Технический перевод иностранной литературы по профилю подготовки. Учебное пособие

TASK 13. TRANSLATE THE TEXT, PAYING ATTENTION TO THE PASSIVE VOICE:

TWO TYPES OF RESEARCH

Research directed toward the solution of problems can bе divided into two major classes: evaluative and developmental. An evaluative problem is оnе in which the alternative courses of асtiоn are completely specified in advance and the solution consists of selecting the best of these. А developmental problem is соnсеrnеd with the search for (and perhaps construction or syntheses оf) instruments which yield а course of асtiоn that is better than аnу аvаilablе at the time. In discussing the рhases of research we should consider each of the types of research that have bееn identified and explore their methodological differences and similarities. But the basis of these comparisons will bе laid throughout bу а detailed consideration of evaluative problem solving. As it will bе sееn in some detail, applied research has the advantage of being аblе to formulate criteria of its own efficiency in terms of the objectives for which the problem is being investigated. Весаusе of the lack of specific objectives, in рurе research such criteria саnnоt bе formulated as explicitly. Cоnsequently, in рurе research mаnу implicit assumptions are made about the conditions under which its results will bе applied. In applied research these assumptions аrе frequently found to bе unrealistic. То elaborate а previous example, in рurе research the seriousness of various errors саn seldom bе measured. In applied problems, however, thеrе аrе few cases in which this condition holds. Неnсе different estimation procedures аrе required in applied science, and serious questions about the estimating procedures of рurе science аrе raised. This fact is nоt generally appreciated; оn the contrary, it is соmmоnlу believed that pure research tends to bе methodologically superior to applied research.

LISTENING COMPREHENTION

TASK 14. LISTEN TO THE TEXT AND DECIDE WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS THE MAIN IDEA:

1. Mega-cities̕authorities should provide measures to withstand terrorist attacks.

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2.Engineers seek for decisions of preventing the failures of buildings in such extreme cases as terrorist attacks.

3.Structural and fireproof materials used in World Trade Center turned out to be too weak to withstand devastating attacks.

TASK 15. LISTEN AGAIN AND CORRECT THE MISTAKES IN THE NOTES:

1. The collapse of the towers revealed the mistakes in their construction. 2. It is practically impossible to engineer a structure able to withstand

an accidental or intentional attack.

3.The detonation of the bomb in the parking area of the World Trade Center challenged its stability.

4.The major structural material employed in the towers was A36 structural steel. The exterior sides of each perimeter column were covered by aluminum.

TEXT 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

OF MATERIALS

TASK 1. BEFORE YOU READ:

1.What do you know about the physical properties of materials?

2.Can you name any physical properties?

VOCABULARY:

1.bonding ['bɔndɪŋ], adj.– связывающий

2.aggregation ['ægrɪ'geɪʃ(ə)n], n. – скопление, концентрация

3.specific [spɪ'sɪfɪk], adj. – удельный, специфичный

4.impurities [ɪm'pju(ə)rɪtɪs], n. – примеси

5.lattice ['lætɪs], n. – решетка

6.bulk [bʌlk ], n., adj. – объем, объемный

7.flaw [flɔ:], n. – трещина, щель

8.density ['densɪtɪ], n. – плотность

9.fluctuation ['flʌkʧu'eɪʃ(ə)n], n. – флуктуация

10.applicability [ə'plɪkə'bɪlɪtɪ] ], n. – приложимость

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TASK 2. READ THE TEXT:

In studying the general structure of materials, one may consider three groupings: first, atomic structure, electronic configuration, bonding forces, and the arrangement of the aggregations of atoms; second, the physical aspect of materials including properties such as electrical and thermal conductivity, specific heat, and magnetism; and third, their macroscopic properties, such as their mechanical behavior under load, which can be explained in terms of impurities and imperfections in the lattice structure and the procedures used to modify that behavior.

In the selection of materials for industrial applications, many engineers normally refer to their average macroscopic properties, as determined by engineering tests, and are seldom concerned with microscopic considerations.

Others, because of their specialty or the nature of their positions, have to deal with microscopic properties.

The average properties of materials are those involving matter in bulk with its flaws, variations in composition, and variations in density that are caused by manufacturing fluctuations. Microscopic properties pertain to atoms, molecules, and their interactions. These aspects of materials are studied for their direct applicability to industrial problems and also so that possible properties in the development of new materials can be estimated.

In order not to become confused by apparently contradictory concepts when dealing with the relationships between the microscopic aspects of matter and the average properties of materials, it is wise to consider the principles that account for the nature of matter at the different levels of our awareness. These levels are the commonplace, the extremely small, and the extremely large. The commonplace level deals with the average properties already mentioned, and the principles involved are those set forth by classical physics. The realm of the extremely small is largely explained by means of quantum mechanics, whereas that of the extremely large is dealt with by relativity.

