Оценка рабочих мест по условиям труда. Учебное пособие
.pdfɌɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5.8
ɉɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɡɜɭɤɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ > @
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ɍɪɨɜɧɢ ɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞȻ |
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ɜ ɨɤɬɚɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɫɚɯ |
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Ɉɛɳɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ |
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ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ |
ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ |
ɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɝɨ |
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ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚɦɢ Ƚɰ |
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ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞȻɅɢɧ |
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ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬ |
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ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ |
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Ⱦɥɹ ɤɨɥɟɛɥɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ |
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ɢ ɩɪɟɪɵɜɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɢɧɮɪɚɡɜɭɤɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ |
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ɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɟ |
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ɩɨ ɲɤɚɥɟ ɲɭɦɨɦɟɪɚ ©Ʌɢɧª |
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ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ ɞȻ |
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ɉɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɨɤɬɚɜɧɵɯ ɩɨ
ɥɨɫɚɯ ɱɚɫɬɨɬ ɨɬ ɞɨ ɤȽɰ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɭ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɜɢɛɪɨɚɤɭɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ
ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɉȾɍ ɬɚɛɥ
> @
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5.9
ɉɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɝɨ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɚ
ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ > @
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ɍɪɨɜɧɢ ɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞȻ ɜ ɬɪɟɬɶɨɤɬɚɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɫɚɯ |
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ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ |
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ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚɦɢ ɤȽɰ |
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ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ |
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ɍɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤ |
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ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɣ |
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ɉɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ
ɜɢɛɪɨɚɤɭɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨ
ɱɚɫɬɨɬɟ ɧɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɤ
ɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɜɢɛɪɨɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚ
ɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɉȾɍ
ɉɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚ ɧɟɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɶ
ɧɨɣ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣ ɫɬɜɢɢ ɜɢɛɪɨɚɤɭɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɦɭ ɩɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɧɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɜɢɛɪɨɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɉȾɍ > @
ɉɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɞɧɹ ɫɦɟɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɫɬɨ
ɹɧɧɨɣ ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ
ɬɪɭɞɚ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɜɢɛɪɨɚɤɭɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶ
ɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜɢɛɪɨɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɹ
ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɉȾɍ
ɉɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ
ɪɭɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ
ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɢ ɜɵɲɟ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ ɭɫɥɨ
ɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɭ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɭ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ
Ɉɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ
ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ
Ɉɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣ
ɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɪɚ
ɛɨɱɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɫ
ɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɢ ɢɥɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɯ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ
ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɞɧɹ ɫɦɟɧɵ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɳɢɣ
ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɦɢɤɪɨ
ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟ
ɧɢɹɦɢ ʋ ± ɤ Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɟ > @ ɫɦ ɩɪɢɥ Ⱥ
Ɉɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣ
ɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
í ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɟɦɩɟ
ɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
í ɧɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢ
ɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɡ
ɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟɗɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɞɨɡɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ȾɗɈ í ɪɚɫɱɟɬ
ɧɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ȾɗɈ Iɬ RSIJ ɝɞɟIɬ Rí ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ
ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ȼɬ ɦS í ɨɛɥɭɱɚɟɦɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɥɚ ɦ IJ í
ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɭɸ ɫɦɟɧɭ ɱ ɉɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɚɟ
ɦɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɥɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɟɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɞɨɥɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ
ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɬɟɥɚ ɝɨɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɲɟɹ í ɝɪɭɞɶ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ í ɫɩɢɧɚ í ɪɭɤɢ í ɧɨɝɢ
í Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɬɟɥɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɦ
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɪɚ
ɛɨɱɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɭ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɹɜ
ɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɉɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɟɫɥɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɜɵɲɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶ
ɧɵɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ʋ ɤ Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɟ > @ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ
ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɟɝɨ
ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɦɭ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɨɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɢ
ɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɫ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɨɦ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ
ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ʋ ɤ Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɟ > @
Ʉɥɚɫɫ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɭ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢ
ɦɚɬɚ ɢɦɟɸɳɟɦɭ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ
ȿɫɥɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɦ ɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢ
ɦɵɦ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚɦ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ
ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɭ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɫɪɟɞɵ Ɍɇɋ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɨɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ Ɍɇɋ ɢɧ
ɞɟɤɫɚ ɫ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɨɦ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ʋ ɤ Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɟ
> @
ɉɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɨɫɭ ɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɥɢ ɷɤɫɩɨ ɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɉɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɢɦ ɟɫɥɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɧɢɠɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶ ɧɵɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ʋ ɢ ɤ Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɟ > @ ɨɬ ɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɚ ɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɫɤɨ ɪɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɦɭ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ
Ʉɥɚɫɫ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɭ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢ
ɦɚɬɚ ɢɦɟɸɳɟɦɭ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ
Ɉɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣ
ɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɜ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɱɟɪɟɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟ ɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɳɟɦɭ ɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɦɭ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɭ > @
ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɞɧɹ ɫɦɟɧɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡ
ɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɡɨɧɚɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɚɹ
ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ
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ɝɞɟɍɌ ɍɌ ɍɌní ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɜ n-ɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɡɨɧɚɯ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬ ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɛɚɥɥɚɯ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ ɭɫɥɨ ɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ
t t tn í ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ nɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɡɨɧɚɯ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɱ
Tí ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɦɟɧɵ ɱ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱ
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɍɌɫɪɜ ɜ ɛɚɥɥɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ ʋ ɤ Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɟ > @
ɫɦ ɩɪɢɥ$ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɍɌɫɪɜɨɤɪɭɝɥɹɸɬ ɞɨ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ
Ɉɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ
ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ
Ɉɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣ
ɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ
ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ʋ ɤ Ɇɟ
ɬɨɞɢɤɟ > @ ɬɚɛɥ
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5.10 |
Ɉɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ |
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ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ > @ |
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Ʉɥɚɫɫ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ |
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Ɉɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ȿ ɥɤ |
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ɉɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɞɧɟɜɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɭɬɨɤ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ
ɬɪɭɞɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɩɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɸ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ
ɡɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ
ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɡɨɧɚɯ ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟ
ɧɢɹɯ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ
ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ
ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɡɨɧɚɯ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
ɍɌ ɍɌ î W ɍɌ î W ɍɌQî WQ
ɝɞɟɍɌí ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɛɚɥɥɚɯ
ɍɌ ɍɌ ɍɌn í ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɜ nɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɡɨɧɚɯ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬ
ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɛɚɥɥɚɯ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ
ɬɪɭɞɚ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɚ í ɛɚɥɥɨɜ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɩɨɞ
ɤɥɚɫɫ í ɛɚɥɥ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ í ɛɚɥɥɚ
t t tní ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɨɥɹɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɜ
nɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɡɨɧɚɯ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
Ɉɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣ
ɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɛɚɥɥɨɜ
ɍɌɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɟɫɥɢɍɌ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ
ɟɫɥɢɍɌ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ
ɟɫɥɢɍɌ
Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɹɦɚɹ ɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɛɥɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɪɟ
ɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɥɟ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɥɟɩɹɳɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɪɚɡ
ɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɧɵɦ
ɢ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɦ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɵ ɫɬɟɤɥɨ ɝɥɹɧɰɟɜɚɹ ɛɭɦɚɝɚ
ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɠɚɥɨɛɵ ɧɚ ɞɢɫɤɨɦɮɨɪɬ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ
Ɉɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ
ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɟɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɣ
Ɉɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣ
ɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɟɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɣ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟ
ɧɢɟɦ ʋ ɤ Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɟ > @ ɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɬɚɛɥ
ɉɪɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɟɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɢ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɣ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ
ɱɚɫɬɨɬɨɣ Ƚɰ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬ ɆȽɰ í ȽȽɰ
ɩɪɢ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɢɯ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɉȾɍ ɞɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɥɨ
ɠɟɧɢɟɦ ʋ ɤ Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɟ > @ ɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɬɚɛɥ
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5.11 |
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Ɉɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ |
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ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɟɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɣ > @ |
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ɉɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɪɚɡ |
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ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ |
Ʉɥɚɫɫ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ |
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ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ |
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ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɣ |
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ɜɪɟɞɧɵɣ |
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ɨɩɚɫɧɵɣ |
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ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ |
ɉȾɍ |
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ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ |
ɉȾɍ |
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ɗɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɥɹ |
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ɉȾɍ |
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ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ Ƚɰ |
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Ɇɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɹ |
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ɉȾɍ |
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ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ Ƚɰ |
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ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ |
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ɪɚɞɢɨɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ |
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í ɆȽɰ |
ɉȾɍ |
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í ɆȽɰ |
ɉȾɍ |
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í ɆȽɰ |
ɉȾɍ |
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í |
í ɆȽɰ |
ɉȾɍ |
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ɆȽɰ í ȽȽɰ |
ɉȾɍ |
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Ɉɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢ
ɱɢɢ ɧɟɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɣ ɨɬ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸ
ɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɦɟɫɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɧɹɬɵ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɫɨ
ɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧɚɯ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚɯ ɢ
ɢɥɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ ɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɥɶɧɨ ɦɧɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶ
ɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɥɶɧɨ ɦɧɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ ɢɫ
ɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɭɠɞ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɭɸ ɨɮɢɫɧɭɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢ
ɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɭ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɬɨɜɭɸ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɭ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɭɸ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ
ɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ɉɪɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚ ɜ ɬɟɱɟ
ɧɢɟ ɫɦɟɧɵ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɢ ɢɡɥɭ ɱɟɧɢɣ ɨɬ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɉȾɍ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɸ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨ ɪɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɉȾɍ ɞɜɭɯ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɨɬɧɟ
ɫɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ
ɬɪɭɞɚ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɭ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɉɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɟɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɢɡ
ɥɭɱɟɧɢɣ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɟ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɨɟ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨ
ɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɟɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ
ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɣ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ʋ ɤ Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɟ > @
ɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɬɚɛɥ
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5.12 |
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2ɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ |
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ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɟɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɣ > @ |
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Ʉɥɚɫɫ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ |
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ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ |
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ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢ |
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ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ |
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ɜɪɟɞɧɵɣ |
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ɨɩɚɫɧɵɣ |
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ɦɵɣ |
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ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ |
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Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɨɟ |
ɉȾɍ |
!ɉȾɍ !ɉȾɍ |
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ɉȾɍ |
ɉȾɍ |
! ɉȾɍ |
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ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ |
ɉȾɍ |
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ɉȾɍ |
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ɍɥɶɬɪɚɮɢɨɥɟ |
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ɬɨɜɨɟ |
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ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ |
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ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ |
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ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧ |
Ⱦɂɂ |
! Ⱦɂɂ |
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ɧɵɯ |
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ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ |
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ɍɎ Ⱥ ɍɎ ȼ |
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ɍɎ ɋ ȼɬ ɦ |
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ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ
ɍɥɶɬɪɚɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɨɟ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɨɜ Ⱥ ȼ ɢ ɋ
Ⱦɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɚɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɉɪɢ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ Ⱦɂɂ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ
ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ
Ɉɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ
ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɉɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ
ɬɪɭɞɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵ ɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɝɢɝɢɟɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɵ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɋɚɧɉɢɇ ©ɇɨɪɦɵ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢª ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɚɱɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɢɸɥɹ ɝ ʋ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ Ɇɢɧɸɫɬɨɦ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ ɝ ʋ ɞɚɥɟɟ í ɇɊȻ > @
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ
ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɭ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜɵɯ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɷɮ
ɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɯɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɛɟɫɩɨɪɨɝɨɜɵɯ ɷɮ
ɮɟɤɬɨɜ ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɝɢɝɢɟɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ
ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɵ ɆɉȾ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ í ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɚɹ ɞɨɡɚ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɡɚ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɧɵɣ ɝɨɞ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɡ ɥɭɱɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ
ɆɉȾ ɞɥɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
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ɆɉȾ = × +ɜɧɟɲ + × × Σ8 *&8 * × ε |
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ɜɨɡɥ |
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8 * |
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ɩɟɪɫ |
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ɝɞɟ ɆɉȾ í ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɞɨɡɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ ɦɁɜ ɝ
+ɜɧɟɲí ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɦɛɢɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɵ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɦɤɁɜ ɱ
&8* í ɨɛɴɟɦɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɷɪɨɡɨɥɟɣ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɚ
8 ɬɢɩɚ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɢɧɝɚɥɹɰɢɢGɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ Ȼɤ ɦ
ε |
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ɜɨɡɥ |
í ɞɨɡɨɜɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɚ |
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8 * |
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ɩɟɪɫ |
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8 ɬɢɩɚ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɢɧɝɚɥɹɰɢɢGɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ʋ ɤ ɇɊȻ Ɂɜ Ȼɤ í ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢ ɤɨɜ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɱɚɫɨɜ ɜ ɝɨɞ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ
©Ⱥª ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ ɦɤɁɜ ɦɁɜ î í ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɭɱɢɬɵ ɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ î ɦ ɝ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ©Ⱥª ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ ɦɤɁɜ Ɂɜ
ɆɉȾ ɞɥɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
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ɆɉȾɨɪɝɚɧ î ɆȾɨɪɝɚɧ |
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ɝɞɟ ɆɉȾɨɪɝɚɧí ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɚɹ ɞɨɡɚ ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɧɚ
ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ ɦɁɜ ɝ
ɆȾɨɪɝɚɧí ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɦɛɢɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɵ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨ
ɱɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɦɤɁɜ ɱ
í ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ
ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɱɚɫɨɜ ɜ ɝɨɞ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ©Ⱥª ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ
ɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ ɦɤɁɜ ɦɁɜ
ɉɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɞɧɹ ɫɦɟɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɝɨɞɚ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɆɉȾ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɢ ɢɥɢ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɵ
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɯ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɡɨɧɚɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɆɉȾ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
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¦ɆɉȾL × |
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ɆɉȾɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɡɜ = |
L |
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¦ WL |
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ɝɞɟ ɆɉȾL í ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɵ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ iɝɨ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɁɜ ɝ
¨tií ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɧɚiɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɱ ɝ