Английский язык для механико-технологического факультета. Мехатроника и робототехника. English for mechanical engineering faculty. Mechatronics and ro

components. The limits of this approach were given by the lack of suitable sensors and actuators, the unsatisfactory life time under rough operating conditions (acceleration, temperature, and contamination), the large space requirements, the required cables, and relatively slow data processing. With increasing improvements in miniaturization, robustness, and computing power of microelectronic components, one can now put more emphasis on electronics in the design of a mechatronic system.

The integration within a mechatronic system can be performed through the integration of components and through the integration of information processing. The integration of components (hardware integration) results from designing the mechatronic system as an overall system and embedding the sensors, actuators, and microcomputers into the mechanical process. This spatial integration may be limited to the process and sensor, or to the process and actuator. Microcomputers can be integrated with microcomputer actuators process sensors the actuator, the process or sensor, or can be arranged at several places.

Integrated sensors and microcomputers lead to smart sensors, and integrated actuators and microcomputers lead to smart actuators.

The integration of information processing (software integration) is mostly based on advanced control functions. Besides a basic feedforward and feedback control, an additional influence may take place through the process knowledge and corresponding online information processing.

AFTER READING TASKS

DEVELOPING PROFESSIONAL VOCABULARY Working out the meaning of unknown words

2. The following words in the box are all from the text above. Find them in the text.

3. For each word, read the sentence it occurs in and answer the questions.

1.Is the word positive, negative or neutral?

2.Is it a noun, adjective, adverb or verb?

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3. Can you think of a word with a similar meaning (synonym) and one with an opposite meaning (antonym)?

AFTER READING TASKS

4. Answer the following questions.

1. What did classical mechanical electronic systems result from?

2. How can the integration within a mechatronic system be performed? 3. What may spatial integration be limited to?

4. What do integrated sensors and microcomputers lead to?

5. What is the integration of information processing (software integration) mostly based on?

5. Mark the statements as true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones.

1. The integration within a mechatronic system can be performed through the integration of components and through the integration of information processing.

2. The integration of information processing (software integration) is mostly based on online information processing.

3. Integrated sensors and microcomputers lead to smart actuators.

6. Match the words with their definitions/explanations.

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7. Translate from English into Russian.

1.unsatisfactory life time –

2.operating conditions –

3.relatively slow data processing –

4.component integration –

5.information processing –

6.hardware integration –

7.software integration –

8.advanced control functions –

8. Translate from Russian into English.

1.общая схема механико-электронной системы –

2.являться результатом добавления сенсоров, актуаторов и аналоговых или цифровых контроллеров –

3.относительно медленная обработка данных –

4.придавать большее значение электронике –

5.интеграция компонентов, известная так же как интеграция оборудования –

6.базовое управление с прогнозированием и обратной связью –

7.методы проектирования –

8.контроль и оптимизация –

9.Translate from English into Russian, paying attention to the word

one.

1.Let’s turn our attention to two methods of integration within a mechatronic system; one of them is the integration of components and the other one is the integration of information processing.

2.Mechatronic systems developed from integrated electronic mechanical ones with sensors, actuators and digital microelectronics.

3.One should understand that applications of MEMS, new programming methods and wireless technologies will contribute to further development of mechatronic systems.

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4.1950-s are marked by two major developments in computer technologies. One is the invention of a digital computer in 1955, and the second one is the intention of a process computer in 1959.

5.One should distinguish between a feedback and feedforward control.

6.One of the characteristics of the knowledge base is mathematical process models.

10. Translate from English into Russian, paying attention to the infinitives.

1.To study the ways of integration within a mechatronic system is the aim of our seminar.

2.The purpose of this article is to investigate the ways of integration within a mechatronic system.

3.To develop a classical mechanical-electronic system it was necessary to add sensors, actuators and analog or digital controllers to mechanical components.

4.It was important to know the basic principles to be observed in the design and use of any mechatronic system.

5.Improvements in miniaturization and computing power of microelectronic components helped to use electronics more widely and effectively to design a mechatronic system.

6.This computing method is accurate enough to give reliable results.

7.Software integration is the type of integration to be based on advanced control functions.

8.A problem to be solved by a digital computer must be expressed in mathematical terms.

11. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate word or phrase from the list.

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… is a design philosophy: an integrating … to … . The primary factor in mechatronics is the involvement of these areas throughout … . Mechatronics makes the … of actuators, …, control …, and computers in the design process possible. It uses the … systems to provide a framework of component interactions for system analyses. The … within a mechatronic system is performed through the combination of hardware (…) and … (information processing). … results from designing the mechatronic system as an overall system and bringing together the sensors, … and … into the mechanical system. … is primarily based on advanced control … .

12. Translate from Russian into English.

Основное внимание в мехатронике уделяется понятию системы. Мехатронная система – совокупность нескольких мехатронных модулей и узлов, синергетически связанных между собой, для выполнения конкретной функциональной задачи. Система в мехатронике базируется на механической системе, состоящей из процессоров, сенсоров и актуаторов. Актуатор является строительным элементом системы, который приводит ко всем изменениям в ней. Сенсоры имеют задание установить изменения в основной системе и передать эту информацию процессорам. Процессоры с помощью программного обеспечения с использованием функции управления воздействуют на актуаторы, изменяют их. Это приводит к изменениям всей системы. Такой комплексный подход к решению технической задачи основывается на объединенных знаниях о механике, электронике и информатике, которые выступают как интегрированное целое.

