HYDROTECHNICS

Water is necessary for all vital processes. It plays very important part in economic life of the people and in the economy of the country. Water resources of the globe are very enormous, but they are distributed very unevenly.

The use of water for the need of the people requires much labour in order to utilize it in a proper place, in necessary quantity and of necessary quality. Water is required for domestic and industrial use and for irrigation of crops in areas of limited rainfall. Water may be used to produce power, as a means of recreation and as a branch of transport.

The science in the use of water resources for different purposes in the economy of the country and also in the fight against the harmful water calamities by means of the use of the special engineering constructions and devices is called hydrotechnics (hydraulic engineering).

Hydrotechnics (hydraulic engineering) is closely connected with hydrology which helps us to know the characteristics, regime and discharge of the stream which are very important to take into consideration in the design of the project. The design of the hydro-projects involves the application of the fundamentals of such sciences as mechanics of solids, geology, mechanics of fluids, hydrology, building materials, etc.

Hydraulic structures usually have curved or warped surfaces. Such structures are relatively massive as compared with buildings and bridges. For the construction of hydro projects we use all conventional building materials such as: earth, clay, clayey silt, gravel, sand, timber, tile, asphaltic compounds, concrete, reinforced (ferro) concrete, and most of the other building materials.

All hydro-engineering projects are divided into:

1.river hydro-projects which are erected on the rivers;

2.pond projects;

3.sea projects.

According to the character of interaction with the stream or reservoir all hydrotechnical projects are classified as:

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1.impounding structures, i.e. different dams, embankments, levees, dykes (dikes), and cofferdams on rivers, lakes, and seas, sluices and different constructions which are damming natural or artificial (manmade) streamflows, hydro-power stations, inlet and outlet plants.

2.regulating constructions which serve the purposes of regulating water discharge and the influence of the flood on the banks of the river and the river bed.

3.headwater constructions which include channels, tunnels, headrace water supply systems.

TEST TO THE TEXT “HYDROTECHNICS”

I. Подберите эквиваленты (синонимы) из правого столбца к словам, данным в столбце слева:

II. Подберите по смыслу слова к следующим предложениям:

1. Water resources of the globe are distributed ...

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3. Hydraulic structures usually have curved or warped ...

a. projects b. surfaces c. rivers d. fluids e. buildings

4. For the construction of hydro projects we use all conventional ...

a. building materials b. resources c. instruments d. power

5. Water plays a very important ... in the life of the people.

IV. Соотнесите английский вариант с русским:

1. Hydraulic structures are relatively massive as compared with buildings and bridges.

a. Гидравлические конструкции относительно массивны, не считая зданий и мостов.

b. Гидравлические конструкции относительно массивны по сравнению со зданиями и мостами.

2. Water is necessary for all vital processes.

a. Вода необязательна для всех жизненных процессов. b. Вода необходима для всех жизненных процессов.

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3. Water is required for domestic and industrial use.

a. Вода требуется для бытового и промышленного использования.

b. Вода желательна для бытового и промышленного использования.

V. Укажите предложения, в которых глагол to be является вспомогательным для образования страдательного залога:

1.Water resources of the globe are distributed unevenly.

2.Water may be used to produce power.

3.That is the design of the hydro-projects that involves the application of many sciences.

4.The surfaces of hydraulic structures are usually curved.

5.Hydrotechnics is closely connected with hydrology.

VI. Определите, чем является подчѐркнутое слово:

1. After dividing all hydro-engineering projects into some groups, we considered (examined) them carefully.

2. Such impounding structures as dams, embankments, cofferdams on rivers, lakes, and seas are well known to everybody.

3. Hydraulic constructions serve the purposes of regulating water discharge.

4. Water resources are enormous, but they are distributed very unevenly.

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5. Water may be used to produce power, as a means of recreation and as a branch of transport.

VII. Завершите предложения:

1. The use of water for the need of the people requires ...

a.curved surfaces

b.pond projects

c.much labour

2. The science about the use of water resources for different purposes and also about the fight against harmful water calamities by means of special engineering constructions and devices is called ...

a.water supply

b.ecology

c.hydrotechnics

3.For the construction of hydro-projects we use all conventional ...

a. building materials b. water resources c. artificial flows

4.Hydrotechnics is closely connected with ...

a.building

b.bridges

c.hydrology

5. According to the character of interaction with the stream or reser-

voir all ... are classified as the following constructions: ...

a.outlet plants

b.headwater constructions

c.hydrotechnical projects

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VIII. Выберите правильные ответы на следующие вопросы:

1. How are water resources of the globe distributed?

a.equally

b.unevenly

c.regularly

2. What does the design of the hydro-project involve?

a.the application of different sciences

b.the damming of streamflows

c.the character of interaction

3. What surfaces do hydraulic structures usually have?

a.conventional

b.simple

c.curved and warped

4. What is water required for?

a.for domestic and industrial use

b.for the fight against the harmful water calamities

c.for channels and tunnels

5. What helps us to know the characteristics, regime and discharge of the stream?

a.hydro-projects

b.hydrology

c.pond-projects

IX. Какое из утверждений является верным?

1. The use of water for the need of the people does not require much labour.

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