Технический перевод иностранной литературы по профилю подготовки. Учебное пособие

READING COMPREHENTION

TASK 6. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS:

1.Why is steel used around the globe for the construction of bridges?

2.What kind of material is it?

3.What kinds of bridge constructions does is dominate?

4.What property is the most desirable for the designers?

5.What has modern steel making developed?

6.What is the difference between structural steels used in bridges and those used in buildings?

7.What properties of structural steels are required for the construction of bridges?

TASK 7. GIVE THE ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS OF THE FOLLOWING WORDS AND WORD COMBINATIONS:

1.сочетание химических соединений

2.тепловая обработка

3.значительные качества

4.современный процесс производства стали

5.применение в конструкциях

6.строгие требования к производительности

7.долговечность при полной нагрузке

8.требования к пластичности

TASK 8. MAKE UP 8 SENTENCES OF YOUR OWN USING THE WORDS AND WORD COMBINATIONS ABOVE.

TASK 9. COMPLETE THE SENTENCES:

1.Steel is used for the construction of …

2.It is an effective material and it provides…

3.Steel dominates the bridges construction for …

4.This material derives its properties from …

5.The most significant property is …

6.Bridge steels have to perform in …

7.Steels are required to meet …

8.They have to provide …

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SPEAKING

TASK 10. RETELL THE TEXT. USE TASK 9 AS A PLAN. TASK 11. TRANSLATE THE TEXT USING THE GLOSSARY.

GRAMMAR FOCUS

HAVE TO is used to express logical necessity (either in the present or in the past)

e.g. During a tour of the factory , health and safety inspectors have declared that the company have to stop production until of series of tests are carried out.

TASK 12. TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES IINTO RUSSIAN, PAYING ATTENTION TO THE VERBS IN ITALICS:

1.Bridge steels have to perform in an outdoor environment with relatively large temperature changes, are subjected to millions of cycles of live loading, and are often exposed to corrosive environments containing chlorides.

2.Bridge steels have to provide adequate service with respect to the additional ‘Fatigue’ and ‘Fracture’ limit state.

3.They have to provide enhanced atmospheric corrosion resistance in many applications where they are used without expensive protective coatings.

4.You do not have to stay for last half hour of the exam if you have fin-

ished.

5.In pre-computer days scientists had to do their calculations with pen and paper.

LISTENING COMPREHENTION

TASK 13. LISTEN TO THE TEXT AND COMPLETE THE NOTES:

1.Three basic raw materials used in the production of steel are …, … and … .

2.The … is the first step in the steel manufacture.

3.The temperature in the blast furnace is raised to … °F.

4.… … is often injected to reduce the amount of coke consumed.

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5.Slag … on the top of the molten iron and is removed separately.

6.The product of the blast furnace is known as … .

7.It takes 2 tons of iron ore, … ton of coke, … ton of limestone, … tons of air to make 1 ton of Pig iron.

8.… types of furnaces are used for the production of steel.

TEXT 10. GROUPS OF STEELS USED

FOR BRIDGES

TASK 1. BEFORE YOU READ:

1.What do you know about the categories of steels used for the construction of bridges?

2.Can you name their main properties?

TASK 2. READ THE TEXT:

Steel used for bridges may be grouped into the following categories.

Carbon steel – This is the cheapest steel available for structural users where stiffness is more important than the strength. This steel has yield stress value around 250 N/sq mm and can be easily welded.

High strength steels – These steels derive their higher strength and other required properties from the addition of alloying elements. These steels need special welding techniques for welding.

Weathering steels – This is another variety of steel which is having enhanced resistance to atmospheric corrosion. These are also called corten steels. Weathering steels are high strength low alloy steels which in suitable environments forms an adherent protective rust ‘patina’, to inhibit further corrosion. The corrosion rate is so low that bridges fabricated from unpainted weathering steels can achieve a 120 year design life with only nominal maintenance.

Stainless steels – Steel is now in general use for bridge construction but the use of stainless steel is relatively recent, 10 years to 15 years. Initially used principally for its anti-corrosion properties in safety components – guardrails, and handrails etc., stainless steel is now found in structural com-

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ponents, whether in the deck – in the form of beams and welded plate sections, tie-rods – or in the suspension systems – in the form of stays, cables and pylons. Stainless steels are also occasionally used to fabricate bearings and other parts for bridges where high corrosion resistance is required. However, the relative high cost of stainless steel has limited its use in primary bridge members.