WORD BUILDING

13. Translate the following word groups and state the parts of speech.

1.add – adder – addition –additional – additionally – additive – additivity

2.satisfy – satisfaction– satisfactory – satisfactorily – dissatisfy – unsatisfactory

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3.require – requirer – requirable – requirement –unrequired

4.relate – related – relation – relationship – relative – relatively – interrelated – unrelated – irrelatively

5.improve – improvement – improvable – improvability – improvably – improvingly

6.base – basic – basically – basement

GRAMMAR FOCUS

THE PASSIVE VOICE

An active sentence like I conducted this experiment has the subject first (the person or thing that does the verb), followed by the verb, and finally the object (the person or thing that the action happens to).

So, in this example, the subject is 'I', the verb is 'conducted' and the object is 'this experiment'.

But, we don't always need to make sentences this way. We might want to put the object first, or perhaps we don't want to say who did something. This can happen for lots of reasons. In this case, we can use a passive, which puts the object first:

This experiment was conducted by me (we can add 'by me' if we want, but it isn't necessary).

How to make the Passive in English

We make the passive by putting the verb 'to be' into whatever tense we need and then adding the past participle. For regular verbs, we make the past participle by adding 'ed' to the infinitive. So play becomes played.

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Verbs with two objects

Some verbs that have two objects can make two different active sentences, and so two different passive sentences too:

Give

Active: He gave me the book / He gave the book to me.

You can choose either of the two objects to be the subject of the passive sentence.

Passive: I was given the book (by him)/ The book was given to me (by him).

Other verbs like this are: ask, offer, teach, tell, lend, promise, sell, throw.

The passive in subordinate clauses

You can make the passive in a subordinate clause that has a subject and a normal conjugated verb. This is really the same as a normal passive.

Active: I thought that Mary had asked John.

Passive: I thought that John had been asked by Mary.

Active: He knew that people had built the University in 1915.

Passive: He knew that the University had been built in 1915.

You can also make the passive using a passive gerund or a passive infinitive in the same place as a normal gerund or infinitive.

He loves being read to.

She would like to be promoted.

When should we use the Passive?

1. When we want to change the focus of the sentence:

o The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo Da Vinci. (We are more interested in the painting than the artist in this sentence)

2. When who or what causes the action is unknown or unimportant or obvious or 'people in general':

o He was arrested (obvious agent, the police).

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o My bike has been stolen (unknown agent).

o The road is being repaired (unimportant agent).

o The form can be obtained from the post office (people in general). 3. In factual or scientific writing:

o The chemical is placed in a test tube and the data entered into the computer.

4.In formal writing instead of using someone/ people/ they (these can be used in speaking or informal writing):

o The brochure will be finished next month.

5.In order to put the new information at the end of the sentence to improve style:

o Three books are used regularly in the class. The books were written by Dr. Bell. ('Dr. Bell wrote the books' sound clumsy)

6.When the subject is very long:

o I was surprised by how well the students did in the test. (More natural than: 'how well the students did in the test surprised me')

14. Read the following sentences and say which of them are in the Active and which are in the Passive Voice. Translate them into Russian.

1.While the experiment was being carried out nobody left the laboratory.

2.A new type of computing equipment is being produced at our plant.

3.At present scientific work is being done mostly by large groups of researchers.

4.The apparatus will be working when you come.

5.The scientists who are carrying out research into technologies deal with the most difficult problems.

6.For twenty minutes the air in the laboratory was being purified by two ventilators.

7.The solar battery is converting the energy of sun rays directly into electric energy.

8.This experiment was being carried out under low pressure.

9.For a long time electronic devices were being used for control.

10.An interesting research in the field of electronics is being done at our Institute.

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11.Prospects of the usage of solar energy are already understood by everybody.

12.Now solar energy is being studied by a lot of research groups.

13.We were looking for a more simple method of solution but could not

find it.

14.The engineers will discuss the advantages of this new system.

15.Our laboratory is housed in an old building.

15. Translate the following word groups. State the tense and the forms of the predicates.

1.the lecture started

2.the scientists are obtaining

3.the colleagues realized

4.the satellite was on its orbit

5.the properties depended

6.the stream is being broadcast

7.the chemist was searching

8.a new technology was demonstrated

9.the elements constituted

10.the student was being examined

11.new results were being obtained

12.the discovery established

16. Find it + passive constructions in this extract. Translate from

English into Russian.

1)It is generally agreed that the more difficult it is to follow the lecture, the more easily we get obsessed by sleep or other pleasant activity.

2)apart from listening to the professor. It has been observed that the farther

3)you are from the source of noise, the more you are prone to sleepiness.

4)It is thought that this phenomenon develops due to the fact that the sound vibrations produced by the professor’s articulative organs affect the auditory receptors of the nearby listeners stronger, resulting in more vivacity and higher speed of writing.

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