauenburg, where he established an observatory. By 1514 his reputation as an astronomer led to his being invited by the Lateran Council to give his opinion on the proposed reform of the calendar. He declined on the ground that the movements of the sun and the moon had not yet been determined with sufficient accuracy. Although continually making observations and elaborating his own doctrine, Copernicus showed great reluctance to publish the result of his work. His Letter Against Werner, which appeared in 1524, tried to demolish the old explanation of the alleged variation in the precession of the equinoxes but revealed nothing of his new theory.

It was not until 1530 that Copernicus provided in the Commentariolus a preliminary outline of his heliocentric theory. It immediately attracted great attention. At Rome, Johann Albrecht Widmanstadt lectured upon the new doctrine; Pope Clement VII gave his approval; Cardinal Schonberg entreated the author to make public his full thought upon the subject.

Ex. 11. Make questions on the text above.

LESSON 10

Grammar: 1. Gerund

2.Conjunction whether

3.word provide

1.Translate the sentences, paying attention to the Gerund.

1.Repairing cars is his business.

2.It goes without saying.

3.Thank you for coming.

4.It looks like rain.

5.Complaining is useless.

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6.She couldn’t forgive him for saying these nasty things to her.

7.Would you mind telling me a bit more about it?

8.I am sorry, I didn’t mean hurting your feelings.

9.It isn’t easy to learn playing the piano.

10.The nicest thing about Richard is that he doesn’t mind criticizing.

11.The output can be increased by raising labor productivity.

12.The discussing of this complex project will take much time.

13.Management is the process of achieving desirable results with the resources available.

14.Management concerns the making of business decisions in order to maximize profit.

15.The company manager spoke about the possibility of decreasing the production cost.

16.In command economy, the central planning requires large capital investments.

2. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the conjunction whether.

1.Profit depends on whether the amount received is greater than the amounts paid.

2.Research workers never know whether or not they will find anything useful.

3.I didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry.

4.I don’t know whether he comes today.

5.It makes a lot of difference to the banker whether the loan is in cash or in the form of a deposit.

6.Average costs of production are important to the decision of whether or not to stay in business.

3. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the word provide.

1.Provided this computer programme for bookkeeping had been more convenient, it would have been adopted.

2.People should be provided with certain goods and services by the government

when they are not available through the private sector.

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3.The finances provided by taxation are usually spent on education, medical services, transportation network development.

4.If planned investment is greater than planned saving, it will help the economy to expand, provided the economy is in a state of less than full employment.

Vocabulary

altitude n 1. высота 2. возвышенность approximately adv приблизительно carbon monoxide n моноокись углерода carbon dioxide n углекислый газ comprehension n понимание

constituent n 1. составляющий часть целого 2. составная часть contain v 1. содержать в себе 2. вмещать 3. сдерживать, ограничивать decrease v понижать

density n густота, плотность

inch n 1. дюйм 2. высота, рост 3. очень небольшое количество (расстояние) nitrogen n азот

oxygen n кислород pressure n давление vapor n пар

volume n 1. объем, масса 2. сила, полнота 3. ёмкость, вместительность

Ex. 4. Answer the following questions.

1.Do you make plans for the future or it depends on the circumstances?

2.Do you feel responsibility even if it doesn’t demand that?

3.Do you think that lives of many people depend on circumstances?

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4.Do you prefer such management under which you are able to make decisions?

5.Do you feel upset when you lose?

Ex. 5. Explain the meaning of these proverbs.

1.Life is not all beer and skittles.

2.When at Rome, do as Romans do.

3.Every family has a black sheep.

4.All is fair in love and war.

5.Appetite comes with eating.

Ex. 6. Find, as much as you can, definition for the following words. Explain your decision.

For example: book – beautiful book.

1.Atmosphere

2.Comprehension

3.Pressure

4.Proportion

5.Condition

6.Oxygen

7.Nitrogen

8.Air

Ex. 7. Give the answers interpreting following words.

Ex. 8. Make your own sentences based from four words, in which every word begins with the following letters:

Example: A…M…C…S…W…O... – A man cannot survive without oxygen.

1.C…A…M…S…W…O…?

2.A…M…B…I…O…

3.A…M…B…O…C…D…

4.P…A…C…D…

5.P…S…O…

Ex. 9. Explain what you see in the picture.

Ex. 10. Retell the text.

THE ATMOSPHERE

Man's atmospheric environment is both narrow and finite; comprehension of its limitations and normal conditions is necessary to understand how it became polluted. The density of the atmosphere decreases with altitude, and

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approximately half of the atmosphere by weight lies below 18,000 feet. It contains about 21 percent oxygen which animals, including man, require for life and, because the average person requires available oxygen at pressures approximating 3 pounds per square inch, man cannot survive for long if oxygen is not available in close to that proportion and at that pressure. Other constituents of air include variable amounts of water vapor, nitrogen (78 percent), and carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and certain other gases, all of which total less than 1 percent by weight. The proportions of the gases are about the same in all parts of the world. The water vapor (water in a gaseous form) amounts to 1 to 3 percent by volume throughout the world's atmosphere. For our considerations, the water vapor can be regarded as an independent gas mixed with air.

Ex. 11. Make questions on the text above.