The physical properties of structural steel such as strength, ductility, brittle fracture, weldability, weather resistance etc., are important factors for its use in bridge construction. These properties depend on the alloying elements, the amount of carbon, cooling rate of the steel and the mechanical deformation of the steel.

The use of uncoated weathering steel typically provides initial cost savings of 10 % or more, and life cycle cost savings of at least 30 % over the life of the structure. Initial cost savings are realized because weathering steels do not need to be painted. Life cycle cost savings come from the material’s durability. Inspections of bridges of between 18 years and 30 years old show that weathering steel perform well in most environments. Weathering steels provide environmental benefits as well. They do not require initial painting, thereby reducing emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from oil-based coatings.

Stainless steels are subject to increased corrosion if they are placed in contact with regular carbon steel. This requires the use of either stainless steel or galvanized fasteners. In addition, special care is needed to avoid contact with or connections to regular carbon steel components. Stainless steels used for bridges and footbridges belong primarily to two categories of stainless namely austenitic and austeno-ferritics, also known as duplex, which combine excellent corrosion resistance and elevated mechanical performance.

The selection of an appropriate grade of steel for a bridge requires an awareness of the steel manufacturing process, an appreciation of the relevant product standards and an understanding of several issues including material properties, design requirements, availability and the cost of steel, and product specification.

As the number of aging and deteriorated bridges in many places around the world has grown, so has interest in improved materials for construction, repair and rehabilitation projects. Bridge designers and builders increasingly

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seek materials that are stronger, more durable and less subject to corrosion or other distress than conventional steel and reinforced concrete. Highstrength steel can be used to produce bridges that are more cost-effective, stronger, lighter and even more resistant to weather conditions than conventional steel. These bridges also have improved fatigue and corrosion resistance. In a study by the US Federal Highway Association, high-strength steel was found to provide lifetime cost savings of up to 18 % and weigh 28 % less than traditional steel bridge design materials. Designers and engineers can now specify new high performance steels that have yield strengths of 500 N/sq mm and 700 N/sq mm. They have superior toughness and can be welded with little or no pre-heat.

For structural use in bridges, steel products are cut to size and welded. In the structure, the material is subject to tensile and compressive forces. The steel generally responds in a linear elastic manner, up to a ‘yield point’, and thereafter has a significant capacity for plastic straining before failure. Steel derives its mechanical properties from a combination of chemical composition, mechanical working and heat treatment. The chemical composition is essentially a balance between achieving the required strength through alloy additions, whilst maintaining other properties (i.e. ductility, toughness and weldability). Mechanical working is effectively rolling the steel; the more steel is rolled, the stronger it becomes, but this is at the expense of ductility. ‘Heat treatment’ covers the control of cooling as the steel is rolled, as well as reheating and cooling processes that can be employed to influence a range of material properties.

DEVELOPING ACADEMIC VOCABULARY

WORKING OUT THE MEANING OF UNKNOWN WORDS

TASK 3.THE FOLLOWING WORDS ARE ALL FROM THE TEXT ABOVE. FIND THEM IN THE TEXT:

weld welding weldability stainless relatively uncoated

TASK 4. FOR EACH WORD, READ THE SENTENCE IT OCCURS IN AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS:

a)Is the word positive, negative or neutral?

b)Is it a noun, adjective, adverb or verb?

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c) Can you think of a word with a similar meaning (synonym) and one with an opposite meaning (antonym)?

TASK 5. CREATE THE GLOSSARY FOR THE TEXT.COMPLETE THE TABLE:

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READING COMPREHENTION

TASK 6. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS:

1.How many categories may steels used for bridges be grouped into?

2.What is the cheapest available kind of steel?

3.Which steel derives its properties from the addition of alloying elements?

4.What is the main advantage of weathering steels?

5.Which steels have the highest strength?

6.How do heat treated carbon steels derive their enhanced strength?

7.How long have stainless steels been used for bridge construction?

8.What is the most significant property of stainless steels?

9.What do the physical properties of structural steels depend on?

10.What does the use of uncoated steels provide?

11.What does the selection of an appropriate grade of steel for a bridge require?

12.Why has the interest in improved materials grown around the world?

TASK 7. GIVE THE ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS OF THE FOLLOWING WORDS AND WORD COMBINATIONS:

1.техническая характеристика изделия

2.предварительный нагрев

3.коррозионная устойчивость

4.экономия затрат на жизненный цикл

5.легирующие элементы

6.подвесные системы

7.преимущества для окружающей среды

8.летучие органические соединения

9.снижать выбросы

10.оцинкованный крепеж

TASK 8. MAKE UP 10 SENTENCES OF YOUR OWN USING THE WORDS AND WORD COMBINATIONS ABOVE.

