Английский язык (Пищевые машины и технологическое оборудование). Учебное пособие
.pdfdecisions that are related with "bricks and mortar" and have long term implications, such as decisions related to plant size and capacity. Policies related to plant infrastructure are decisions related to how the " bricks and mortar" are used. These policies are typically under the direct control of the operations managers and have a short-term orientation, such as decisions related to equipment, quality, inventory, workforce and confusion-engendering activities (e.g., new product introductions and product variety). The empirical analysis is based on detailed cross-sectional data on 20 processed food manufacturing plants. With respect to plant structure, the results suggest that small sized foodprocessing plants are competitive, and both capacity underutiliza-
tion and overutilization are detrimental to plant competitiveness. Among the significant results with respect to plant infrastructure, equipment maintenance, quality management programs, packaging supplies inventory, workforce training and product variety are positively associated with plant competitiveness. The results also suggest that introduction of new products disrupts plant operations, at least in the short run, and is negatively associated with plant competitiveness.
The state of modern heat power engineering and increasing the economic efficiency of heat supply
The Russian Federation is the largest player in the world energy resources market. The country has more than 12 % of the world's oil reserves, 25 % of natural gas (Russia ranks first among all countries) and 17 % of coal reserves. Totally it makes about a third of all energy resources of the planet. Russia also holds a leading position in annual production and export of energy resources. Annually our country produces about 547.6 million tons of oil (12 % of the global production), of which 50 % (about 254.812 million tons) are exported. No country in the world has such relative indicators of energy resources exports.
It is obvious, that the Russian Fuel Energy Complex is the foundation of the national economy of the country determining its place in a global economy. A significant part of the Fuel Energy
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Complex belongs to the heat supply system. The issues related to the economic efficiency of the heat supply system are becoming more acute every year. But the proposed solutions in this sphere are often unfeasible in the current conditions.
At the same time the heat supply system, as an important part of the Fuel Energy Complex responsible for the energy security and well-being of the national economy, needs to change. The electric heat supply will compete with the traditional heating system in the nearest future. In the studies of some modern scientists the electric heat supply is offered as an alternative to the existing system. These studies form the basis for further research in this field and raise the issue of the electric heat supply prospects in Russia.
From the positions of economic efficiency, the concept of electric heat supply is considered as a mechanism for improving the energy and environmental safety of our country. It underlines the necessity for the further research in the field of the electric heat supply and its economic efficiency.
Heat engine
In thermodynamics and engineering, a heat engine is a system that converts heat or thermal energy to mechanical energy, which can then be used to do mechanical work. It does this by bringing a working substance from a higher state temperature to a lower statetemperature. A heat source generates thermal energy that brings the working substance to the high temperature state. The working substance generates work in the working body of the engine while transferring heat to the colder sink until it reaches a low temperature state. During this process some of the thermal energy is converted into work by exploiting the properties of the working substance. The working substance can be any system with a non-zero heat capacity, but it usually is a gas or liquid. During this process, some heat is normally lost to the surroundings and is not converted to work. Also, some energy is unusable because of friction and drag.
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In general, an engine converts energy to mechanical work. Heat engines distinguish themselves from other types of engines by the fact that their efficiency is fundamentally limited by Carnot's theorem. Although this efficiency limitation can be a drawback, an advantage of heat engines is that most forms of energy can be easily converted to heat by processes like exothermic reactions (such as combustion), nuclear fission, absorption of light or energetic particles, friction, dissipation and resistance. Since the heat source that supplies thermal energy to the engine can thus be powered by virtually any kind of energy, heat engines cover a wide range of applications.
Heat engines are often confused with the cycles they attempt to implement. Typically, the term "engine" is used for a physical device and "cycle" for the models.
Some ways of solution of the problems of modern power engineering
No doubt, that in the short-term thermal energy will remain dominant in the energy balance of the world and individual countries. The probability of increasing the share of coal and other types of less clean fuels in energy production. In this connection let us consider some of the ways and methods of their use, allowing to significantly reduce the negative impact on the environment. These methods are based mainly on the improvement of the technologies of the fuel and capture of hazardous waste. They include the following:
1)The use and improvement of water treatment devices.
2)Reduction of supply of Sulphur compounds in the atmosphere by means of a preliminary desulphurization coal and other fuels
(oil, gas, shale oil) chemical or physical methods.
