Основы английской грамматики для студентов факультета бизнеса. Elementary english grammar for business students. Учебное пособие

Следующие наречия используются в Present Simple: usually, always, often, sometimes, never, generally, occasionally, seldom. В большинстве случаев мы употребляем их перед смысловым глаголом.

E. g. He doesn’t usually ring up early in the morning.

С глаголом to be мы ставим наречия после глагола. E. g. We are always on time.

Также в Present Simple используются фразы every year (week, month, day, …), once (twice, three times, …) a year, on Sundays (Mondays, …).

Фразы ставятся в конце или в начале предложения.

EXERCISES

1. Complete the following text. Use the words in brackets. Put the verbs in the present simple.

Atsuko Kyoto_______________(live) in Tokyo. She________________

(be) a freelance journalist. She________________ (often/travel) to other countries. In London and Paris she _______________ (like) to visit friends. She________________ (usually/write) for newspapers and magazines and she____________________ (sometimes/make) television programmes. She ____________ (usually/stay) in fourstar hotels and_______ (often/eat) in top class restaurants. She________________ (never/drink) wine, beer or any alcohol.

Make negative sentences with the following words. See the example.

I don't work in the oil industry.

2. Make negative sentences with the following prompts.

1.we/manufacture/finished products. We don't manufacture finished products.

2.we/advertise/on television.

3.the company/sponsor/sport.

4.l/like/fish.

5.Nakko S.A./process/written orders for goods.

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6.Cable PLC/dispatch products/by train.

7.we/deal with/Latin America.

8.you/live/in an apartment.

3.Underline do or does and the main verb (infinitive) in the following questions. Then answer them.

1.Does your country make cars?

2.Do the largest companies in your area export products to many different countries?

3.How many people do you work or study with?

4.Do you know any internationally famous products from your country?

5.Does your home town have a university?

4. Write questions for the answers on the right.

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Настоящее длительное время

Форма Present Continuous образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в настоящем времени (am, is, are) и 4-й формы глагола

(суффикс -ing).

I am learning English. Я учу английский

I am not learning English. Я не учу английский Am I learning English? Я учу английский? Yes, I am. / No, I am not.

We are learning English. Мы учим английский

We are not learning English. Мы не учим английский

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Are we learning English? Мы учим английский? Yes, we are. / No, we aren’t.

He is learning English. Он учит английский

He isn’t learning English. Он не учит английский Is he learning English? Он учит английский? Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t.

Употребление the Present Continuous Tense

Present Continuous используется для обозначения:

•действия, которое длится в настоящий момент или настоящий период времени.

E. g. He is writing a letter at the moment;

•действия, которое характеризует подлежащее с негативной окрас-

кой (with always, constantly).

E. g. She is constantly crying;

•действия в сложном предложении, которое происходит одновременно с действием в главном предложении, после союзов when, while, as long, if, in case.

E. g. I never talk when I am working.

Глаголы, выражающие физическое, чувственное и умственное восприятие, в этом времени обычно не употребляются (like, love, hate, know, understand, want, prefer, realize, suppose, mean, believe, see, hear, remember, belong, contain, consist, depend, seem).

EXERCISES

1. Here is part of a telephone conversation. Complete the spaces with the correct form of the word in brackets. Use short forms, where possible.

DL: Hello, Peter. Listen, I ‘m reading (read) your report. There’s a problem on page 50.

PT: Okay, I _(look) at it right now. What’s the problem?

DL: It says we __________ (invest) $250,000 in research. That's wrong. It’s $25,000, not $250,000.

PT: Okay I ’ll change that.

DL: Right. Remember, you __________ (meet) Mr Lally and his colleagues today.

PT: Yes, I know. They__________ (come) here at 2.30. DL: Fine. Good luck. See you tomorrow, then.

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2.Write sentences with a present continuous negative. Use short forms, where possible.

1.I/not visit/a custom er/in Rome. I'm not visiting a customer in Rome.

2.We/not spend/much time/in Milan.

3.The company/not look at/new markets in southern Europe.

4.At the moment many companies/not invest in new products.

5.Our marketing experts/not change/our present sales strategy.

6.You/not stay/in a hotel.

3. Underline the mistakes in the following sentences. Then correct them.

1.Is you working very hard? – Are you working very hard?

2.At the moment they working with Poland? _____________________

3.Is Leo and Sam planning the conference together? _______________

4.What you think about? __________________________

5.Is raining in Bangkok? __________________________

4. Make questions to complete the dialogue below. Use the words in brackets.

5. Underline the correct words.

1.You often work / Do you often work at the weekends?

2.I don’t know / not know why your invoice hasn’t been paid. I’ll try to find out.

3.Excuse me, does you know / do you know if this is the way to the IT seminar?

4.Sorry, that projector don’t work / doesn’t work. Use this one instead.

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5.A: Do you know new sales rep Marta? B: Yes, I do. / Yes, I know.

6.A: Is that Linda Napier over there? B: Yes, she works / she do work

here.

7.I writing / I’m writing the report at the moment. It should be ready tomorrow.

8. They not replying / They’re not replying to my email. I’ll have to phone them.

9.Why is there such a long delay? What is happening? / is happen?

