Основы английской грамматики для студентов факультета бизнеса. Elementary english grammar for business students. Учебное пособие
.pdfBE as a main verb
As a main verb, the verb BE has the following meanings: be located somewhere, exist, take place. Examples:
Madrid is in Spain.
This book is in two versions.
They were at the conference last week.
The meeting was at six yesterday.
The phrases "there is; there are"
The phrases "there is; there are" (there was, there were, there will be, etc.) are
a special type of predicate that is placed at the beginning
of the sentence; the subject is placed after the predicate.
The phrases "there is; there are" are used when you want to say WHAT is in some place.
There is an old man in the room.
There are two cups on the table.
There were a lot of people on the streets.
BE as a linking verb
The verb BE as a linking verb connects the subject with the predicative complement
BE как основной глагол
Как основной глагол, глагол BE имеет следующие значения: быть, находиться где-то, существовать, происходить. Примеры:
Мадрид находится в Испании. Эта книга в двух версиях.
Они были на конференции на прошлой неделе.
Собрание было вчера в шесть.
Фразы "there is; there are"
Фразы "there is; there are" (there was, there were, there will be и т. д.) –
это особый тип сказуемого, которое ставится в начале предложения; подлежащее ставится после сказуемого.
Фразы "there is; there are" упо-
требляются, когда вы хотите сказать, ЧТО находится в каком-то месте.
В комнате пожилой мужчина.
На столе две чашки.
На улицах было очень много людей.
BE как глагол-связка
Глагол BE как глагол-связка соединяет подлежащее с именной частью сказуемого, которая описы-
31
which describes the subject (i.e., what the subject is or what qualities it has).
He is a doctor. They are teachers.
Thank you. You are very kind.
He is interested in history. I'm tired of his complaints.
вает подлежащее (т. е., что собой представляет подлежащее или какие у него качества).
Он врач. Они учителя.
Спасибо. Вы очень добры.
Он интересуется историей. Я устал от его жалоб.
BE as an auxiliary verb
As an auxiliary verb, the verb BE helps to form the continuous and perfect continuous tenses in the Active Voice and all of the tenses in the Passive Voice.
Active Voice
He is sleeping now.
He has been sleeping for two hours.
Passive Voice
The report is being prepared now.
BE as a phrasal verb
The verb BE is used in various phrasal combinations with postpositions (adverbs) and with nouns with prepositions. For example:
He is out. He's not in. He'll be back in an hour. What are you up to?
BE каквспомогательный глагол
Как вспомогательный глагол, глагол BE помогает образовывать времена групп Continuous и Perfect Continuous в активном залоге и все времена в страдательном залоге.
Активный залог
Он спит сейчас.
Он спит уже два часа.
Пассивный залог
Доклад готовят сейчас.
BE как фразовый глагол
Фразовый глагол BE употребляется в различных фразовых сочетаниях с послелогами (наречиями)
и с существительными с предлогами. Например:
Его нет.
Он вернётся через час. Что вы задумали?
32
The verb BE in questions
The verb BE forms questions in the Simple Present and Simple Past on its own.
Anna is a new teacher from Chicago.
Is Anna a new teacher?
– Yes, she is. – No, she isn't.
Who is Anna? – Anna is a new teacher from Chicago.
Contracted forms of the verb BE
Contractions of auxiliary verbs are widely used in speech and writing. Full forms are considered preferable in formal style of writing.
The verb BE in the affirmative
Present tense
Singular: I am – I'm; he is – he's; she is – she's; it is – it's.
Plural: we are – we're; you are – you're; they are – they're.
Past tense
I / he / she / it was – not contracted;
we / you / they were – not contracted.
Глагол BE в вопросах
Глагол BE образует вопросы
в простом настоящем и простом прошедшем самостоятельно
Анна (есть) новый преподаватель из Чикаго.
Анна новый преподаватель?
– Да. – Нет.
Кто Анна? – Анна новый преподаватель из Чикаго.
Сокращенные формы глагола BE
Сокращения вспомогательных глаголов широко употребляются в речи и на письме. Полные формы считаются предпочтительными в официальном стиле письма.
Глагол BE
в утвердительной форме
Настоящее время
Единственное число: I am – I'm; he is – he's; she is – she's; it is – it's.
Множественное число: we are – we're; you are – you're; they are – they're.
Прошедшее время
I / he / she / it was – несокращается;
we / you / they were – не сокраща-
ется.
33
The verb BE in the negative
Present tense
Singular: I am not – I'm not; he is not – he's not /
he isn't; she is not – she's not / she isn't; it is not – it's not / it isn't.
Plural: we are not – we're not / we aren't; you are not – you're not / you aren't; they are not – they're not / they aren't.
Past tense
Singular: I was not – I wasn't; he was not – he wasn't; she was not – she
wasn't; it was not – it wasn't.
Plural: we were not – we weren't; you were not – you weren't; they were not – they weren't.
