Английский язык для горных инженеров-механиков. Учебное пособие

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ ЛУГАНСКОЙ НАРОДНОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКИ

ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

«ДОНБАССКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ»

М. Н. Мрачковская, Л. И. Задорожная

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК ДЛЯ ГОРНЫХ ИНЖЕНЕРОВ-МЕХАНИКОВ

Учебное пособие

Рекомендовано Ученым советом ГОУ ВО ЛНР «ДонГТИ»

Алчевск

2022

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УДК 811.111 (075.8) ББК Ш 143.21:401.7

М88

Мрачковская М. Н., ст. преп.; Задорожная Л. И.

Рецензенты:

Н. В. Грицкова — кандидат педагогических наук, доцент кафедры романо-германской филологии ГОУ ВО ЛНР «ЛГПУ» (г. Луганск);

В. Ю. Доброногова — кандидат технических наук, доцент кафедры горной энергомеханики и оборудования ГОУ ВО ЛНР «ДонГТИ» (г. Алчевск);

Н. В. Сулейманова — кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры языковой подготовки специалистов ГОУ ВО ЛНР «ДонГТИ» (г. Алчевск).

Рекомендовано Ученым советом ГОУ ВО ЛНР «ДонГТИ» (Протокол № 9 от 27.05.2022)

Мрачковская, М. Н.

М88 Английский язык для горных инженеров-механиков : учебное пособие / М. Н. Мрачковская, Л. И. Задорожная. — Алчевск: ГОУ ВО ЛНР «ДонГТИ», 2022. — 143 с.

Настоящее учебное пособие содержит тексты для чтения с развернутой системой упражнений. Тексты заимствованы в английских и американских источниках. Издание дополнено списками сокращений, сложных наречий-архаизмов, «ложных друзей» переводчика, терминами с толкованиями и англо-русским словарем.

Для студентов горных электромехаников и лиц с техническим образованием, которые самостоятельно совершенствуют свои языковые навыки.

УДК 811.11-26 ББК Ш143.21:401.7

© ГОУ ВО ЛНР «ДонГТИ», 2022 © М. Н. Мрачковская, Л. И. Задорожная, 2022

© Н. В. Чернышова, художественное оформление обложки, 2022

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ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

Данное учебное пособие предназначено для студентов 2 курса специальности 21.05.04 «Горное дело», специализации «Горные машины и оборудование» всех форм обучения.

Цель учебного пособия — развитие и совершенствование навыков чтения оригинальной литературы для получения необходимой информации, развитие и закрепление навыков просмотрового,

поискового и ознакомительного чтения, а также перевода, составления аннотации и реферата, формирования навыков устного профессионального общения на указанную тему, подготовка студентов к самостоятельной работе с англоязычной литературой по специальности.

Этой цели подчинена структура пособия, а также методика подачи учебного материала.

Учебное пособие состоит из 6 разделов-тем, в состав которых входят: текст А для учебного чтения с развернутой системой упражнений, тексты В и С для просмотрового и ознакомительного чтения с дальнейшим выполнением заданий. К каждому разделу-теме предлагаются тексты для самостоятельного чтения, которые приведены в разделе “Supplementary Reading”.

Учебный материал рассчитан на 72 часа работы студентов в аудитории под руководством преподавателя и вне аудитории. Авторы предлагают изучение разделов-тем разделить на 2 семестра: разделы-

темы I–III в осеннем семестре, а разделы-темы IV–VI в весеннем. Тексты заимствованы, с учетом их информативности и

актуальности, в английских и американских профессиональных источниках. Авторы стремились подобрать тексты, вызывающие интерес у студентов и отображающие стиль научно-технической литературы по специальности. Тексты не адаптированы, некоторые из них сокращены либо скомбинированы из частей различных текстов с учебной целью.

Предлагаемая система упражнений направлена на реализацию целевой установки учебного пособия в соответствии с требованиями

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программы по дисциплине «Иностранный язык» для неязыковых специальностей высших учебных заведений.

