Тесты по английскому языку грамматика, лексика, аудирование
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APPENDIX 1 |
191 |
in flames |
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in the open |
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in the flesh |
in one’s opinion |
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in one’s free time |
in orbit |
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in fun |
in order of/to |
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in future |
in other words |
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in general |
in pain |
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in good time |
in pairs |
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in half |
in the park |
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in hand |
in particular |
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in haste |
in the past |
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in good/bad health |
in person |
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in honour of |
in pieces |
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in the hope of |
in place of |
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in hospital |
in politics |
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in a hotel |
in pounds |
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in a hurry |
in practice |
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in ink/pencil/pen |
in principle |
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in smb’s interest |
in prison |
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in length/width etc |
in private/public |
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in all smb’s life |
in all probability |
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in a line |
in progress |
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in the long run |
in a queue |
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in love (with) |
in reality |
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in luxury |
in return |
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in the meantime |
in the right/wrong |
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in a mess |
in a row/rows |
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in the middle of |
in ruins |
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in a mirror |
in safety |
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in a moment |
in season |
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in a good/bad mood |
in secret |
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in the mood |
in self-defence |
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in the morning |
in short |
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in the mountains |
in sight (of) |
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in need of |
in the sky |
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in the news |
in some respects |
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in a newspaper |
in stock |
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in the name of |
in the streets |
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in the nick of time |
in succession |
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in the north/south |
in the suburbs |
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in a nutshell |
in the sun/shade |
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in oils |
in good/bad taste |
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192 |
APPENDIX 1 |
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on board |
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in tears |
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in theory |
on the border |
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in a tick |
on business |
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in time |
on call |
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in no time |
on a campsite (at a campsite) |
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in touch |
on the coast |
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in town |
on condition |
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in tune (with) |
on the contrary |
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in turn |
on credit |
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in two/half |
on a(n) cruise / trip / tour |
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in uniform |
on (a ...) day |
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in use |
on demand |
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in vain |
on a diet |
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in view of |
on the dole |
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in a loud/low voice |
on duty |
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in a way (= in a manner) |
on earth |
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in the way |
on edge |
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in writing |
on an expedition |
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in a word |
on a farm |
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off air |
on fire |
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off colour |
on the (4th) floor (of) |
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off duty |
on the floor |
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off limits |
on foot |
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off the map |
on the one hand |
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off the peg |
on the other hand |
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off the point |
on holiday |
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off the record |
on horseback |
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off the road |
on impulse |
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off school/work |
on the increase |
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on account of |
on an island |
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on a... morning |
on a journey |
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on the agenda |
on one’s knees |
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on the air |
on leave |
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on approval |
on the left |
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on arrival |
on loan |
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on average |
on the market |
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on bail |
on one’s mind |
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on balance |
on that morning |
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on the beach |
on the move |
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on behalf of |
on New Year’s Day |
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on one’s birthday |
on the news |
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on order
on the outskirts on one’s own on page...
on parade
on the pavement on the phone on a platform on principle
on purpose
on the radio/TV on the right on the river on sale
on schedule on the screen
on second thoughts on sight
on the sofa
on the street(s) on strike
on good/bad terms on time
on top of
on the trail of on a trip
on the way (to) on the whole out of breath out of character out of condition out of control out of danger
APPENDIX 1 193
out of date out of debt out of doors out of fashion out of focus out of hand out of luck out of order
out of the ordinary out of place
out of practice out of print
out of the question out of reach
out of season out of sight out of step out of stock out of tune out of turn out of use out of work under age under arrest
under one’s breath under control under discussion
under the impression under orders
under pressure under repair under the weather
Present
ENGLISH VERB: ACTIVE TENSES. Английский глагол. Времена активного залога
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Indefinite (Simple) |
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Continuous (Progressive) |
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Perfect |
Perfect Continuous |
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We paint |
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He is ill. |
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AM/IS /ARE + Ving |
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HAVE/HAS + V3 |
HAVE BEEN + Ving |
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pictures. |
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Is |
he ill? |
We are painting |
pictures. |
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I have painted the picture. |
I have been reading this |
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He paints |
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He is painting |
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picture. |
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book for 2 days. |
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isn’t |
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a |
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has |
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sold the picture. |
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pictures. |