3) Big and real possibilities of reduction or stabilization of pollutants in the environment are connected with power savings. Most of such opportunities for Russia at the expense of reducing the energy intensity of the received goods.
4) Not less significant opportunities to save energy in the home and the workplace through improved insulation of buildings.
5) Significantly improved fuel efficiency when it is used instead of the TPS at the CHS plant.
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GRAMMAR REFERENCE
THE VOICE (Залог)
В английском языке глагол имеет два залога: действитель-
ный (the Active Voice) и страдательный (the Passive Voice). Глагол употребляется в действительном залогетабл( .1), если подлежащим в предложении является лицо или предмет, производящие действие: They tested the new device yesterday. – Вчера они протес-
тировали новый прибор.
Глагол в страдательном залоге выражает действие, которое направлено на лицо или предмет, выраженный подлежащим. The new device was tested by them yesterday. – Новый прибор был про-
тестирован ими вчера.
Страдательный залог образуется при помощи глагола to be в соответствующем времени иParticiple II смыслового глагола (табл. 2). Страдательный залог употребляется в тех случаях, когда лицо, совершающее действие, неизвестно или представляется несущественным.
Если действие совершается одушевленным существитель-
ным, то используется предлогby: The article was translatedby the students. – Статья была переведена студентами.
Когда действие совершается с помощью какого-либо предмета, то используется предлогwith: The article was writtenwith a pencil. – Статья была написана карандашом.
В английском языке страдательный залог могут образовывать глаголы, управляющие предложным дополнением (глаголы с предлогом). В пассивной конструкции предлог сохраняется.
We looked for Mike everywhere. – Mike was looked for everywhere.
На русский язык страдательный залог переводится:
- сочетанием глагола быть с краткой формой причастия страдательного залога;
-глаголом с окончанием на -ся, -сь;
-неопределенно-личными предложениями (без подлежащего).
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T
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Формальные признаки глаголов-сказуемых |
Таблица 1 |
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в действительном залоге и их перевод |
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Indefinite (Sim- |
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Continuous |
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Perfect |
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Perfect Con- |
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ple) |
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Процесс |
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Завершенность |
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tinuous |
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Констатация |
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Процесс в тече- |
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факта |
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ние некоторого |
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to have+V3 |
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периода време- |
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действия |
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Do, Does V? |
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I write/ He writes |
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Я пишу/ Он пи- |
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шет |
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пишу (сейчас) |
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often, |
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Now, |
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Sundays, |
always, |
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sent, |
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just, |
lately, |
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since, |
lately, |
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this week, these 3 |
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ing, at night |
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V,V-ed |
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Had |
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V? |
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I wrote. |
Я напи- |
I was |
writing. |
I had |
written. |
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Я писал. |
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написал. |
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Yesterday, the day |
Yesterday eve- |
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yesterday, |
by For 2 hours when |
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yesterday, |
ning, yesterday |
June, |
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last month, a week |
at |
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in 1985, when… |
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thecame |
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whole evening, |
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while, when… |
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105
T
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future
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Окончание табл. 1 |
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Indefinite |
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to be+V-ing |
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периода време- |
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have+been+V- |
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write. Он |
He will be |
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Онten. Он напишет. |
writing. |
Он |
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theTomorrow at 3 |
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Tomorrow, |
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by |
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day after tomor |
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row, next summer |
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month…), |
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in a minute, in a |
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year, in 2 days, in |
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June |
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106
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Таблица 2 |
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Формальные признаки глаголов-сказуемых |
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в страдательном залоге и их перевод |
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Tense |
Indefinite |
Continuous |
Perfect |
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am |
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have |
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is -ed |
is being-ed |
been-ed |
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are |
are |
has |
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The device is tested. |
The device is being |
The device has |
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Прибор испытыва- |
tested. |
been tested. |
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ется (испытан). |
Прибор испытывает- |
Прибор был испы- |
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тан. |
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was |
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had+been+-ed |
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being+-ed |
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were |
were |
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The device was |
The device was being |
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tested. |
tested. |
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tested. |
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Прибор был ис- |
Прибор испытывался. |
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Прибор будет |
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107
THE PARTICIPLES (Причастия)
Причастие – это неличная форма глагола, сочетающая в себе признаки прилагательного (или наречия) с признаками глагола. В английском языке существует два вида причастий: Participle I и Participle II, причем последнее имеет лишь одну форму, в то время, как первое – четыре (табл.3). Как и в русском языке, английские причастия могут стоять как до определяемого слова, так и после него.