Relativity is concerned with very large masses, such as planets or stars, and large velocities that may approach the velocity of light. It is also applicable to smaller masses, ranging down to subatomic particles, when they move at high velocities. Relativity has a definite place in the tool boxes of nuclear engineers and electrical engineers who deal with particle

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accelerators. For production engineers, relativity is of only academic interest and is mentioned here for the sake of completeness.

DEVELOPING ACADEMIC VOCABULARY

WORKING OUT THE MEANING OF UNKNOWN WORDS

TASK 3. THE FOLLOWING WORDS ARE ALL FROM THE TEXT ABOVE. FIND THEM IN THE TEXT:

matter pertain velocity awareness contradictory commonplace

TASK 4. FOR EACH WORD, READ THE SENTENCE IT OCCURS IN AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS:

a)Is the word positive, negative or neutral?

b)Is it a noun, adjective, adverb or verb?

c)Can you think of a word with a similar meaning (synonym) and one with an opposite meaning (antonym)?

READING COMPREHENTION

TASK 5. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS:

1.What groups of concepts can be identified in the study of the overall structure of materials?

2.Can you specify the four components in the first group of concepts?

3.What properties of materials can be attributed to the physical proper-

ties?

4.What is meant by microscopic properties?

5.How are the macroscopic parameters of the materials usually determined?

6.What exactly determines the microscopic parameters of the materials?

7.What levels of knowledge can be identified in order to correlate micro- and macroparameters?

8.What discipline explains the behavior of micro particles?

9.Is the theory of relativity applicable to small particles and under what conditions?

10.What is the significance of the theory of relativity for a mechanical engineer in terms of studying the properties of materials?

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TASK 6. FIND THE ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS TO THE FOLLOWING INTERNATIONAL WORDS IN THE TEXT:

TASK 7. MAKE UP 5 SENTENCES WITH THE WORDS GIVEN ABOVE.

TASK 8. FIND THE ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS OF THE FOLLOWING WORDS AND PHRASES IN THE TEXT:

TASK 9. TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES INTO ENGLISH:

1.Для промышленности относительность представляет лишь академический интерес.

2.При выборе промышленных материалов инженеры руководствуются их макроскопическими свойствами, редко обращая внимание на микроскопические.

3.Микроскопические свойства относятся к атомам, молекулам и их взаимодействию.

4.Ученых часто вводят в заблуждение противоречивые концепции.

5.Квантовая механика объясняет мир чрезвычайно малых величин.

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TASK 10. MATCH THE WORDS WITH THEIR SYNONIMS:

TASK 11. WORDS IN FAMILIES. FORM AN ADJECTIVE AND A NOUN. WRITE THE WORDS AS IN THE EXAMPLE:

Example: to relate – relative – relativity Continue: to select – … – …

to differ – … – …

to … – structural – … to … – ... – conductivity to explain – … – …

SPEAKING

TASK 12. GIVE A PRESENTATION:

Select one material from your area of study, or one that you know well. Prepare a short presentation (about physical properties of a material) of twothree minutes maximum. Use the following tips to help you:

1.Create a picture to help you describe the material chosen.

2.Think about signposting language to draw your listeners̕attention to specific information.

3.Think over the questions you are supposed to be asked by your listeners.

4.Practise delivering the presentation.

USE THE FOLLOWING SIGNPOSTING LANGUAGE:

To indicate sequence or order : First of all we have…, What I would like to focus on first of all…, Then turn to…, Secondly I would like to

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dwell on…, After that comes…, …followed by…, Next is…, Finally this brings us….

To indicate a transition: Let us move on…, So now that we have…, I would like to look at…, Let us start by taking a brief look at…

GRAMMAR FOCUS

ADVERBS + ADJECTIVES/ ADVERBS/ PAST PARTICIPLE

Adverbs are sometimes used before adjectives, other adverbs or a past participle. For example:

She memorizes formulae incredibly quickly. (adverb + adverb)

Она запоминает формулы невероятно быстро.

Their research is extremely useful. (adverb + adjective)

Их исследование чрезвычайно полезно.

The report was badly written. (adverb + past participle)

Доклад был плохо написан.

TASK 13.TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES GIVEN IN ITALICS INTO RUSSIAN PAYING ATTENTION TO ADVERBS + ADJECTIVES/OTHER ADVERBS/PAST PARTICIPLES.

TASK 14.TRANSLATE INTO RUSSIAN, PAYING ATTENTIOM TO PHRASES GIVEN IN ITALICS:

1.The use of e-media for reading classic books is surprisingly widespread among older consumers.

2.Identity theft has unfortunately increased since 2012.