Глагол BE
в отрицательной форме
Настоящее время
Единственное число: I am not – I'm not; he is not – he's not / he isn't; she is not – she's not / she isn't; it is not – it's not / it isn't.
Множественное число: we are not – we're not / we aren't; you are not – you're not / you aren't; they are not – they're not / they aren't.
Прошедшее время
Единственное число: I was not – I wasn't; he was not – he wasn't; she was not – she wasn't; it was not – it wasn't.
Множественное число: we were not – we weren't; you were not – you weren't; they were not – they weren't.
EXERCISES
1. Make sentences.
I |
am |
from London. |
We |
is |
Russian. |
Their teacher |
are |
twenty-two. |
She |
|
an engineer. |
They |
|
economists. |
Her cat |
|
twenty-eight. |
He |
|
at home. |
Our friends |
|
a manager. |
You |
|
his friend. |
It |
|
her brother. |
Her parents |
|
from Scotland. |
|
|
big. |
|
|
|
34
2. Translate.
1. Я врач. 2. Мы инженеры. 3. Ты менеджер. 4. Вы водители. 5. Он студент. 6. Она экономист.
3.Translate.
1.Я в университете.
2.Мы на спортивной площадке.
3.Ты на конференции.
4.Вы в парке.
5.Она в аудитории.
4.Translate.
1.Я в Англии.
2.Мы в России.
3.Ты в Уэльсе.
4.Вы в Шотландии.
5.Translate.
1.Я из России.
2.Мы из Англии.
3.Ты из Америки.
4.Вы из Лондона.
6.Translate.
1.Я экономист.
2.Она из Англии.
3.Мы в аудитории.
4.Вы преподаватели.
7.Make the sentences negative.
1.I am a doctor.
2.He is a student.
3.They are lecturers.
4.She is an engineer.
8.Translate.
1.Мы не менеджеры.
2.Они не водители.
3.Ты не инженер.
4.Он не врач.
5.Она не на работе.
35
6.Мы не в гостиной.
7.Я не в университете.
8.Он не в Англии.
9.Write general questions.
He is Ron. – Is he Ron?
1.They are Fred and Jake.
2.She is Ann.
3.You are Tom and Dan.
4.I am Kate.
10.Translate.
1.Я учитель?
2.Мы водители?
3.Ты инженер?
4.Вы врачи?
5.Он в Уэльсе?
6.Мы в Йорке?
11.Write alternative questions.
Eg. She is Glenda. (Wilma) – Is she Glenda or Wilma?
1.I am Clyde. (Ike)
2.They are Brett and Cliff. (Pam and Sam)
3.She is Liz. (Meg)
4.You are Ben and Kit. (Brett and Cliff)
5.We are students. (drivers)
6.He is tall. (short)
7.You are managers. (doctors)
8.She is an engineer. (a worker)
12.Write alternative questions.
Eg. He is at the office. (at hospital) – Is he at the office or at hospital?
1.You are in the conference hall. (in the canteen)
2.He is in the office. (at home)
3.She is at the concert. (at work)
13.Write special questions.
Eg. He is thirty. (How old) – How old is he?
He is from Hull. (Where … from) – Where is he from? He is in the office. (Where) – Where is he?
He is a worker. (What) – What is he?
36
1.They are twenty. (How old)
2.She is a swimming instructor. (What)
3.You are a surgeon. (What)
4.I am at the conference. (Where)
15.Write general, special and alternative questions to the sentences.
Eg. He is sixty. – Is he sixty?
Is he sixty or seventy?
How old is he?
1.Her sister is a student.
2.His brothers are good specialists.
3.Her friend is an engineer.
16.In the dialogue below, Peter Hay is talking to Jane Field and Arnold Weiss at a trade fair. Put the verb forms in sentences 1–14 into the correct box. The first one is done for you.
Present positive |
Present negative |
Present question |
|
|
|
|
|
|
PH: Hello, I’m Peter Hay. (1) Where are you from? (2) JF: We’re from Seattle in the USA. (3)
PH: Oh, are you American? (4) JF: I am. (5) But Arnold isn’t.
AW: I am from Austria. (6) But we’re from the same company, Inter Corp. (7)
PH: Oh, yes, Inter Corp. What are your names? (8)
JF: My name's Jane Field. (9) This is Arnold Weiss. (10) PH: Pleased to meet you. Are you in banking? (11) AW: No, we’re not. (12) We’re in insurance. (13)
17.Complete the spaces. Use short forms where possible.
1.This is Dave King. He's an engineer.
2.My name’s Pierre Lapin. ___________ a Sales Manager.
3.Mary and Hans are from my department. _______ computer programmers.
4.This is Naomi Cox. ___________ a research scientist.
5.Hello. My name__________ Franz Johann and this__________
Tomas Doll. ____ _____ from Salzburg.
37
6.Ah, Franz and Tomas!__________ very welcome!
7.This is our office. I t __________ very big.
18.Complete the following text about Axdal Electronics. Use a form
of be.
Axdal leads the way
Axdal Electronics is a world leader in control systems.