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ill. |
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am not |
painting |
a picture. |
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Я читаю эту книгу 2 дня. |
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have not |
painted the pic- |
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They |
don’t |
paint |
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You are |
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How long has he been read- |
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not |
painting |
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ture. |
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ill. |
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He |
hasn’t |
sold the picture. |
ing this book? |
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pictures. |
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pictures. |
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He |
doesn’t |
paint |
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You |
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Are |
you painting |
a picture? |
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painted |
the picture? |
Сколько он уже читает эту |
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Have |
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aren’t ill. |
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книгу? |
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pictures. |
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Is she painting |
a picture? |
Has |
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she sold the |
picture? |
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Do |
you paint |
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Are you |
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ill? |
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pictures? |
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Does |
he paint |
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pictures? |
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1. регулярные |
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1. процесс в момент речи |
1. результат действия, завер- |
Подчеркивается длитель- |
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действия в |
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настоящем |
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или вокруг него (I’m read- |
шивш. к наст. моменту |
ный хар-р действия, кот. |
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2. факты, истины (Cats |
ing a book now) |
2. жизненный опыт (I’ve nev- |
началось в прошлом и все |
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catch mice) |
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2. запланированное дей- |
er been to Egypt) |
еще продолжается или |
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3. расписание (The train |
ствие (We are leaving for |
3. действие началось в про- |
законч. к настоящему мо- |
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leaves at 5) |
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Moscow tonight) |
шлом и продолжалось до |
менту |
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4. после if и when для обо- |
3. эмоции (I’m always los- |
наст. мом. (I’ve always loved |
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значения будущих действий |
ing my keys) |
you) |
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1 APPENDIX 194
Indefinite (Simple) |
Сontinuous (Progressive) |
Perfect |
Perfect Continuous |
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Ved/Irreg. V. |
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WAS/WERE + Ving |
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HAD + V3 |
HAD BEEN + Ving |
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We painted |
pic- |
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He was ill. |
We |
were |
painting |
pictures |
He had cooked dinner before I |
He had been cooking dinner |
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for 2 hours when I came. |
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from 1 to 5. |
came. |
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tures. |
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Was |
he |
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He |
was |
painting |
his |
Он приготовил обед до того, |
Он готовил обед уже 2 |
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Did |
you paint |
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ill? |
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часа, когда я пришел. |
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picture. |
как я пришел. |
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He |
wasn’t |
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pictures? |
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Past |
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He wasn’t painting, he was |
Had |
he cooked |
dinner before |
Had he been cooking din- |
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He |
didn’t |
paint |
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ill |
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sleeping. |
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ner? |
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you came? |
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pictures. |
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Was |
he painting? |
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He |
hadn’t |
cooked |
dinner by 5. |
He hadn’t been cooking din- |
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they |
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ner. |
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Were |
painting? |
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факты, события, регуляр- |
процесс в прошлом |
действие, завершившееся к |
действие началось до |
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ные действия в прошлом |
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определенному моменту в |
опред. момента в прошлом |
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прошлом |
и длилось вплоть до этого |
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момента |
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WILL + V |
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WILL + BE + Ving |
WILL HAVE + V3 |
WILL HAVE BEEN + Ving |
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He |
will |
paint a picture. |
He will be painting his |
He will have painted his |
By that time he |
will have |
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paint a picture? |
picture for 2 years. |
picture by July. |
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Will |
he |
been painting |
his picture |
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won’t |
paint a picture. |
Will he be painting? … |
Он нарисует картину к июлю. |
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He |
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for 10 years. |
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Future |
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He won’t be painting … |
He won’t have painted. |
К тому времени он будет |
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Will he have painted? |
рисовать свою картину |
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уже 10 лет. |
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1APPENDIX |
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1. предсказание |
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1. процесс в будущем |
завершенное действие в бу- |
действие начнется до |
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2. обещание, предложение |
2. запланированное дей- |
дущем |
определенного момента в |
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3. спонтанное решение |
ствие |
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будущем и будет длиться |
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вплоть до этого момента |
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195
196 APPENDIX 1
THE PASSIVE VOICE. СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ
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Simple |
Continuous |
Perfect |
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am / is / are + V3 |
am / is / are + being + V3 |
have / has been + V3 |
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Letters are written every |
The letter is being writ- |
The letter has just been |
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Present |
day. |
ten now. |
written. |
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Письма пишут каждый |
Письмо сейчас пишут. |
Письмо только что на- |
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день. |
The letter isn’t being |
писали. |
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Letters are not written. |
written. |
The letter hasn’t been |
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Are letters written every |
Is the letter being writ- |
written. |
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day? |
ten? |
Has the letter been |
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written? |
