Английский язык (Пищевые машины и технологическое оборудование). Учебное пособие

2.They may be ……………. or production engineers in different industries.

3.Mechanical engineers are vital to the ……………. of plants.

4.Mechanical equipment is at the ……………. of the plants.

5.They are at the ……………. of technology.

6.Their ……………., technical and managerial, are used to the fullest.

7.In fact, they ……………. our future.

III. Сделайте краткий доклад о роли инженера-механика в промышленности, пользуясь приведенными клише.

1.Mechanical engineers have a wide range of job opportunities. They may be…

2.Mechanical engineers are vital to the running of plants because…

3.Mechanical engineers are at the forefront of technology. They develop new materials of construction, …

4. Mechanical engineers' jobs are demanding and exciting because their skills…

IV. Переведите слова и словосочетания. Уточните их произношение в словаре.

Rely on, diverse, opportunity, available, development, to provide efficient solutions, range, component designs, vehicle, final, commission, initial brief, testing the prototypes, right through, vary significantly, mechanical heart, oil refinery, cost-effective equipment modification, throughput, a project specification, evaluate theoretical designs, discuss and solve a problem, suppliers and customers, operat-

ing environment, prototype test results, particularly, mathematical modeling, issue, existing technology, a wide variety of projects.

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V. Заполнитетаблицу. Воспользуйтесь словарем, если необходимо.

TEXT C

Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы:

1.What job opportunities are available for mechanical engineers?

2.What are mechanical engineers involved into?

3.How do mechanical engineers work at the project?

4.How do engineering technologists work?

5.What’s the difference between mechanical engineers and engineering technologists?

6.What are the typical activities for mechanical engineers?

7.What tasks do they usually deal with?

Mechanical engineer and engineering technologist: what’s the difference?

Most industries rely on mechanical systems and mechanical engineering is thought to be one of the most diverse of all engineering disciplines, with employment opportunities available in a wide range of sectors, such as the manufacturing, power, construction and medical industries. Mechanical engineers can also be involved in the management of people and resources, as well as the development and use of new materials and technologies. Mechanical engineers use engineering principles to provide efficient solutions to the development of

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processes and products, ranging from small component designs to extremely large plant, machinery or vehicles. They can work on all stages of a product, from research and development to design and manufacture, through to installation and final commissioning.

Typical work activities Mechanical engineers work on a project from the initial brief, through the design and development stage, to the testing of one or more prototypes, right through to final manufacture and implementation. Projects can vary significantly, from researching and developing medical products (such as mechanical hearts) to improving production processes in large oil refineries or designing services within buildings. Tasks will generally include:

•designing and implementing cost-effective equipment modifications to help improve safety, reliability and throughput;

•developing a project specification with colleagues, often including those from other engineering disciplines;

•developing, testing and evaluating theoretical designs;

•discussing and solving complex problems with manufacturing departments, sub-contractors, suppliers and customers;

•making sure a product can be made again reliably and will

perform consistently in specified operating environments;

•managing projects using engineering principles and tech-

niques;

•planning and designing new production processes;

•producing details of specifications and outline designs;

•recommending modifications following prototype test results;

•using research, analytical, conceptual and planning skills, particularly mathematical modeling and computer-aided design;

•considering the implications of issues such as cost, safety and time constraints;

•working with other professionals, within and outside the engineering specialism;

•monitoring and commissioning plants and systems.

Engineering technologist

An engineering technologist is a specialist devoted to the implementation of existing technology within a field of engineering. Technologists often work with engineers in a wide variety of projects by applying basic engineering principles and technical skills. The work of technologists is usually focused on the portion of the techno-

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logical spectrum closest to product improvement, manufacturing, construction, and engineering operational functions.

I. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:

Полагаться на механические системы, самая разнообразная из всех инженерных дисциплин, управление людьми и ресурсами, обеспечивать продуктивные решения, проектирование небольших компонентов, исследования и разработки (проектноконструкторская работа), проектирование и изготовление, окончательный ввод в эксплуатацию, тестирование прототипов, производство и ввод в действие, совершенствование производственных процессов, использование рентабельных видов оборудования, повысить безопасность, надежность и производительность, оценка теоретических расчетов, субподрядчик, работать бесперебойно, эскизное проектирование, автоматизированное проектирование, ограничения по стоимости, безопасности и времени, применение существующей технологии.

II. Прочитайте текст ещё раз и добавьте существительные в следующий список:

III. Расскажите о профессии инженера-механика и инжене- ра-технолога, используя текст.

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UNIT III.

FOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRY. PROCESS EQUIPMENT

I.Грамматика

1.Страдательный залог (The Passive Voice).

2.Причастие прошедшего времени (participle II) в функции опре-

деления.

3. Инфинитив (Infinitive) в функции обстоятельства.

II.Тексты

A.Process equipment and facilities and maintenance.

B.High Speed Miser/Granulator.

C.Vapor-compression refrigeration.

Активная лексика

mechanical engineer – инженер-механик; applied mechanics - прикладная механика;

to install - устанавливать, налаживать;

to maintain- поддерживать, осуществлять ТО; to optimize - оптимизировать, упрощать; data - данные, сведения;

to monitor - контролировать; to repair – чинить; breakdown – поломка; sporadic – спорадический.

TEXT A

Прочитайте текст, стараясь понять основное содержание. Выразите основную мысль текста на русском языке. Расскажите о методах технической поддержки оборудования.

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Process Equipment & Facilities Operation& Maintenance

The installation, integration, support, and maintenance of manu-

cal processing plants, are often highly automated, employing advanced sensors and sophisticated supervisory control systems.

In most discrete manufacturing operations today, operation and maintenance of process equipment uses limited in-process control and in-process gauging. The primary focus in this area is control of equipment as opposed to control of processes. Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are common, and there is limited application of PC-based controllers.

Various methods, mostly manual, are employed for tracking tooling. Limited standardization, a prerequisite for modularity, exists for tooling and fixturing. Planning and management of tooling and fixture maintenance is inefficient and few automated solutions are widely available.

Equipment maintenance is often reactive in nature, in response to breakdowns. Preventive maintenance programs that perform routine tasks at predetermine intervals are in common use. Computerized maintenance management systems that automatically track maintenance histories and schedule preventive maintenance at appropriate intervals based on actual equipment reliability data are also being used in some enterprises to optimize equipment uptime and availability. However, very few of these systems track equipment condition on a real-time basis, offer on-line problem diagnosis, or provide advice and/or selfcorrecting solutions, all capabilities that will being increasingly needed

in the future.

Operation and maintenance of facilities and their related utilities currently uses diagnostic rather than prognostic approaches in most companies. Process monitoring and predictive maintenance are limited. Collection and analysis of reliability and maintainability (R&M) data is often sporadic, which makes life cycle cost determination difficult.

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However, users are beginning to demand guarantee of overall equipment effectiveness and suppliers are concerned due to a lack of R&M data.

Quality and equipment utilization requirements (and just-in-time scheduling) are placing more pressure on process maintenance. The time to repair facilities and the mean time between failure is becoming more critical in many industries, but planning to address the issues is often lacking. Also, operations and maintenance functions are rarely equipped with the same level of technical capabilities as other functions within the enterprise.

I.Дополните предложения словами из текста.

1.Manufacturing enterprises employ ...

2.Today, operation and maintenance of process equipment uses ...

3.PLCs-...

4.Maintenance of facilities uses diagnostic approaches rather than ...

in most companies.

5. Users begin to demand ... of overall equipment effectiveness.

II.Дайте ответы на вопросы по содержанию текста.

1.What do chemical processing plants employ?

2.Operation and maintenance of process equipment uses limited in-

process control and in-process gouging, doesn't it?

3.What kinds of methods are employed for tracking too ling?