10.You are enjoying / Are you enjoying this conference?

11.Can Karen call you back? She’s speak / She’s speaking on another line.

12.A: Is Sarah Kennedy expecting me? B: Yes, she’s expecting. / Yes, she is.

6. Decide which word order is the most usual, a) or b).

1.a) I every day arrive at the office at about nine.

b)Every day I arrive at the office at about nine.

2.a) I always check my email before doing anything else.

b)Always I check my email before doing anything else.

3.a) This usually takes a lot of time as I receive so many.

b)This takes a lot of time usually as I receive so many.

4.a) Most of the time the emails are not very urgent.

b)The emails are most of the time not very urgent.

5.a) I quite often get junk email from companies I don’t know about.

b)I get quite often junk email from companies I don’t know about.

6.a) I about once a month delete all my junk mail.

b)I delete all my junk mail about once a month.

7.Complete this newspaper article about the Brazilian company Gerdau by using the words from the list below. Each set of words fills two spaces.

is becoming/companies is making/flexible

is attracting/attention

is approaching/market share is getting/right

is raising/plants

is beginning/expectations is modernizing/law

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Gerdau: a Brazilian success story

Gerdau, the Brazilian steel maker, (1a) ….. one of Latin America’s most successful (1b) ….. . It (2a) ….. productivity in its (2b) …..; it (3a) ..… the price and timing of its takeovers of smaller companies (3b) ….. ; and, most important, it (4a) ..… to understand investors (4b) ….. . Investors want a firm that’s focused and transparent, with a simple share structure, and that’s exactly what Gerdau gives them. The only problem in the short term is a problem of success. Gerdau (5a) ..… a 50% (5b) ..… in its domestic market, and so it (6a) ….. the (6b) ..… of Cade, the monopolies authority. These days it’s much easier to do business in Brazil. The government is simplifying the companytax structure, it (7a) … the labour market more (7b) ….. by changing the restrictive labour laws, and it (8a) … company (8b) ..… in general.

DIFFERENCE: THE PRESENT SIMPLE AND THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS

1. Complete the dialogue below between a consultant and a marketing manager.

C: Which export markets … you …(sell to)?

M: We ____________ (deal) mainly with Germany, France and Sweden. C: And _ you (negotiate) with Japanese customers at the moment?

M: No, not at the moment.

C: _____________ (plan) to enter any new markets?

M: Yes, Italy. We____________ (launch) a range of products there later this year.

C: And Sweden ?____________ (sell) much there ?

M: Yes, we often____________ (get) big orders from Swedish manufacturers.

2. Complete the spaces in the short dialogue below about Credit Bank International. Use the correct form of a verb from the box.

A:What________________________ ?

B:We___________ 10 new branches in Argentina and Chile.

A: ___________ the bank currently____________ branches only in Buenos Aires and Santiago?

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B: Yes.

A:But not Brasilia?

B:No, we___________ in Brazil yet.

A:___________ Pablo Hernandez_____ ______ here this week?

B:Yes, he ___________ these meetings.

3. Jane introduces Claude to João in London. Complete the dialogue by putting each of the verbs in brackets into the correct form of the Present Simple.

Jane: Claude, (1) ….. (you / know) João? João (2) ….. (be) from Brazil, but he worked with me in Paris last year. He (3) ….. (know) a lot about your line of work.

Claude: Really! Well I (4) ….. (be) very pleased to meet you, João. João: Pleased to meet you too, Claude.

Claude: So, what exactly (5) ….. (you / do)?

João: I (6) ….. (work) in the oil industry as a market analyst. Claude: Oh, so you (7) ….. (make) decisions about levels of production?

João: No, I (8) ….. (not make) any decisions really. My job (9) ….. (involve) studying market trends and giving advice on levels of production.

Claude: Still, that’s a lot of responsibility.

João: Well, yes, but Brazil (10) ….. (not / be) a major producer like Saudi Arabia. What about you?

Claude: I work for a French company that (11) ….. (supply) specialised equipment to the oil industry. We (12) ….. (be) one of the biggest com-

panies in our market.

João: Oh, really? And (13) ….. (you / often / come) to London? Claude: Yes, quite often. My company (14) ….. (have) an office here. It

(15) ….. (not / take) long to get here now, if you travel by Eurostar. Could I give you my card?

4. Underline the correct words.

1.A: What do you do / are you doing?

B:I’m an executive secretary.

2.A: What do you do / are you doing?

B:I’m looking for the details on the computer.

3.A: Where do you work / are you working?

B:Paris this month, then Bonn the next.

4.A: Where do you work / are you working?

B:At our Head office in Paris.

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5.My name’s Walter, and I come / I’m coming from Frankfurt.

6.I come / I’m coming to Frankfurt next Tuesday – I can call in to your office.

7.I deal with / I’m dealing with Andrew’s clients while he’s on holiday.

8.I deal with / I’m dealing with the paper work and general administration.

9.A: Who do you go / are you going to the Trade Fair with?

B:This year with Stefano.

10.A: Who do you go / are you going to the Trade Fair with? B: Usually with Stefano.