LESSON 11

Grammar: Subjunctive mood

1. Speak on the following situations.

a)1. What country would you choose if you were given a chance to go abroad? 2. What advice would you give your friend if he (she) were getting married? 3. How would you act if you found yourself on a desert island? 4. What treatment would you recommend if a friend of yours caught a bad cold? 5. What would you do if your neighbours above turned on their music full blast? 6. What would you do if you lost your way in a deep forest? 7. What would you do if a drunken man in the street asked you for a rouble? 8. Where would you go if you were expelled from the University? 9. If you won a big sum on the lottery, what would you do with the money? 10. If you were to choose another profession now, which would you choose?

b)Say what you would do if:

1) you found by chance a hundred-dollar bill on the floor in a shop (on the pavement in the street); 2) you saw a lion out of his cage in the Zoo; 3) you came to the theatre and discovered that you had lost your ticket; 4) a complete stranger offered you a thousand dollars just for nothing; 5) your pupils did not obey you in class.

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2. Refer the following sentences to the Past.

1. If I were in your place, I'd not agree with this idea. 2. She would buy another watch if she saw a better one. 3. If it were not raining we should go bathing in the lake. 4. If there were ice on the river, the boys would go skating. 5. Were it not so cold, the day would be fine. 6. If she asked my advice, I'd persuade her not to go there alone. 7. He would show me his films if his video were not out of order. 8. Had I as much money as I want, I'd go travelling round the world. 9. If he came just a little later, he would find the house empty. 10. If he phoned and nobody answered, he would start worrying. 11. If he were still sleeping, his telephone would be switched off. 12. I'd go and speak to him if we were personally acquainted. 13. If the teacher fell ill, the classes would be cancelled.

3. Give unreal statements contrary to the following.

1. I shan't go out because it's grown dark already. 2. I can't write to him because he hasn't left his new address. 3. I didn't know much myself, so I could not advise him on the matter. 4. The flowers have faded, as they haven't been watered for a long time. 5. The flowers faded, as they hadn't been watered long. 6. He is rather absentminded, that's why he made a few mistakes in the test. 7. I waited long because he had promised to come. 8. I had to wait long because he had promised that he would come. 9. You won't be able to talk to him, as he isn't in town now. 9. He isn't celebrating with us now because he is away on holiday. 10. He isn't celebrating with us now because he has gone away °n holiday. 11. You didn't warn me, so I am quite unprepared for such э turn of events. 12. You didn't warn me, and I haven't prepared for this turn of events. 13. He is angry with you because you let him down terribly in that situation.

4. Comment on the mood and time expressed.

1. If I had any enthusiasm, I'd go on to new people. 2. If the human now fights for survival as he always has, he can eliminate not only himself but also all other life. 3. What the action of the play would have been like if Laertes had not had the occasion to revenge the death of his father, we cannot tell. 4. I asked her if she could come out that night, but she said her lady would be needing her. 5. Had this happened before supper, George would have expressed wishes and desires concerning Harris's fate in this world and the next that would have made a thoughtful man shudder (Jerome). 6. Another part of his mind, however, could

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only stare with such horror that it was as if, for the rest of his life, there would be behind his face staring eyes that would never close, an amazement-gaping mouth that would never shut. 7. Darling stood up, smiled a little, because he knew if he didn't smile, the tears would come. 8. I never doubted that if she hadn't been so busy with her own affairs, she would have suspected something was the matter. 9. My family were Republicans. I might be one too if I had stayed there. 10. Hers was a forceful clarity and a colourful simplicity and a bold use of metaphor that Demosphenes would have envied. 11. People said about them that they could not be more united even if they were married.

Vocabulary

acquire v 1. приобретать, купить 2. достигать

assert v 1. утверждать, заявлять 2. отстаивать, защищать, доказывать correspondence n 1. соответствие, соотношение, аналогия 2. корреспонденция, переписка, письма

extend v 1. расширять 2. продолжать 3. простираться, тянуться 4. продлить (срок), пролонгировать

extension n 1. расширение 2. распространение

grant v 1. соглашаться, разрешать 2. дарить 3. давать дотацию, субсидию 4. допускать, признавать правильность

implication n 1. вовлечение 2. смысл, значение large-scale n крупный масштаб

participant n участник qualification n квалификация rapid adj быстрый

significance n 1. значение, смысл 2. важность 3. многозначительность strata n 1. слой (общества) 2. уровень

undergo v 1. испытывать, переносить 2. подвергаться

vigorously adv 1. сильно, энергично 2. решительно

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within the framework of – в рамках (в пределах) чего-л.

Ex. 5. Answer the following questions.

1.Do you agree that namely unfortunate circumstances prevent people to achieve success in life?

2.Are namely employees responsible for incompetent management of organization?

3.Can you make everybody sympathize with you?

4.Can parents bring up children even if their efforts are useless due to negative influence of the society?

5.Is what happens to you namely your fault?

Ex. 6. Explain the meaning of these phrases.

1.Skepticism is a slow suicide.

2.All men are poets at heart.

3.Don’t ask yourself what country can do for you, ask yourself what you can do for your country.

4.Hope is good breakfast, but it is bad supper.

5.I came, I saw, I conquered.

Ex. 7. Find, as much as you can, definition for the following words. Explain your decision.

For example: book – beautiful book.

1.Significance

2.Education

3.Opportunity

4.Qualifications

5.Wage

6.Increasing

7.Position

8.Means

Ex. 8. Give the answers interpreting following words.

Building, knowledge, to teach, to study

A person, to teach, students

A person, to study, university

A man, school, leaving

University, a person, graduation

A man, to study, school

Example: fast, green, full – train.

Ex. 9. Make your own sentences based from four words, in which every word begins with the following letters:

Example: S…O…S…E…F…A…I…I... – Significance of school education for adults is increasing.

1.I…S…O…S…E…F…A…I…?

2.I…I…O…S…E…F…A…I…?

3.I…I…O…S…E…F…A…R…?

4.I…S…E…F…A…P…T…T…D…?

5.S…E…F…A…I…V…I…

Ex. 10. Explain what you see in the picture.

Ex. 11. Retell the text.

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