Технический перевод иностранной литературы по профилю подготовки. Учебное пособие

SPEAKING

TASK 11. CONTINUE THE SENTENCES:

1.In some designs, dynamic forces are likely …

2.Most impact tests use a calibrated hammer to …

3.The impact test is particularly sensitive to internal stress producers such as …

4.The results from an impact test are not easily expressed in terms of design requirements because…

5.There also seems to be no general agreement of …

6.Nonetheless the impact test has proved especially useful in defining …

7.Low-carbon steels are particularly susceptible to brittle failure in …

TASK 12. SPEAK ABOUT IMPACT PROPERTIES. USE TASK 11 AS A PLAN.

GRAMMAR FOCUS

LATIN AND GREEK BORROWINGS IN ENGLISH

Study the following examples:

The curriculum is a combination of theoretical and practical courses which consist of lectures, independent exercises, computer simulations, laboratory works, and group assignments.

Stress concentration factors K for fillets of various radius is divided by the thickness of castings subjected to torsion, tension, and bending stresses.

Latin and Greek borrowings have their own plural endings. Study the following table:

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TASK 13. CONSULT THE TABLE AND GIVE THE PLURAL OF THE FOLLOWING FOREIGN WORDS:

a)radius, stimulus, genius, cactus, fungus

b)alga, formula, vertebra, antenna

c)curriculum, datum, medium, millennium, stratum, bacterium

d)index

e)appendix

f)axis, basis, crisis, thesis, analysis

g)phenomenon, criterion

TASK 14. TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH:

1.На поверхности этой планеты происходят странные явления.

2.Многие университеты имеют разные программы.

3.Каковы критерии оценки этого эксперимента?

4.Земля вращается вокруг своей оси.

5.Многие бактерии вызывают болезни.

6.Эти данные надежны.

7.Она запоминает формулы очень легко.

LISTENING COMPREHENTION

TASK 15. LISTEN TO THE TEXT AND DECIDE WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS THE MAIN IDEA:

1.Different materials may need different testing methods.

2.There are several methods of conducting impact tests.

3.A lot of factors exert a tremendous influence of impact test results.

TASK 16. LISTEN AGAIN AND COMPLETE THE NOTES:

1.Impact resistance is one of the important … … of material.

2.The commonly used methods include … impact test, … impact test and … impact test.

3.Falling height and … of falling body will influence the test result.

4.Shape and … of the plunger tip will also exert a tremendous influence to the result.

5.Falling dart impact method is usually used in … package.

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TEXT 8. SELECTION OF MATERIALS

TASK 1. BEFORE YOU READ:

1.What do you know about the selection of materials according to their structure?

2.Can you name the main criteria of choosing the materials?

VOCABULARY:

1.to pose a problem [tu: pəuz ə 'prɔbləm] – представлять проблему

2.criterion [kraɪ'tɪ(ə)rɪən], n. – критерий

3.to include [tu: ɪn'klu:d], v. – включать

4.limited ['lɪmɪtɪd] – ограниченный

5.consideration [kən'sɪdə'reɪʃ(ə)n], n. – соображение

6.inevitable [ɪ'nevɪtəb(ə)l], adj. – неизбежный

7.to occur [tu: ə'kɜ:], v. – происходить

8.reduction [rɪ'dʌkʃ(ə)n], n. – снижение

9.desired [dɪ'zaɪəd, -ərd] – желаемый

TASK 2. READ THE TEXT:

Selecting the right material from the many thousands that are available poses a serious problem. The decision can be based on several criteria. The in-service conditions must be characterized, for these will dictate the properties required of the material. A material does not always have the maximum or ideal combination of properties. Thus, it may be necessary to trade off one characteristic for another. The classic example includes strength and ductility. Normally, a material having a high strength will have only a limited ductility. A second selection consideration is any deterioration of material properties that may occur during service operation.

