Английский язык для механико-технологического факультета. Мехатроника и робототехника. English for mechanical engineering faculty. Mechatronics and ro

21. Define the function of Participle I in the following sentences and translate them.

1.The scientist working at this design is well known.

2.Carrying out the experiment he made use of some new instruments.

3.These new devices are replacing their older equivalents.

4.Speaking about the new method of work the engineer told us many interesting details.

5.Radio occupies one of the leading places among the greatest achievements of modern engineering.

6.Being cooled water turns into ice.

7.The electric current passing through a wire will heat it.

8.Transistors contain no moving parts.

9.The scientist is carrying on an important research,

10.Developing the new method they achieved good results.

21. Translate the following sentences.

1.Having improved this device they could use it for many purposes.

2.When making the experiment he made notes.

3.The vibrations of a voice speaking into the microphone of a telephone cause vibrations in an electric current.

4.This varying current is carried along a wire to a receiver.

5.Electronics in our country has developed into hundreds of research institutes and laboratories employing tens of thousands of people.

6.Having been discovered many years ago this metal found a wide application in industry only last year.

7.While being checked the motor showed good performance.

8.The man introducing this famous scientist is the dean of our faculty.

9.Cybernetics is gaining a growing importance.

23. Change the complex sentences given below according to the examples and translate them into Russian.

Example:

While she was preparing for her physics exam, she looked through all the notes of the lectures.

While preparing for her physics exam she looked through all the notes of the lectures.

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1.When he was translating the article, he used a dictionary.

2.While the student was working at the problem he made many experiments.

3.When the worker was applying the new method of work he got better results.

4.While he was experimenting with this substance, he was very careful.

5.When the engineer was improving the design, he made many calculations.

6.While the man was describing this phenomenon he illustrated it with numerous examples.

7.When these scientists were working in our laboratory they obtained good results.

One more example:

The scientists who are carrying out research into nuclear physics deal with most difficult problems.

The scientists carrying out research into nuclear physics deal with most difficult problems.

1.The scientist who is working at the method is well known.

2.These postgraduate students who are watching the experiment work in our laboratory.

3.The worker who is repairing the machine is very skilled.

4.The engineer who is carrying out these investigations is a well-known inventor.

5.The students who are doing the laboratory work are from various faculties.

Linking (past participial phrase)

1. he past participle alone can sometimes replace subject + passive verb. It makes the text more concise.

The Champion West oilfield, located 90 km off the coast of Brunei, is Shell’s flagship project … (= The Champion West oilfield, which is located ...)

2. The past participle can also be placed at the beginning of a sentence.

Located 90 km off the coast of Brunei, the Champion West oilfield is Shell’s flagship project …

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Guided by smart technology, a single snake well can access pockets of oil …

Buried deep beneath Champion West’s seabed, sensors relay digital information …

! Note that the participle must have the same subject as the verb in the main clause.

24. Join the information in each note into a single sentence in a similar way. Begin each sentence with the past participle in italics.

Example: Isolated in small pockets, the oil can’t be extracted using vertical wells.

1.the oil is isolated in small pockets + it can’t be extracted using vertical wells

2.the sensors are connected by fibre-optic cable + they collect data from inside the snake well

3.the drills are guided by remote controllers + they can hit a target only 2 m wide

4.the oil is locked 4,000 m beneath the seabed + it couldn’t be extracted for 30 years

5.the sensors are attached to the drill bit + they allow controllers to guide the drill

6.the software was developed by GeoSolutions + it generates computer models of the geology.

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speed, scale of integration, and reduction of costs have resulted in digital circuits being used instead of classical analog solutions of controllers, filters, and (de)modulators.

The growth in computational power can be demonstrated with the following example. One single-chip microcontroller has the computational power equal to that of one 1992 vintage computer notebook. This singlechip microcontroller has the computational power equal to four 1981 vintage IBM personal computers, or to two 1972 vintage IBM 370 mainframe computers.

Digital integrated circuits are designed to be universal and are produced in large numbers. Modern integrated circuits have many upgraded features from earlier designs, which allow for “user friendlier” access and control. The parameters of Integrated circuits (ICs) influence not only the individually designed IC, but all the circuits that must cooperate with it. The relative growth of the number of integrated transistors on a chip is relatively stable. In the case of memory elements, it is equal to approximately 1.5 times the current amount. In the case of other digital ICs, it is equal to approximately 1.35 times the current amount.

In digital electronics, we use quantities called logical values instead of the analog quantities of voltage and current.

AFTER READING TASKS

DEVELOPING PROFESSIONAL VOCABULARY Working out the meaning of unknown words

2. The following words in the box are all from the text above. Find them in the text.

3. For each word, read the sentence it occurs in and answer the questions.

1.Is the word positive, negative or neutral?

2.Is it a noun, adjective, adverb or verb?

