X. Какие из утверждений неверны?

1.Man’s prime need in his environment is for water.

2.The liquid and solid wastes from a community are so inessential that cannot render the surroundings unpleasant and unhealthy.

3.Water, thus, can be considered the most important raw material of civilization.

4.The growing populations and industrial developments demand ever-increasing supplies of water.

5.The remedy to pollution problems can be moving the community to a new unspoilt site on the planet nowadays.

WATER QUALITY CONTROL

Water quality control has a long history, and archaeological investigations in the Middle and Far East have revealed towns with sewer systems built several thousand years BC. The Romans constructed great aqueducts and sewers for the city of Rome at the time of Christ, but in the rest of Europe little was done to promote public health and improve the environment for many centuries. In England attempts were made by Richard II in 1388 and Henry VIII in 1531 to prevent water pollution due to cesspool discharges. Although the larger towns were provided with sewerage systems, these were intended purely for the conveyance of surface – water and discharge into them of domestic wastes was expressly forbidden until 1815.

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In 1847 a law was passed to enforce discharge of cesspool wastes to sewers which had disastrous results for the inhabitants of London in particular. London’s sewers drained to the Thames from which much of the city’s water was obtained, and because of the age and poor state of repair of many of the sewers their contents leaked into the water-bearing strata which was the other main source of water. As a result water supplies become increasingly contaminated by sewage, the Thames became most objectionable to sight and smell and a series of cholera outbreaks eventually demonstrated the connection between diseases such as cholera and typhoid and polluted drinking water. The Broad Street Pump outbreak of 1854, in which there were 10 000 cholera deaths in a population of 2,5 million, provided conclusive evidence of the connection. It was until 1870 that waterborne diseases in London came under control following completion of the first great public health engineering works of modern times, the construction of new sewers by Bazalgette and the abstraction of water from Teddington upstream of the polluted reaches of the Thames.

Conditions similar to those which existed in London were found in other parts of the world following the great expansion of urban communities during the Industrial Revolution.

TEST TO THE TEXT “WATER QUALITY CONTROL”

I. Найдите русские эквиваленты к следующим английским словам:

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II. Какое обобщающее слово объединяет данные понятия?

Aqueduct, sewer, water pollution, cesspool discharge, sewerage systems, domestic wastes, surface water, drainage, water bearing strata, source of water, pump, sewage, waterborne diseases.

1.medicine

2.art

3.water supply and water sewerage

IV. Употребите сказуемое в действительном или страдательном залоге:

1. Great aqueducts and sewers ... by the Romans for the city of Rome at the time of Christ.

a. were constructed b. constructed

2. The British Government ... a law to enforce discharge of cesspool wastes to sewers which had disastrous results for the inhabitants of London.

a. passed b. were passed

3. Similar diseases ... in other parts of the world. a. can find b. can be found

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4. A series of cholera outbreaks in the south of our country ... the connection between diseases and polluted drinking water.

a. will be demonstrated b. demonstrate

5. The waste waters ... to appropriate treatment before discharge to the environment.

a.must be collected and subjected

b.must collect and subject

V. Найдите предложения, содержащие эмфатическую конструкцию:

1.It was not until 1870 that waterborne diseases in London came under control.

2.Very little was done to promote public health and improve the environment for many centuries in the rest of Europe.

3.Excretal contamination of drinking, water leads to a vicious circle of internal disorders and it is important to stop spoiling water.

4.It was the growing use of chlorine compounds called chlorofluorocarbons which led to the appearance of the Antarctic hole.

5.It is evident that there is a need for an international agreement that would completely stop CFC production.

VI. Найдите предложения, где that (those) является заместителем существительного:

1. Researchers suggest that the level of CFCs in the atmosphere is actually increasing by 5 per cent each year.

2.That problem was one of the priority questions at the conference.

3.It was not until 1870 that waterborne diseases in London came under control.

4.Conditions similar to those which existed in London were found in other parts of the world.

5.Water shortages are stronger in areas of low rainfall than those of located near water resources and having humid climates.

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VII. Определите, на какой из вопросов данное утверждение является ответом:

1.The Thames became most objectionable to sight and smell and a series of cholera outbreaks eventually demonstrated the connection between diseases such as cholera and typhoid and polluted drinking water.

a. What made the Thames objectionable to sight and smell? b. When were cholera outbreaks registered in London?

c. What did a series of cholera outbreaks demonstrate?

2.It was not until 1870 that waterborne diseases in London came under control.

a. When did cholera outbreaks happen in London?

b. Is there any connection between waterborne diseases and water quality?

c. When did waterborne diseases come under control in London?

3.Conditions similar to those which existed in London were found in other parts of the world following the great expansion of urban communities during the Industrial Revolution.

a. What was the reason of waterborne diseases in other parts of the world?

b. Why did the water supplies become contaminated in London?

c. What was the result of the Broad Street Pump outbreak of 1854 in London?

VIII. Соотнесите части предложений по смыслу:

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