TASK 9. COMPLETE THE SENTENCES:

1. Steel used for bridges may be grouped into four …

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2.These categories are … steels.

3.Carbon steel is the cheapest steel available for structural users where stiffness is …

4.High strength steels derive their higher strength and other required properties from …

5.Weathering steels have enhanced resistance to …

6.Stainless steels are initially used principally for its …

7.The physical properties of structural steel such as …, …, …, … are important factors for its use in bridge construction.

8.Stainless steels used for bridges and footbridges belong primarily to two categories of …

9.The selection of an appropriate grade of steel for a bridge requires …

10.Bridge designers and builders increasingly seek materials …

SPEAKING

TASK 10. RETELL THE TEXT. USE TASK 9 AS A PLAN. TASK 11. TRANSLATE THE TEXT USING THE GLOSSARY.

GRAMMAR FOCUS

Comparative and superlative adjectives and adverbs.

One-syllable adjectives and adverbs, and two-syllable adjectives ending in -ow, -ble, -er normally add –er to form the comparative and to form the superlative.

e.g. large – larger – the largest

narrow – narrower – the narrowest fast –faster –the fastest

Two-syllable adverbs and adjectives use more/most or less/ least.

e.g. spectacular – more/less spectacular –the most/ the least spectacular As + adjective/ adverb+ as

This method is as effective as that one.(такой же эффективный как и …). The + comparative…, the + comparative…

This pattern is used to show how situations, patterns of behavior may be linked to one another.

e.g. The longer a company has traded, the more the public tends to trust it. (

чем…, тем…)

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TASK 12 .WRITE THE COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS. USE MORE/ MOST WHERE NECESSARY:

TASK 13. TRANSLATE INTO RUSSIAN, PAYING ATTENTION TO COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES:

1.Some researchers have argued that biodiesel does not work as efficiently as regular one.

2.The conditions of the experiment were more difficult than I expected.

3.Scientists were looking for figures that were more precise than the current estimates.

4.The water in Tank A is cloudier than the water in Tank B.

5.The riskier the investment, the less suitable it is for us.

6.Professor Brown concluded that the tests were not as rigorous as they could have been.

7.The task of selecting a suitable method proved to be more timeconsuming than the board had thought.

8.The Swiss wind turbines work more efficiently than Italian ones.

9.The heavier the particles, the easier they are to observe.

10.Which department is the most productive?

TASK 14. TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES FROM THE TEXT, PAYING ATTENTION TO THE WORDS IN ITALICS.

LISTENING COMPREHENTION

TASK 15. LISTEN TO THE TEXT AND DECIDE WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS THE MAIN IDEA:

1.Projects that are submerged in water should be produced of carbon al-

loys.

2.The best choice for all marine projects is stainless steel.

3.Stainless steel is versatile.

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TASK 16. LISTEN AGAIN AND CORRECT THE MISTAKES IN THE NOTES:

1.The best product for use within marine projects is stainless steel.

2.Stainless steel can fall apart in salty water.

3.Selection of alloy is very important for marine projects.

4.Carbon alloys have higher corrosion resistance and higher yield strength than 316/L and Duplex.

Stainless steel platforms and piers are difficult to maintain.

TEXT 11. THE PRINCIPAL PROPERTIES OF STEELS OF INTEREST TO THE DESIGNER

TASK 1. BEFORE YOU READ:

1.What do you know about the principle properties of steels used for the construction of bridges?

2.Can you name their main properties?

TASK 2. READ THE TEXT:

The principal properties of steels of interest to the designer are yield strength, ductility, toughness, and weldability.

Yield strength – The yield strength is the most significant property that the designer needs to use or specify. Yield strength reduces slightly with increasing plate thickness. Steels of 350 N/sq mm yield strength are predominantly used in bridge applications because the cost-to-strength ratio of this material is lower than for other grades. Higher strength steels may offer other advantages, but they are less readily available and the additional strength is of little benefit if fatigue or maximum deflection governs.

Ductility – Ductility is a measure of the degree to which the material can strain or elongate between the onset of yield and the eventual fracture under tensile loading. Good ductility offers the ability to redistribute localized high stresses without failure and to develop plastic moment capacity of sections. The bridge designer relies on ductility for a number of aspects of design and fabrication. It is therefore of paramount importance to all steels used in structural applications for the bridges.

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