Технический перевод иностранной литературы по профилю подготовки. Учебное пособие

2.Свойство материала представляет собой измеренную величину его отклика на стандартный тест.

3.Инженеров обычно интересует поведение материалов под нагрузкой.

4.У технических материалов нагрузки носят механический или физический характер.

5.Провод изготавливается из пластичных материалов.

6.Литые чугуны и закаленные стали хрупки, потому что они не могут растягиваться без разрушения.

7.Твердость материала – это его свойство быть стойким к растрескиванию или разрушению.

8.Способность металла вернуться к своей первоначальной форме после изгиба или растяжения называется эластичностью.

9.Прочность – способность материала сопротивляться удару.

10.Понимание природы материала очень важно для конструкторов.

TASK 8. GUESS THE MEANING OF THE FOLLOWING INTERNATIONAL WORDS:

TASK 9. MAKE UP 5 SENTENCES WITH THE WORDS GIVEN ABOVE.

TASK 10. WORD BUILDING. NOUN SUFFIXES ( -ITY, -NESS, - ANCE/ENCE, -CY). MAKE UP NOUNS USING THE ADJECTIVES GIVEN:

Brittle (adjective) – brittleness (noun)

Ductile - …, hard-…, malleable- …, tough - …, resistant-…, elastic - …, available-…, soft-…, frequent -….

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TASK 11. MAKE SENTENCES OF YOUR OWN USING THE NOUNS ABOVE.

SPEAKING

TASK 12. GIVE A PRESENTATION:

Select one material from your area of study, or one that you know well. Prepare a short presentation (about mechanical properties of a material) of two-three minutes maximum. Use the following tips to help you:

1.Create a picture to help you describe the material chosen.

2.Think about signposting language to draw your listeners̕attention to specific information.

3.Think over the questions you are supposed to be asked by your listeners.

4.Practice delivering the presentation.

LISTENING COMPREHENTION

TASK 13. LISTEN TO THE TEXT AND MARK THE STATEMENTS AS TRUE (T) OR FALSE (F):

1.Materials with very small grain size are known as nanoand submicrocrystalline ones.

2.Nanomaterials demonstrate unusual electrochemical properties.

3.The researchers aimed at upgrading the existing mechanical properties of materials.

4.Nanomaterials are normally produced with the help of one and the same method.

5.High pressure torsion is considered to be severe plastic deformation technique for the synthesis of nanomaterials.

6.Custom built tensile stage is used by researchers to study mechanical properties.

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TEXT 6. APPLICATION OF CONCEPTS FROM QUANTUM MECHANICS

TASK 1. BEFORE YOU READ:

1.What do you know about quantum mechanics?

2.What does it deal with?

VOCABULARY:

1.particle ['pɑ:tɪk(ə)l], n.– частица

2.heat capacity [hi:t [kə'pæsɪtɪ], n.– теплоемкость

3.scope [skəup], n. – диапазон

4.exclusion [ɪk'sklu:ʒ(ə)n], n. – исключение

5.forbidden [fə'bɪdn], adj. – запрещенный

6.consequently ['kɔnsɪkwəntlɪ], adv. – следовательно

7.interaction ['ɪntə'rækʃ(ə)n], n. – взаимодействие

8.collision [kə'lɪʒ(ə)n], n. – столкновение

9.neighboring ['neɪbərɪŋ], adj. – соседний

10.dislodged [dɪs'lɔʤd], adj. – смещенный

TASK 2. READ THE TEXT:

Quantum mechanics, once restricted to the academic halls, has now become a bread-and-butter topic. It generally deals with particles of atomic or subatomic sizes. But from the understanding of the behavior of these particles comes a better understanding of such phenomena as thermal conductivity, heat capacity, electric conductivity and the very existence of transistors and thermistors.

Quantum mechanics is a complex subject, largely outside the scope of this text, yet a brief mention of two of its most important concepts may aid the productiondesign engineer in the study of the basic characteristics of materials. One of these is Planck's quantum hypothesis, later extended by Einstein and others. The other is Pauli's exclusion principle.

The quantum hypothesis postulates that the bound energy state of particles of very small size cannot be represented by a continuous function but is discrete in nature. Thus, between any two permissible energy states of a bound particle there exists a region of states that are forbidden.

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Each of the electrons of any atom has a particular energy level E1, E2, E3, etc. For an electron to go from one energy state to a higher one, it must receive sufficient energy to jump through the forbidden-energy regions. Thus if an electron at energy level E2 is to go to the higher-energy level E3, it must receive an energy E2.