Учебное пособие предлагает также справочный материал, представленный списками сокращений, сложных наречий-архаизмов, «ложных друзей» переводчика, тематических терминов с толкованиями.

Учебное пособие дополнено англо-русским словарем.

Иллюстративный материал (схемы и иллюстрации) призван облегчить ориентирование в текстах и терминологии и способствовать эффективной работе.

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UNIT I

The Evolution of Mining Technology.

Stages in the Life of a Mine

and Elements of Mining.

I

I.1. Find the meanings and transcription of the new words from

I.2. Read and translate the phrases without a dictionary.

mineral materials, mineral substance, mineral industry, raw material, metallic mineral, mine operation, mining activity, mining technology, underground mining, hematite mine, surface excavation, systematic opening, surface deposit.

I.3. Try and guess the meanings of the words below using the similarity of their stems with those in your native language.

a)evolution, technology, second, agriculture, substance, metallic, mineral, operation, progress, history, civilization, natural;

b)solid, stage, second, primary, time, integral, prominent, record, basic, human, unique, ground, attraction, to reduce, equal, significant, to chronicle, to enumerate.

I.4. Read and translate the words. What is the meaning of the prefix “pre-“?

prehistoric, preamble, precaution, precedent, predominance, preface, prefix, preschool, to present, previous, prewar.

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I.5. Form nouns by the model. Read and translate.

I.6. Translate the words and their derivatives

I.7. Form the Comparative and Superlative forms of adjectives using the models.

a) broad – broader – (the) broadest old –

early – crude –

b)essential – more essential – (the) most essential successful –

prominent – possible – significant –

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I.8. Translate the phrases with Possessive Case.

Student’s life, man’s existence, man’s history, man’s earliest endeavor, mining’s contribution to civilization.

I.9. Revise grammar “Perfect Tenses”. Read and translate the sentences below.

1.Mechanization and automation in mining have advanced greatly.

2.By the middle of the nineteenth century the coal output in England had increased to about 50 million per annum as compared to 10 million at its beginning. 3. Little progress had been made in mining before the Industrial Revolution owing to lack of tools and equipment. 4. For many centuries people have already been mining coal and other minerals. 5. Minerals have long been classified into groups according to their properties. 6. They will have presented the results of the experiments by the end of the month.

I.10. Translate the sentences paying attention to different

meanings of the verb “to have”.

1.Modem engineer has to know at least one foreign language.

2.Large quantities of coal have been formed in nature by the slow decomposition of vegetable in presence of water.

3.Initially metals had to be used in their native form.

4.N. had worked in the mine before he became a research worker.

5.He has never been in the mine yet.

6.Each individual machine has its own operating characteristics.

I.11. Read and translate text A.

TEXT A. The Evolution of Mining Technology

The use of mineral materials dates back to the earliest stage of man's history. Mining was the second of man's earliest endeavors granted that agriculture was his first. The two certainly rank together as the primary or basic industries of human civilization.

Since prehistoric times, mining has been integral and essential to man's existence. Here the term mining is used in its broadest context as

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encompassing the extraction of all naturally occurring mineral substancessolid, liquid, and gas-from the earth for utilitarian purposes. By utilitarian we mean those essential human needs and desires that have been uniquely met by minerals down through the ages.

In fact, most of the cultural ages of man are associated with and identified in minerals or their derivatives. They include the Stone Age (prior to 4000 B C.), the Bronze Age (4000 to 1500 B.C.), the Iron Age (1500 B.C. to a.d. 1780), the Steel Age 91780 to 1945), and the Nuclear Age (since 1945).