5. Complete the sentences by putting the verbs in brackets into the Present Simple or Present Continuous.

1.I ….. (look at) the details on the screen right now.

2.I ….. (look at) the sales results in detail every morning.

3.The production line ….. (not, work) at weekends.

4.The production line ….. (not, work) at the moment.

5.Yes, I agree. I ….. (think) it’s a good idea.

6.I ..... (think) about it. I’ll let you know tomorrow.

7.Helen ….. (stay) at the Astoria while she’s in Madrid this month.

8.Helen ….. (stay) at the Astoria when she’s in Madrid.

9.We ….. (take) a sample for testing once a day.

10.We ….. (take) a big risk if we go ahead with the project.

11.They ….. (be) usually very flexible if we need to change the order.

12.They ….. (be) flexible about giving us credit for a few more months.

6.Some of the following sentences are right and some are wrong. Put a tick (√) next to the right ones, and correct the wrong ones.

1.Which wine are you going to have? …..

2.Which wine are you preferring? …..

3.That’s ridiculous – I’m not believing it! …..

4.That’s ridiculous – I’m not doing business with them again! …..

5.I’m sorry I’m not following what you’re saying. …..

6.I’m sorry I’m not understanding what you’re saying. …..

7.This building is containing all the printing machines. …..

8.This building is getting very old – soon we’ll have to move. …..

7. Complete this dialogue by putting each of the verbs in brackets into the correct form of the Present Simple or Present Continuous.

MATT: (1) ….. (you / look) for someone?

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JENNIFER: Yes, I (2) ….. (need) to speak to Kim Bryant but she isn’t in her office. (3) ….. (you / know) where she is?

MATT: Oh, I’m sorry, she isn’t here today. She (4) ….. (work) at home trying to finish an urgent report. I (5) ….. (think) she’ll be back at her desk tomorrow. Perhaps I can help you?

JENNIFER: Oh, thanks. I (6) ….. (work) for Pritchard Evans. We (7) ….. (organise) corporate hospitality …

MATT: Oh, yes.

JENNIFER: Well, Kim Bryant contracted us last week. Apparently you

(8) ….. (expect) a visit by a Korean trade delegation next month. MATT: Yes, that’s right.

JENNIFER: Kim asked me to call in and give her some information on our service. Um, I (9) ….. (have) a list of suggestions with me. It (10) ….. (give) you information on where you could take your visitors, and details of extra services that we can offer, like our pick-up service from the hotel in a chauffeur-driven limousine.

MATT: Well, that sounds great. I’m sure Kim would be really interested to see this.

JENNIFER: How long (11) ….. ? (your visitors / stay)?

MATT: Oh, I’m sorry, I (12) ….. (not / know) exactly. You really need to speak to Kim, she (13) ….. (deal) with this conference. I’ll tell her to give you a ring tomorrow. What’s the best time to call?

JENNIFER: I (14) ….. (not / work) in the office in the mornings … anytime after two. Or she can call on my mobile, on 0777 …

8. Complete this article about the magazine Time Out by using words from the list below. Decide whether to put the verbs into the Present Simple or Present Continuous.

own look for move investigate rely want provide try to

Time Out: time to expand

Time Out, the London entertainment magazine, has plans for expansion. It already (1) ….. the monthly magazine Paris Passion, and now it (2) ….. beyond France to other markets such as Argentina and Japan. Tony Elliott, Time Out’s founder, says he (3) ….. local people to initiate and run the magazine, as Time Out’s London office does not have the cash or management time. Elliott also has plans for the website, Timeout.com, which was launched in 1995 and (4) ….. information about more than 30 cities. It (5) ….. On advertising revenue and a small amount of money from ticket sales

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to survive. But as Time Out changes and expands, Tony Elliott (6) ….. persuade advertisers in the printed version to take more space on the Internet site. Also, he (7) ….. The possibility of charging visitors to the site for access to some information. Despite these expansion plans, Elliott says that a flotation on the stock market is out of the question. He (8) ….. to keep control of the business he has built up.

THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Настоящее совершенное время

Форма Present Perfect образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в настоящем времени (have, has в 3-м лице ед. ч.) и 3-й формы глагола (1-я форма плюс суффикс -ed).

I, we, you, they – have V3

They have arrived. Они прибыли They havenʼt arrived. Они не прибыли Have they arrived? Они прибыли? Yes, they have. No, they have not.

He, she, it - has V3

He has arrived. Он прибыл

He hasnʼt arrived. Он не прибыл Has he arrived? Он прибыл? Yes, he has. No, he has not.

Употребление the Present Perfect Tense

Present Perfect используется для обозначения:

•законченного действия, связанного с настоящим через свой результат.

E. g. He has lost his diary (= He does not have it now);

•действия, которое началось до момента речи в настоящем и продолжается в этот момент (с глаголами, не имеющими форму

Continuous).

E. g. We have known the man for years.

В этом времени используются следующие наречия: just, already (в утверждениях), yet (в вопросах и отрицаниях).

E. g. I have just done the washing. She has already cleaned the room. Have you finished the work yet?

В этом времени используются следующие обстоятельства.

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