3.Mechanical properties such as yield strength, impact strength, hardness, creep, and fatigue resistance are strongly structure-sensitive.

4.The test result is strongly dependent on the base of the notch, where there is a large concentration of triaxial stresses that produce a fracture with little plastic flow.

5.The impact test is particularly sensitive to internal stress producers such as inclusions, flake graphite, second phases, and internal cracks.

6.The results from an impact test are not easily expressed in terms of design requirements.

7.Low-carbon steels are particularly susceptible to brittle failure in a cold environment.

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LISTENING COMPREHENTION

TASK 15. LISTEN TO THE TEXT AND CORRECT THE MISTAKES IN THE NOTES:

1.Research groups at Technical Universities show that physical properties of strontium titanate can be changed by heat treatment.

2.Strontium titanate is an alloy known for its superconductivity.

3.Piezoelectricity is the effect resulting from mechanical stress in the material.

4.Researchers used a technique called X-ray diffraction.

5.The experiment showed that new physical properties cannot be created artificially.

6.Strontium titanate is a piezoelectric material under normal conditions.

7.The challenge for scientists is to apply the piezoelectric effect in prac-

tice.

TEXT 5. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

OF MATERIALS

TASK 1. BEFORE YOU READ:

1.What do you know about the mechanical properties of materials?

2.Why are they so important for engineering?

VOCABULARY:

1.load [ləud], n. – нагрузка

2.environment [ɪn'vaɪ(ə)rənmənt], n.– внешние условия

3.handbook ['hændbuk], n. – справочник

4.subfreezing [sʌb'fri:zɪŋ], adj. – ниже точки замерзания

5.ductility [dʌk'tɪlɪtɪ], n. – ковкость, тягучесть

6.stretching ['strεtʃɪŋ], n. – растяжение

7.hammering ['hæmərɪŋ], n. – ковка

8.brittleness ['brɪtlnɪs], n.– хрупкость

9.harden [hɑ:dn], v.– упрочнять

10.rolled [rəuld], adj. – катаный

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TASK 2. READ THE TEXT:

Designers and engineers are usually more interested in the behavior of materials under load or when in a magnetic field than in why they behave as they do. Yet the better one understands the nature of materials and the reasons for their physical and mechanical properties the more quickly and wisely will he/she be able to choose the proper material for a given design. Generally, a material property is the measured magnitude of its response to a standard test performed according to a standard procedure in a given environment. In engineering materials the loads are mechanical or physical in nature and the properties are recorded in handbooks or, for new materials, are made available by the supplier. Frequently such information is tabulated for room-temperature conditions only, so when the actual service conditions are at subfreezing or elevated temperatures, more information is needed.

All materials have properties that designers must use to their best advantage. The following terms describe these properties:

Ductility is a softness present in some materials, such as copper and aluminum, that permits them to be formed by stretching (drawing) or hammering without breaking. Wire is made of ductile materials that can be drawn through a die. Brittleness is a characteristic of metals that will not stretch without breaking, such as cast irons and hardened steels. Malleability is the ability of a metal to be rolled or hammered without breaking. Hardness is the ability of a metal to resist being dented when it receives a blow. Toughness is the property of being resistant to cracking and breaking while remaining malleable. Elasticity is the ability of a metal to return to its original shape after being bent or stretched.

DEVELOPING ACADEMIC VOCABULARY

WORKING OUT THE MEANING OF UNKNOWN WORDS

TASK 3.THE FOLLOWING WORDS ARE ALL FROM THE TEXT ABOVE. FIND THEM IN THE TEXT:

bent toughness cracking drawing magnitude available

TASK 4. FOR EACH WORD, READ THE SENTENCE IT OCCURS IN AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS:

a) Is the word positive, negative or neutral?

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b)Is it a noun, adjective, adverb or verb?

c)Can you think of a word with a similar meaning (synonym) and one with an opposite meaning (antonym)?

READING COMPREHENTION

TASK 5. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1.Is it important for engineers to know the nature of materials and the reasons for their behavior? Why?

2.What is a particular property of a material?

3.What sources can engineers obtain certain properties of materials

from?

4.Can you give a definition of toughness?

5.Are the reference properties of materials absolute or relative?

6.How can we obtain a wire?

7.What is fragility?

8.What materials can be called brittle?

9.What is malleability?

10.How can we define the hardness of metal?

11.What is plasticity?

12.How can we define the elasticity of the material?

TASK 6. FIND THE RUSSIAN EQUIVALENTS OF THE FOLLOWING WORDS AND PHRASES IN THE TEXT:

TASK 7. TRANSLATE FROM RUSSIAN INTO ENGLISH:

1. Пластичность металла – это его способность поддаваться раскатыванию или ковке.

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