For example, significant reductions in mechanical strength may result from exposure to elevated temperatures or corrosive environments. If a compromise concerning desired in-service properties cannot be reached, new materials have to be developed. Probably the most important consideration is that of economics. A material may be found that has the ideal set of properties but is extremely expensive. Some compromise is inevitable. The cost of a finished piece also includes any cost occurring during fabrication to produce the de-sired shape. For example: commodity plastics like poly-

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ethylene or polypropylene cost about $ 0.50/lb, whereas engineering resins or Nylon cost $ 1,000/lb.

DEVELOPING ACADEMIC VOCABULARY

WORKING OUT THE MEANING OF UNKNOWN WORDS

TASK 3.THE FOLLOWING WORDS ARE ALL FROM THE TEXT ABOVE. FIND THEM IN THE TEXT:

Ductility corrosive compromise deterioration fabrication commodity

TASK 4. FOR EACH WORD, READ THE SENTENCE IT OCCURS IN AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS:

a)Is the word positive, negative or neutral?

b)Is it a noun, adjective, adverb or verb?

c)Can you think of a word with a similar meaning (synonym) and one with an opposite meaning (antonym)?

READING COMPREHENTION

TASK 5. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS:

1.Can the decision to select the right material be based on one criterion?

2.Does a material always possess the maximum of ideal combination of properties?

3.What property does a material having a high strength usually have?

4.What can occur to the material during service operation?

5.What can happen if a compromise concerning desired in-service properties cannot be reached?

TASK 6. COMPLETE THE SENTENCES:

1.The most important consideration in choosing a material is that of …

2.The cost of a finished piece includes …

3.If a material does not have the maximum of ideal combination of properties, it may be necessary …

4.Significant reductions in mechanical strength may result …

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TASK 7. MATCH THE WORDS TO THEIR DEFINITIONS:

TASK 8. GIVE THE ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS OF THE FOLLOWING WORDS AND WORD COMBINATIONS:

1.отбор подходящего материала

2.основываться на чем-либо

3.идеальное сочетание свойств

4.чрезвычайно дорогой

5.ограниченная эластичность

6.желаемая форма

7.условия эксплуатации

TASK 9. MAKE UP 7 SENTENCES OF YOUR OWN USING THE WORDS AND WORD COMBINATIONS ABOVE.

GRAMMAR FOCUS

MODAL VERBS

CAN expresses present ability

Scientists can observe images of atoms by using an electronic microscope.

Sometimes we need a passive form

A parallel can be drawn between these two phenomena.

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MAY is used to say that something is possible

The government may not find the solution to this problem.

MUST is used to express obligation

The experiment must be conducted in time.

HAVE TO is used to express logical necessity

We have to test the equipment before use.

Study the meaning of modal verbs + Perfect Infinitive

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TASK 10. FIND THE SENTENCES WITH MODALS IN THE TEXT AND TRANSLATE THEM.

TASK 11. TRANSLATE INTO RUSSIAN:

1.Heavy graders are used when large volumes of soil have to be han-

dled.

2.The device can provide great opportunities.

3.Scrapers should be used on moderate wet sandy soils.

4.It must be understood that engine requirements differ considerably.

5.Such substances may cause cancer.

6.Hazardous consequences must be vastly lowered.

7.Global warming may result in profound shifts of climate.

8.The material may be discharged with the help of various devices.

9.The results of the experiment can be easily calculated.

10.Consumers must ask about the contents of dangerous substances.

11.The cost of the production could be cut more than 50%.

12.The share arm can be raised with a disk knife.

13.Depending on the style, the resistor may be encapsulated in lacquer, high temperature cement or by molding.

14.Infectious diseases can spread very fast.

15.Ethanol can be fatal if ingested, inhaled or absorbed through the

skin.

TASK 12. TRANSLATE INTO RUSSIAN, PAYING ATTENTION TO MODALS + PERFECT INFINITIVE:

1.We do not believe scientists could have achieved such progress.