All matter has a spontaneous tendency to be in the lowest possible energy state. Consequently, the electrons of any atom fill the lowest permissible energy levels and are only excited to upper empty levels when they are given energy by means of interaction with electromagnetic radiation, particle bombardment, or an electric field, or by thermal excitation.

Thus, if an electron is dislodged from its initial energy level, it can only go to a higher unoccupied level or entirely out of the atom. It may be recalled that the number of electrons in any atom is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus. If for any reason an atom is stripped of some or all of its electrons, free electrons in the vicinity of the ion rapidly falls into the empty energy levels, emitting their excess energy in the form of radiation.

Many of physical properties of materials are understood through this behavior of electrons.

DEVELOPING ACADEMIC VOCABULARY

WORKING OUT THE MEANING OF UNKNOWN WORDS

TASK 3.THE FOLLOWING WORDS ARE ALL FROM THE TEXT ABOVE. FIND THEM IN THE TEXT:

postulate matter spontaneous entirely equal vicinity

TASK 4. FOR EACH WORD, READ THE SENTENCE IT OCCURS IN AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS:

a)Is the word positive, negative or neutral?

b)Is it a noun, adjective, adverb or verb?

c)Can you think of a word with a similar meaning (synonym) and one with an opposite meaning (antonym)?

READING COMPREHENTION

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TASK 5. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1.What does quantum mechanics generally deal with?

2.What does the understanding of the behavior of particles lead to?

3.Can you name its two main concepts?

4.What does the quantum hypothesis postulate?

5.What does all matter possess?

6.Why do the electrons of any atom fill the lowest permissible energy levels?

7.Is the number of electrons in any atom equal to the number of protons in the nucleus?

8.In what case will free electrons rapidly fall into the empty energy levels?

TASK 6. GUESS THE MEANING OF THE FOLLOWING INTERNATIONAL WORDS AND PHRASES:

TASK 7. MAKE UP 5 SENTENCES WITH THE WORDS GIVEN ABOVE.

TASK 8. FIND THE RUSSIAN EQUIVALENTS OF THE FOLLOWING WORDS AND PHRASES IN THE TEXT:

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TASK 9. TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH:

1.Квантовая механика имеет дело с объектами атомного и субатомного размера.

2.Изучение поведения молекулярных частиц с точки зрения квантовой механики дает возможность понять такие явления, как теплопроводность, электропроводность, теплоемкость.

3.Существует два основных понятия, лежащих в основе квантовой теории.

4.Все вещества имеют спонтанную тенденцию находиться в наиболее низком энергетическом состоянии.

5.Многие физические свойства материалов находятся под пристальным изучением.

TASK 10. MATCH THE WORDS TO THEIR DEFINITIONS:

SPEAKING

TASK 11. SPEAK ABOUT QUANTUM MECHANICS. USE THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS AS A PLAN:

1.What does quantum mechanics deal with?

2.Which phenomena does it help to understand?

3.Why is quantum mechanics a complex subject?

4.What does quantum theory postulate?

5.Why do the electrons of any atom fill the lowest permissible energy levels?

6.If an electron is dislodged from its initial energy level, where can it go?

7.Which properties of materials can be understood through this behavior of electrons?

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GRAMMAR FOCUS

CONDITIONAL STRUCTURES

Conditional sentences with if and unless are usually used to speculate and explain. To give an explanation or speak about a general truth, the present tense in both the if-clause and the main clause are used:

If you heat ice, it melts.

TASK 12.FIND THE SENTENCE GIVEN IN ITALICS IN THE TEXT AND TRANSLATE IT.

LISTENING COMPREHENTION

TASK 13. LISTEN TO THE TEXT AND COMPLETE THE TRANSCRIPT:

Quantum Theory or Quantum mechanics attempts to explain the … … of tiny teeny bits of … and energy such as …, … and … .

Neither the Newton’s laws of motion nor the wave theory can explain or predict the behavior of these.

For example there is no way to … when a radioactive nuclide will … . It has become impossible to specify the position and the motion of each

… so what this theory does is to work out the … .

Although Max Planck is considered as the pioneer of this theory, it developed … since 1900 due to the work of several leading mathematicians and scientists. Among some of the great scientists that helped to … and diversify this sector of … physics are Newton and Niels Bohr.