Mining began with Palaeolithic man some 450,000 years ago. There are, of course, no records to substantiate the fact, but flint implements have been found with the bones of early man from the Old Stone Age. He extracted these from the earth and learned to shape them by crude fabricating techniques. At first he was satisfied to recovered stone raw materials from surface excavations, but by the beginning of the New Stone Age he had progressed to underground mining in systematic openings 2-3 ft (0,6-0,9 m) in height and over 39 ft (9 m) in depth. However, the oldest known underground mine is from the Old Stone Age and believed to be 40 000 years old; it is a hematite mine at Bomvu Ridge, Swaziland. Underground mines attained depths of 800 ft (250 m) by Egyptian times.

Metallic minerals attracted the attention of prehistoric man. Initially, metals had to be used in their native form, probably obtained by washing river gravel in surface deposits. With the advent of the Bronze and Iron Ages, however, man discovered smelting and learned to reduce ores to native metal or alloy form.

Among the great discoveries of humankind and the first technological breakthrough in mining, the art and science of rock breakage are of fundamental importance. No other technological advance in mining had an equal impact, until black powder was first utilized to blast rock in the seventeenth century.

As social systems and culture evolved, mining became more organized. The Egyptians were the first organizers and recorders of mining activity, but the most successful mine operators were the Romans. Using

their famed colonizing skills, the Romans established a mineral industry. The Industrial Revolution, coming at the close of the eighteenth

century has brought significant improvement in mining science, technology and mechanization that have continued to this day.

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It is not possible to chronicle all the developments of mining technology, but some of the most significant are enumerated in Table 1.

I.12. Answer the following questions.

1.What are the primary or basic industries of human civilization?

2.Why has mining been integral and essential to man’s existence? 3. What does the term “mining” mean in its broadest context? 4. What cultural ages do they discern? 5. When did mining begin? 6. What were the first raw materials mined and the first method of mining used? 7. What were the parameters of the first openings for underground mining? 8. What is known about the oldest underground mine? 9. How did prehistoric man obtain metals? 10. When did man learn to reduce ores to metals? 11. Who was the first organizer and recorder of mining activity? 12. Who established mineral industry? 13. What age has brought significant improvements in mining science and technology?

I.13. Group the information in the order you meet it in the text.

1.The term “mining” in its broadest context means the extraction of all naturally occurring mineral substances.

2.Agriculture and mining rank together as the primary or basic industries of human civilization.

3.Most of the cultural ages of man are associated with and identified by minerals or their derivatives.

4.Initially, man probably obtained metals by washing river gravel in surface placer deposits.

5.With the advent of the Bronze and Iron Ages man discovered smelting.

6.At first man was satisfied to recover stone raw materials from surface excavation.

7.Bу the beginning of the New Stone Age man had progressed to underground mining.

8.The art and science of rock breakage are of fundamental importance among the great discoveries of humankind.

9.The Romans established a mineral industry.

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10.The Industrial Revolution has brought significant improvements in

mining.

11.The Egyptians were the first organizers and recorders of mining

activity.

I.14. Compose as much phrases as it is possible using words of the part “a” as attributes:

a

mineral, prehistoric, basic, raw, crude, rock, essential, cultural, surface, mining, underground, technological, significant, mine

I.15. Fill up the blanks with the appropriate prepositions.

in, by, from, to, with, of, at

1. Mining has been essential and integral... man’s existence.

2. Most of the cultural ages ... man are associated ... and identified...

minerals or their derivatives. 3. Man extracted stone ... the earth and

learned to shape it ...crude fabricating technique. 4. Mining began ...

Palaeolithic Man. 5. The oldest known underground mine is ... the Old Stone Age. 6. Initially, metals had to be used ... their native form, probably obtained ... washing river gravel. 7. The Industrial Revolution, coming ... the close of the eighteenth century has brought significant improvement... mining science, technology and mechanization.

I.16. Complete the sentences with the appropriate words and phrases from the box.

underground, extraction, surface excavation, solid, liquid, surface deposit, rock breakage, to blast rock

1. Mining in its broadest context encompasses ..... of all naturally occurring mineral substances from the earth. 2. In nature mineral substances occur in ..... and gas form. 3. At first man recovered stone raw material

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