4.Why are computerized maintenance management systems used in enterprises?

5.Are process monitoring and predicative maintenance limited?

TEXT B

Прочитайте текст и найдите места, отражающие:

1.Функции, которые включает в себя PMS mixer.

2.Из какого материала сделаны составляющие миксера.

3.Каким образом может PMS mixer эксплуатироваться.

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4.Каким образом контролируются процессы переработки.

5.Описание частей миксера.

6.Применение миксера.

High Speed Mixer/Granulator

PMS Mixer combines mixing, dispersing, and high-shear granulating into single operation with an optimal cycle time. Dry mixing can be accomplished as rapid as about 1/3 minutes while wet granulation can be performed within 3-6 minutes.

Conical mixing bowl completely separates product contact parts from driving components. All parts in contact with product arе stainless steel SUS 316. The mixing bowl, bowl cover, agitator blade and chopper blade arc mirror polished. A pneumatically operated seal between the bowl and lid, and air purge labyrinth seals between the bowl and shafts ensure operation.

Raw material feeding to PMS Mixer can be manual open lid or completely automatic through inlets on the lid. Conical mixing bowl structure helps an adhesion of raw material and providing a smoother flow of materials inside the bowl. Main agitator at the base works in conjunction with high shear chopper laterally located in the mixer wall.

The incorporation of rotating elements force product to move intensively in both vertical and horizontal planes and homogenously mixed in a short period of time.

Feeding binder through lid hopper makes pre-mixed materials become moistened and agglomerated. Chopper would break the material agglomeration into fine and uniform granules. For process reproducibility, mixing time or mixing power consumption, characterized by main agitator and chopper motor current, can be set to determine process end-point.

Finished product is discharged by centrifugal force through pneumatic discharge valve into product container or directly to Fluid Bed Dryer bowl.

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TEXT C

Прочитайте текст со словарем. Найдите в тексте предложения, в которых говорится:

а) где используется охлаждение сжатым паром; б) как работает система охлаждения сжатым паром.

Vapor-compression refrigeration

Vapor-compression refrigeration (fig. 1) is one of the many

enclosed space by removing heat from that space and transferring it elsewhere.

The vapor-compression refrigeration system uses a circulating liquid refrigerant as the medium which absorbs and removes heat from the space to be cooled and subsequently rejects that heat elsewhere. Figure 1 depicts a typical, single-stage vapor-compression system. All such systems have four components: a compressor, a condenser, an

expansion valve (also called a throttle valve), and an evaporator. Circulating refrigerant enters the compressor in the thermodynamic state known as a saturated vapor and is compressed to a higher pressure, resulting in a higher temperature as well. The hot, compressed vapor is then in the thermodynamic state known as a superheated vapor and it is at a temperature and pressure at which it can be condensed with typically available cooling water or cooling air.

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Fig. 1. Vapor compression refrigeration

That hot vapor is routed through a condenser where it is cooled and condensed into a liquid by flowing through a coil or tubes with cool water or cool air flowing across the coil or tubes. This is where the circulating refrigerant rejects heat from the system and the rejected heat is carried away by either the water or the air (whichever may be the case). The condensed liquid refrigerant in the thermodynamic state known as a saturated liquid is next routed through an expansion valve

where it undergoes an abrupt reduction in pressure. That pressure reduction results in the adiabatic flash evaporation of a part of the liquid refrigerant. The auto-refrigeration effect of the adiabatic flash evaporation lowers the temperature of the liquid and vapor refrigerant mixture to where it is colder than the temperature of the enclosed space to be refrigerated. The cold mixture is then routed through the coil or tubes in the evaporator. A fan circulates the warm air in the enclosed space across the coil or tubes carrying the cold refrigerant liquid and vapor mixture. That warm air evaporates the liquid part of the cold refrigerant mixture. At the same time, the circulating air is cooled and thus lowers the temperature of the enclosed space to the

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