TEXT 7. IMPACT PROPERTIES

TASK 1. BEFORE YOU READ:

1.What comes to your mind when you hear the phrase "impact proper-

ties"?

2.What are impact tests?

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VOCABULARY:

1.failure ['feɪljə], n. – отказ, разрушение

2.compressive [kəm'presɪv], adj. – сжимающий

3.withstand [wɪð'stænd], v.– выдерживать

4.susceptible [sə'septəb(ə)l], adj. – подверженный

5.impac ['ɪmpækt], n. – удар

6.notch [nɔʧ], n. – выточка, выемка

7.fracture ['frækʧə], n. – разрушение

8.crack [kræk], n. – трещина

9.abrupt [ə'brʌpt], adj. – резкий, обрывистый

TASK 2. READ THE TEXT:

In some designs, dynamic forces are likely to cause failure. For example an alloy may be hard and have high compressive strength and yet be unable to withstand a sharp blow. In particular, low-carbon steels are susceptible to brittle failure at certain temperatures. Most impact tests use a calibrated hammer to strike a notched or unnotched test specimen. In the former, the test result is strongly dependent on the base of the notch, where there is a large concentration of triaxial stresses that produce a fracture with little plastic flow. The impact test is particularly sensitive to internal stress producers such as inclusions, flake graphite, second phases, and internal cracks.

The results from an impact test are not easily expressed in terms of design requirements because it is not possible to determine the triaxial stress conditions at the notch. There also seems to be no general agreement of the interpretation or significance of the result. Nonetheless the impact test has proved especially useful in defining the temperature at which steel changes from brittle to ductile behavior. Low-carbon steels are particularly susceptible to brittle failure in a cold environment such as the North Atlantic. There were cases of Liberty ships of World War II vintage splitting in two as a result of brittle behavior when traveling in heavy seas during the winter.

In a particular design having a notch or any abrupt change in cross section, the maximum stress occurs at this location and may exceed the stress computed by typical formulas based upon simplified assumptions in connection with stress distribution. The ratio of this maximum stress to the

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nominal stress is known as a stress concentration factor, usually denoted by K. Stress concentration factors may be determined experimentally or by calculations based on the theory of elasticity. Stress concentration factor K for fillets of various radius is divided by the thickness of castings subjected to torsion, tension, and bending stresses.

DEVELOPING ACADEMIC VOCABULARY

WORKING OUT THE MEANING OF UNKNOWN WORDS

TASK 3.THE FOLLOWING WORDS ARE ALL FROM THE TEXT ABOVE. FIND THEM IN THE TEXT:

withstand unnotched assumption abrupt elasticity triaxial

TASK 4. FOR EACH WORD, READ THE SENTENCE IT OCCURS IN AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS:

a.Is the word positive, negative or neutral?

b.Is it a noun, adjective, adverb or verb?

c.Can you think of a word with a similar meaning (synonym) and one with an opposite meaning (antonym)?

READING COMPREHENTION

TASK 5. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1.What kind of forces can cause failure in any designs? Can you give an example?

2.What tools are usually used in impact tests?

3.What is impact test particularly sensitive to?

4.Can experts easily express the results from an impact test in terms of design requirements?

5.Is there a general agreement of the interpretation of the results of

tests?

6.Where has an impact test proved to be especially useful?

7.What is a stress concentration factor?

8.Can a stress concentration factor be determined by calculations?

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TASK 6. GUESS THE MEANING OF THE FOLLOWING INTERNATIONAL WORDS:

Tests, graphite, plastic, ratio, location, factor, radius , distribution.

TASK 7. MAKE UP 5 SENTENCES WITH THE WORDS GIVEN ABOVE.

TASK 8. FIND THE ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS OF THE FOLLOWING WORDS AND PHRASES:

Failure, compressive, low-carbon, susceptible, brittle, specimen, fracture, flow.

TASK 9. TRANSLATE FROM RUSSIAN INTO ENGLISH:

1.Сплавы могут быть твердыми и иметь высокую сжимающую

силу.

2.Результаты теста на ударную прочность не всегда легко представить в цифрах.

3.Испытание на ударную прочность всегда особенно чувствительно к внутренним факторам, таким как включения и внутренние трещины.

4.Тест на ударную прочность продемонстрировал свою полезность при определении температур, при которых сталь изменяет свои свойства и становится менее хрупкой.

5.Низкоуглеродные стали особенно восприимчивы к разрушению при низких температурах.

TASK 10. MATCH THE WORDS TO THEIR DEFINITIONS:

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