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was / were + V3 |
was / were being + V3 |
had been + V3 |
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The letter was written. |
The letter was being writ- |
The letter had been writ- |
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Past |
Письмо было написано. |
ten. |
ten by 2. |
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The letter wasn’t writ- |
Письмо писали. |
Письмо было написано |
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ten. |
The letter wasn’t being |
к двум. |
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Was the letter written? |
written. |
The letter hadn’t been |
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Was the letter being |
written. |
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written? |
Had the letter been writ- |
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ten? |
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will be + V3 |
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will have been + V3 |
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The letter will be written. |
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The letter will have been |
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Future |
Письмо будет написано. |
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written by 2. |
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The letter won’t be writ- |
-------------- |
Письмо будет написано |
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ten. |
к двум. |
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Will the letter be writ- |
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The letter won’t have |
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ten? |
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been written. |
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Will the letter have been |
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written? |
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THE WAYS OF EXPRESSING FUTURE ACTIONS. СПОСОБЫ ВЫРАЖЕНИЯ ДЕЙСТВИЙ В БУДУЩЕМ
Form |
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Meaning |
Example |
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Future |
1. |
обещание, предложение |
I’ll give you a lift to work tomorrow. |
Simple |
2. |
предсказание |
I think it will rain tomorrow. |
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3. |
мгновенное решение |
I’ll call him right now. |
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Future |
1. |
процесс в будущем |
We’ll be having dinner from 5 to 7. |
Continuous |
2. |
запланированное действие |
I’ll be going to the football match |
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tomorrow. |
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APPENDIX 1 |
197 |
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Future |
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завершенное действие в буду- |
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We’ll have done it by 6. |
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Perfect |
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щем |
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Future |
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продолженное действие, ко- |
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I will have been studying English for |
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Perfect |
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торое завершится к какому-то |
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2 years by this time next year. |
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Continuous |
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моменту в будущем |
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Present |
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1. действие согласно расписа- |
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The train arrives at 7. |
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Simple |
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нию |
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If it rains we’ll stay home. |
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2. после придаточных условия |
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When he comes I’ll tell him. |
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и времени (после if и when) |
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Present |
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договоренность, запланиро- |
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We are leaving for Moscow tonight. |
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Continuous |
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ванное действие |
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To be going |
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1. намерения |
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I’m going to become a lawyer after |
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to |
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2. предсказания (большая |
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school. |
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степень уверенности, чем c Fu- |
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He is very weak, he isn’t going to |
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ture Simple) |
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win. |
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Might |
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Возможность |
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He might become very rich one day. |
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To be to |
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1. договоренность, расписание |
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They are to come at 10. |
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2. нечто неизбежное (= суж- |
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He is to marry her. |
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дено) |
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Would |
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вместо will в косвенной речи |
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He said he would become a manager |
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soon. |
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To be likely |
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«скорее всего», «вероятно» |
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He is likely to pass his exam. |
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to |
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To be about |
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«вот-вот» |
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The film is about to begin. |
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to |
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To be due to |
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ожидаемое действие |
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When is the meeting due to start? |
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MODALS. МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ |
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Modal |
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Meaning |
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Example |
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CAN |
1. физическая и умственная спо- |
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I can swim. |
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собность |
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2. возможность |
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You can fall ill. |
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3. разрешение |
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You can go home now. |
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4. просьба |
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Can I have some juice? |
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5. в отрицаниях — запрет («нель- |
You can’t park here! |
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зя») |
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198 APPENDIX 1
Modal |
Meaning |
Example |
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COULD*
MAY
MIGHT
MUST
SHOULD/ OUGHT TO
NEED
SHALL
WILL/ WOULD
1.физическая и умственная способность в прошлом
2.возможность
3.просьба
1.возможность
2.разрешение
1.возможность
2.разрешение
3.упрек (+ Perfect Infinitive)
1.долженствование, исходящие от говорящего
2.в отрицаниях — запрет (строже, чем с can)
1.совет («следует», «стоит»)
2.моральное обязательство
3.необходимость
4.возможность
5.упрек (+ Perfect Infinitive)
необходимость (как модальный — только в отрицательных предложениях)
1.предложение
2.намерения
1.желание, намерения
2.просьбы, предложения
3.в отрицаниях — нежелание (‘никак не’)
He could read when he was 2. We could still win.
Could you help me?
I may become a doctor.
You may go now.
I might come.
Might I ask you a question?
You might have come.
You must do it right now. You mustn’t beat girls!