A shining star – сияющая звезда
The stars shining in the dark sky seem blue. –Звезды, сияющие в темном небе, кажутся голубыми.
Таблица 3
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Видовременные формы причастий |
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Tense |
Active |
Passive |
Indefinite |
mixing |
being mixed |
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вая, смешивание) |
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Perfect |
having mixed (смешавший, |
having been mixed |
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смешав) |
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Past Perf |
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mixed |
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Примеры употребления различных форм причастия.
1.A triode is a vacuum tube containing three electrodes.Три-
од — это вакуумная лампа, содержащая (которая содержит) три электрода.
2.Being the cheapest of the metals, iron is widely usedТак.
как железо является самым дешевым из всех металлов, оно находит широкое применение. (Будучи самым дешевым из всех металлов, железо находит широкое применение.)
3. When hanging freely, the needle will point north and south in the magnetic meridian. Находясь в свободном состоянии, стрелка будет указывать на север и юг магнитного меридианаКогда. ( стрелка будет находиться в свободном состоянии, онабудет указывать на север и юг магнитного меридиана.)
108
4.The substance being investigated is first weighedИссле. -
дуемое вещество сначала взвешивают.
5.The equipment needed for the experiment was carefully checked. Оборудование, необходимое (которое необходимо) для
опыта, было тщательно проверено.
6. Because of the gradual change, when heated, glass has no definite melting temperature. Из-за того, что стекло при нагревании плавится постепенно, он не имеет определенной температуры плавления.
7. Considered from this point of view the question will be of great interest. При рассмотрении с этой точки зрения (будучи рассмотрен с этой точки зрения),вопрос представляет большой интерес. (Если вопрос рассматривать с этой точки зрения, он представит большой интерес.)
8.The device referred to is a gyroscope. Прибор, на который ссылаются - гироскоп.
9.The property possessed by these materials is known, as resistance. Свойство, которым обладают эти материалы, известно
как сопротивление.
10. Having lost some of its electrons the atom has a positive charge. Утратив часть электронов (после того, как атом утратил часть электронов), он становится положительно заряженный.
11. Having been heated for several hours the substance began to melt. После того как вещество нагревали в течение нескольких часов, оно начало плавиться.
Absolute Participle Construction (Независимый причастный оборот)
Независимый причастный оборот имеет собственное подлежащее, которое выражается существительным или личным местоимением. На русский язык этот оборот переводится придаточным предложением с союзамиесли, так как, когда, после того,
как и др.
1. The temperature being raised, the kinetic energy increased.
Так как температура повысилась, кинетическая энергия возросла.
109
2. The unit of power is the watt, one watt being the product of one volt by one ampere. Единица мощности - ватт, а ватт — это произведение одного вольта на один ампер.
THE INFINITIVE (Инфинитив)
Инфинитив – это неличная форма глагола, сочетающая в себе свойства существительного и глагола. Формальным признаком инфинитива является частицаto, отсутствующая после модальных глаголов. Инфинитивможет выражать характер действия и имеет залог (табл.4).
Таблица 4
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Формы инфинитива в действительном |
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и страдательном залоге |
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Tense |
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Active |
Passive |
Indefinite |
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to ask |
to be asked |
Continuous |
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to be asking |
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Perfect |
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to have asked |
to have been asked |
Perfect Continuous |
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to have been asking |
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Переводим:
-неопределенной формой глагола;
-существительным;
-глаголом в придаточном предложении (опред., обстоят., до-
полн. с союзами который, что, чтобы).
Инфинитив в функции подлежащего:
To explain the motion of planets is not very easy.- Объяснить
(объяснение) движения планет не очень просто. Инфинитив в функции обстоятельства:
Newton came to Cambridge to continue his education.- Ньютон приехал в Кембридж, чтобы продолжить свое образование.
То get good results Newton had to carry out a lot of experiments.
Чтобы подучить хорошие результаты, Ньютон должен был проделать много опытов.
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