2.The researchers may not have known about those data.

3.The explosion must have occurred long ago.

4.The assistant might have made a mistake.

5.We figured that they must have obtained new results of the experi-

ment.

6.Safety engineering should have done it previously.

7.Some problems of science could not have been solved without iso-

topes.

8.The goods are reported to have been delivered.

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9.The research must have been performed according to the safety instructions.

10.He must have found out about the conference beforehand.

11.The influence of temperatures on these substances should have been studied long ago.

12.No living beings could have survived in such climate.

13.Carbon steels must have been used in the construction of this buil-

ding.

14.Life may have been existed on that planet.

15.A lot of practical difficulties must have been encountered in the implementation of this idea.

16.The research on nickel alloys may have been done last term.

17.The explanation cannot have been adequate under the circumstances.

18.The experiment should have been performed beforehand.

19.They must have arrived at these principles through observation and experiment.

20.I could have gone to the conference but I lost my invitation.

21.The delegation must have missed their flight.

LISTENING COMPREHENTION

TASK 13. LISTEN TO THE TEXT AND COMPLETE THE TRANSCRIPT:

In manufacturing process selection of materials for the design of a machine is an … … to accomplish its reliable functionality. The selected material should satisfy a lot of … . There are some factors to be … while selecting a material for a machine part. They are mechanical forces or …, wear and tear …, thermal properties, electrical … properties, availability and cost of the material.

Let’s dwell on economic factors. Probably the most important thing is the availability of the material … . From the economic point of view, the material should be easily available in nature. In its turn, this availability … the cost of the material. So it is necessary to consider this factor as the … one in the selection of materials for the engineering … .

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TEXT 9. STEEL AS A MATERIAL

FOR BRIDGES

TASK 1. BEFORE YOU READ:

1.What do you know about the construction of bridges and the materials used for it?

2.Can you name the main properties of steel?

TASK 2. READ THE TEXT:

Steel is widely used around the globe for the construction of bridges of sizes ranging from the very large to the very small. It is a versatile and effective material that provides efficient and sustainable solutions. Steel has long been recognized as the economic option for a range of bridges. It dominates the bridge constructions for long span bridges, railway bridges, footbridges, and medium span highway bridges. It is now increasingly the choice for shorter span highway structures as well.

Steel derives its material properties from a combination of chemical composition, mechanical working and heat treatment. The yield strength is probably the most significant property that the designers need to use or specify. Modern steel making and rolling processes have developed steels of suitable high yield strength without any deterioration of other properties in the steels.

Structural steels for use in bridges generally have more stringent performance requirements compared to steels used in buildings and many other structural applications. Bridge steels have to perform in an outdoor environment with relatively large temperature changes, are subjected to millions of cycles of live loading, and are often exposed to corrosive environments containing chlorides. Steels are required to meet strength and ductility requirements for all structural applications. However, bridge steels have to provide adequate service with respect to the additional ‘Fatigue’ and ‘Fracture’ limit state. They also have to provide enhanced atmospheric corrosion resistance in many applications where they are used without expensive protective coatings. For these reasons, structural steels for bridges are required to have fracture toughness and often corrosion resistance that exceed general structural requirements.

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DEVELOPING ACADEMIC VOCABULARY

WORKING OUT THE MEANING OF UNKNOWN WORDS

TASK 3.THE FOLLOWING WORDS ARE ALL FROM THE TEXT ABOVE. FIND THEM IN THE TEXT:

versatile stringent sustainable enhance deterioration fracture

TASK 4. FOR EACH WORD, READ THE SENTENCE IT OCCURS IN AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS:

a)Is the word positive, negative or neutral?

b)Is it a noun, adjective, adverb or verb?

c)Can you think of a word with a similar meaning (synonym) and one with an opposite meaning (antonym)?

TASK 5. CREATE THE GLOSSARY FOR THE TEXT.COMPLETE THE TABLE:

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