3.Can you think of a word with a similar meaning (synonym) and one with an opposite meaning (antonym)?

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4. Answer the following questions.

1.What has happened to the field of microelectronics during the last decades?

2.What is the design of digital systems supported by?

3.What has resulted in digital circuits being used instead of classical analog solutions of controllers, filters, and (de)modulators?

4.What computational power does one single-chip microcontroller

have?

5.How are digital integrated circuits designed?

6.What do the parameters of Integrated circuits (ICs) influence?

5. Match the words with their definitions/explanations.

6. Translate from English into Russian.

application field – integrated circuit speed – integration scale –

cost reduction –

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single-chip microcontroller – vintage computer notebook – mainframe computer – user-friendlier access and control – integrated transistor –

memory element –

7. Translate from Russian into English.

прикладные области электроники – проектирование цифровых систем – степень интеграции – скорость работы интегральной схемы –

величина электрического напряжения и тока – однокристаллический микроконтроллер – увеличение вычислительной мощности – обновленные характеристики – запоминающий элемент – логические значения – параметры ИС –

8. Translate from English into Russian, paying attention to “both … and”.

1.Integrated circuits make both the design and the production of electronic product much easier and cost effective.

2.Both the scale of integration and the reduction of costs have led to the use of digital circuits.

3.For some engineers mechatronics is both a philosophical and integrated approach to design.

4.Both engineers and scientists from all fields of study can contribute to mechatronics.

5.The invention of the microprocessor had a profound effect on both the redesign of mechanical systems and design of new mechatronic systems.

6.The discipline of information technology comprises both systems and theory.

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9. Translate from English into Russian.

1.Scientists believe digital technology to govern most of the application fields in electronics.

2.Engineers want digital integrated circuits to be universal and to be produced in large numbers.

3.During the laboratory class the students observed a sensor measure a physical value.

4.The use of a clock in a mechatronic system permits timing for the operation to be synchronized.

5.Engineers think integrated sensors and microcomputers to lead to smart sensors.

6.Sensors, actuators and digital microelectronics enabled electromechanical systems to have changed into integrated electronic mechanical ones.

7.There are many various definitions of mechatronics. But all of them prove it to be an interdisciplinary field.

8.Engineers suppose mechatronics to integrate mechanical, electrical and computer systems.

9.The application of MEMS and adaptive control methodologies will allow cost-effective microprocessors and microcontrollers to advance further.

10.We want them to take part in the conference on new methods of data acquisition.

integrated circuit

… is a … of electronics. As the name suggests, microelectronics relates to the study and … of very small electronic … and components. Usually, but not always, this means micrometre-scale or smaller. These devices are

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made from … materials. Many … of normal electronic designs are available in a microelectronic … . These include …, capacitors, …, diodes and insulators and conductors that can be all found in … design. An … (also referred to as an IC, a …, or a microchip) is a set of electronic … on one small plate (“chip”) of semiconductor …, normally … . ICs can be made very compact, having up to several … transistors and other electronic components in an area the … of a fingernail.

11. Translate from Russian into English.

1.Микроэлектроника − раздел электроники, связанный с изучением

ипроизводством электронных компонентов с геометрическими размерами нескольких микрометров и меньше. С развитием техники размеры компонентов постоянно уменьшаются.

2.Интегральная схема − это микроэлектронная схема, сформированная на маленькой пластине полупроводникового материала, которая используется для управления электрическим током. Типичная ИС состоит из множества соединенных между собой микроэлектронных компонентов, таких как транзисторы, резисторы, конденсаторы

идиоды. ИС обладают целым рядом преимуществ по сравнению со схемами, которые собирались из отдельных компонентов. Они имеют меньшие размеры, более высокие вычислительные мощности и скорости, надежность. Все интегральные схемы делятся на аналоговые, цифровые и аналого-цифровые.

3.Однокристаллический микропроцессор − это микросхема для управления электронными устройствами. Типичный микроконтроллер сочетает на одном кристалле функции процессора и периферийных устройств.

WORD BUILDING

12. Write the initial word and translate.

dramatically – different – manufacturer – effective – demodulator – computational –

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user-friendly – individually – relatively – approximately – production – single-chip

13. Convert the following nouns into verbs. Check their meaning in the dictionary.

result – input – output – feature – use – scale – form – base – test – position –

Forming Adverbs

As you know, an adjective in English describes a noun. An adverb describes a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or even an entire sentence.

Most adverbs have a special ending: -ly. You can form adverbs from some adjectives, but you must be careful of the spelling.

1. Adding -ly to the end of the adjective

Many adjectives can be transformed into adverbs. In most cases, we do this by simply adding -ly to the end of the adjective.

Here are some examples: suddenly, brightly, slowly, mysteriously

2. Adjectives ending in -y

When the adjective you want to make into an adverb ends in -y, you must change the y to an i, then add -ly.

Here are some common examples: happily, angrily, clumsily

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