You shouldn’t eat so many sweets.
Children ought to help their parents.
We should be there in no time.
If anything should happen to me call the police.
You should have called me.
You needn’t do it right now.
Shall we begin?
He shall come.
I will/would lend you some money.
Will/would you help me?
The door won’t/wouldn’t open.
* Когда речь идет об успешном завершении действия в прошлом («он смог»), следует использовать was / were able to вместо could, который используется для обозначения физических и умственных способностей.
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APPENDIX 1 |
199 |
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SEMI-MODALS*. ПОЛУМОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ |
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1. |
долженствование, вызванное |
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I work hard as I have to keep my |
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HAVE |
обстоятельствами («приходится») |
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family. |
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TO |
2. в отрицаниях — отсутствие не- |
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You don’t have to get up so early. |
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обходимости («не надо») |
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1. |
договоренность (+ Perfect Infini- |
We are to meet at 5. |
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tive, если не состоялась) |
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(We were to have met at 5 but we |
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didn’t.) |
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BE TO |
2. строгий приказ |
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You are to stay here. |
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3. |
в отрицаниях — строгий запрет |
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You are not to do that. |
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4. |
что-то неизбежное («суждено») |
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He was to become a doctor. |
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5. |
инструкции |
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What are we to do? |
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* Эти глаголы обладают модальным значением (долженствование и проч.), но в предложении функционируют как обычные глаголы, то есть в отрицаниях и вопросах используются вспомогательные глаголы, происходит изменение по временам.
MODALS OF DEDUCTION. МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ ПРЕДПОЛОЖЕНИЯ И ИХ ЭКВИВАЛЕНТЫ
Modal |
Translation |
Example |
Time |
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MUST |
должно быть |
He must have written a book. |
Past (о совер- |
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вероятно |
Должно быть, он написал книгу. |
шившемся) |
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очевидно |
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скорее всего |
He must have been writing his book for |
Perfect mean- |
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a year. |
ing (начал в |
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Должно быть, он пишет книгу уже год. |
прошлом, до |
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сих пор пишет) |
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He must be writing a book now. |
Present (о на- |
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Должно быть, он сейчас пишет книгу. |
стоящем) |
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He must like writing books. Д. б., он |
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любит писать книги. |
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He is likely to write a book. |
Future (о бу- |
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He will probably write a book. Вероят- |
дущем) |
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но, он напишет книгу. |
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200 APPENDIX 1
Modal |
Translation |
Example |
Time |
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должно |
+ не |
He must have failed to write a book. |
Past |
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быть |
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Должно быть, он не написал книгу. |
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вероятно |
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очевидно |
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скорее |
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всего |
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He isn’t likely to have been writing his |
Perfect |
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book for a year. |
meaning |
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Вряд ли он пишет книгу уже год. |
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He isn’t likely to be writing a book. |
Present |
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Вряд ли он пишет книгу. |
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He isn’t likely to be a writer. Вряд ли |
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он писатель. |
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вряд ли |
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He isn’t likely to write a book. |
Future |
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He won’t probably write a book. Вряд |
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ли он напишет книгу. |
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MIGHT |
возможно |
(+не) |
He might (not) have written a book. |
Past |
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может |
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Возможно, он (не) написал книгу. |
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быть мо- |
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жет |
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He might (not) have been writing his |
Perfect |
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book for a year. |
meaning |
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Возможно, он пишет эту книгу уже год. |
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He might (not) be writing a book now. |
Present |
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Возможно, он пишет книгу. |
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He might (not) like writing book. |
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Возможно, он любит писать книги. |
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He might (not) write a book. Возмож- |
Future |
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но, он напишет книгу. |
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CAN |
неужели |
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Can he have written a book? Неужели |
Past |
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он написал книгу? |
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Can he have been writing the book for |
Perfect |
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a year? |
meaning |
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Неужели он пишет книгу уже год? |
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Can he be writing a book now? Неуже- |
Present |
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ли он сейчас пишет книгу? |
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Can he like writing books? Неужели |
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он любит писать книги? |
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Is he really going to write a book? |
Future |
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Неужели он напишет книгу? |
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неужели |
+ не |
Can he have failed to write the book? |
Past |
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Неужели он не написал книгу? |
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Can it be that he isn’t writing a book? |
Present |
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Isn’t he writing a book. Неужели он |
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не пишет книгу? |
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Can it be that he won’t write a book? |
Future |
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Isn’t he going to write a book? Неуже- |
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ли он не напишет книгу? |
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