We_________ suppliers to the car industry. Car manufacturers_________ our only customers. We__________ also suppliers to other industries. AE_________ an international company. Our customers___in the USA, Japan and Europe. Our Chief Executive_________ Paul Axdal. ‘We____a family company and business_________ very good’, says Paul.
19.Fill in the gaps with the verb to be in the Past Simple.
1.I … happy yesterday morning.
2.My brother … sick two days ago.
3.They … at the cinema yesterday.
4.He … at university an hour ago.
5.Kate … at the conference last month.
6.Mike and Peter … at the party last night.
20.Write questions with was ,were.
1.(He) in London last year?
2.(It) sunny two hours ago?
3.(Kate and Anna) at the cinema yesterday?
4.(They) tired last night?
5.(The breakfast) delicious last morning?
6.(She) very busy yesterday?
21.Write negative sentences with was, were.
1.I was at the Uni ten minutes ago.
2.It was very hot last week.
3.They were happy yesterday.
4.She was hungry two hours ago.
5.We were in Paris last year.
6.My favorite color was blue many years ago.
22.Choose the correct answer.
1.My English (was/were) very well ten years ago.
2.He (was/were) very sad yesterday.
3.I (was/were) in the park two hours ago.
38
4.They (was/were) best friends two years ago.
5.It (was/were) very hot yesterday afternoon.
6.My parents (was/were) in the garden last week.
23.Fill in the gaps with I wasn’t, you weren’t, he wasn’t, she wasn’t, it wasn’t, they weren’t.
1.Were they in Paris last summer? No, _
2.Was she blonde last year? No, _
3.Was I tired yesterday? No, _
4.Was he at home ten minutes ago? No, _
5.Was it cold yesterday night? No, _
6.Were you at the library last Monday? No, _
24.Complete the dialogue using the verb to be and the necessary pronouns.
1.… … cold yesterday? Yes,
2.Where … your sister last month? – … … at the children’s camp
3.… you in Moscow last summer? – No, … ….
4.Why … they busy yesterday afternoon? – … … at school.
5.… Anna blonde last year? – No, … … .
25.Put the words in the correct order using was / were.
1.yesterday/ he/ tired
2.we/ last/ at/ month/ museum/ the
3.garden/ ago/ minutes/ the/ I/ in/ five
4.yesterday/ glad/ meet/ Mark/ to/ Anna
5.last/ week/ sunny/ it/ very
6.late/ work / days/ they/ for/ two/ ago
7.we/ to/ yesterday/ glad/ you / meet
8.fresh/ fruit/ a/ week/ this/ ago
9.short/ years/ hair/ her/ two/ ago
10.Finland/ in/ last/ they/ winter
11.morning/ dog/ angry/ my/ yesterday/ very
The Verb HAVE and its functions
The verb HAVE can function as a main verb and as an auxiliary verb. The forms of the verb HAVE in the simple pre-
Глагол HAVE и его функции
Глагол HAVE может работать как основной глагол и как вспомогательный глагол. Формы глагола HAVE в простом настоящем вре-
39
sent are I/we/you/they have, he/she/it has; the simple past for all persons – had. The verb HAVE is also used in a large number of set expressions and in several commonly used phrases, such as "have got, have to, have got to, had better, have something done".
HAVE as a main verb
Main meanings of the verb HAVE as a main verb are "own, possess". In these meanings, the verb HAVE is a stative verb and is not used in the Continuous tenses.
I have a lot of work today.
He has a sense of humor. We have the right to do it.
The phrase HAVE GOT is used as a synonym for the verb HAVE in the meaning "to own, to possess" in the present tense, especially in everyday speech.
Examples: She's got gray eyes. I've got a new computer.
HAVE as a main verb is used in a large number of set expressions in which it may keep or lose the meaning "own, possess". For example: to have breakfast, have dinner, have a cup of coffee, have a sandwich, have a good time, have fun, have an opportunity, have a problem, have difficulty, have
мени – I/we/you/they have, he/she/it has; простое прошедшее для всех лиц – had. Глагол HAVE также употребляется в большом количестве устойчивых выражений и в нескольких широко употребительных фразах, таких как "have got, have to, have got to, had better, have something done".
HAVE как основной глагол
Главные значения глагола HAVE как основного глагола – иметь, обладать. В этих значениях HAVE является глаголом состояния и не употребляется во временах группы Continuous.
Уменя очень много работы сегодня.
Унего есть чувство юмора. Мы имеем право сделать это. Фраза HAVE GOT употребляет-
ся как синоним для глагола HAVE
взначении «иметь, обладать»
внастоящем времени, особенно
вразговорной речи.
Примеры: У неё серые глаза. У меня новый компьютер.
Глагол HAVE как основной глагол употребляется в большом количестве устойчивых выражений, в которых он может сохранять или терять значение «иметь, обладать». Например: завтракать, обедать, выпить чашку кофе, съесть бутерброд, хорошо провести время, веселиться, иметь возможность, иметь проблему, иметь трудность,
40