Theory of Grammar. Учебное пособие
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5.2. Actual Division of the Sentence
REFERENCES
1.Блох, М. Я. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка [Текст] / М. Я. Блох. − Москва: Высшая школа, 2003. − Москва: Высшая школа,
2003. – С. 247–254.
2.Блох, М. Я. Теоретические основы грамматики [Текст] / М. Я. Блох. − Москва: Высшая школа, 2004. – С. 66–69.
3.Блох, М. Я. Практикум по теоретической грамматике английского языка [Текст] / М. Я. Блох, Т. Н. Семенова, С. В. Тимофеева. – Москва: Высшая школа, 2004. – С. 245–249.
4.Гуревич, В. В. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка. Сравнительная типология английского и русского языков [Текст]: учебное пособие / В. В. Гуревич. – Москва: Флинта: Наука, 2003. – С. 64–67.
5.Иванова, И. П. Теоретическая грамматика современного английского языка [Текст] / И. П. Иванова, В. В. Бурлакова, Г. Г. Почепцов. − Москва: Высшая школа, 1981. – С. 100–163.
6.Ильиш, Б. А. Строй современного английского языка [Текст]: учебник / Б. А. Ильиш. – Ленинград: Просвещение, 1971. – С. 171–181.
5.2. ACTUAL DIVISION OF THE SENTENCE
QUESTIONS
1.What is the definition of the sentence?
2.What is the difference between the sentence and the word?
3.What forms the nominative meaning of the sentence?
4.What is the purpose of the actual division of the sentence?
5.What are the main components of the sentence?
6.What does the theme/the rheme express?
7.Why is the primary classification of sentences based on the communicative principle?
8.What are the cardinal sentence types?
9.In what way should the property of exclamatory sentence be con-
sidered?
10.Why can we discriminate the functional-communicative classification of sentences between the six sentence-types forming?
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Part 5. Simple Sentence
11.What are the specific actual division features of declarative, imperative, interrogative sentences?
12.What is the difference between the pronominal (special) questions and the non-pronominal questions?
13.What is the difference between the explicit and implicit types of alternative questions?
14.Why can we call exclamatory sentences ‘non-sentential utterances’?
15.How can the intermediary communicative sentence models be identified? Name these constructions.
16.Why should the communicative classification of sentences be expanded by six subtypes of sentences of mixed communicative features?
EXERCISES
1.Define the speech-act features of these sentences. Define the communicative sentence type according to the actual division of the following sentences.
1."How long have you lived in Hollowquay?" "Barely a month."
2."I beg you, Mr. Holmes, to do what you can." (Doyle)
3."Well, that's all right. No need to give me a whole account of your literary triumphs in early youth." (Christie)
4.Can the leopard change his spots?
5.I have never been told to come there to retype the papers.
6.'I’d like to know what you think of her. Go and see Dr. Rose first."
(Christie)
7.Sunday was a holiday for Dad, not for Mum (Leacock).
8.Suppose you fetch your bricks and build a nice house, or an engine (Christie).
9.Why not walk down to the village after tea? (Christie)
2.Define the communicative sentence type, comment
on the translation.
The Statues of Prague
(Jerome K. Jerome)
He stood there with his eyes glued to the thing. He said, speaking huskily:
Пражские статуи (Джером К. Джером)
Он стоял и смотрел на памятник, не отрываясь. Потом сказал осипшим голосом:
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5.2. Actual Division of the Sentence
“Talking of statues, what always strikes me is how very much one statue is like another statue.”Harris said:
“I cannot agree with you there – pictures, if you like. Some pictures are very like other pictures, but with a statue there is always something distinctive. Take that statue we saw early in the evening,” continued Harris, “before we went into the concert hall.
It represents a man sitting on a horse. In Prague you will see other statues of men on horses, but nothing at all like that one.
“Yes, they are,” said George; “they are all alike. It’s always the same horse, and it’s always the same man. They are all exactly alike. It’s idiotic nonsense to say they are not.”
He appeared to be angry with Harris.
“What makes you think so?” I asked. “What makes me think so?” retorted George, now turning upon me. “Why, look at that damned thing over there!”
I said: “What damned thing?”
“Why, that thing,” said George: “look at it! There is the same horse with half a tail, standing on its hind legs; the same man without his hat; the same–“ Harris said: “You are talking now about the statue we saw in the Ringplatz.”
“No, I’m not,” replied George: “I’m talking about the statue over there”.
“What statue?” said Harris."
Кстати о статуях. Меня всегда удивляло, до чего они все похожи. Харис сказал:
–Не могу с тобой согласиться. Картины – пожалуй, если угодно. Некоторые картины прямо на одно лицо, но статуи всегда чем-нибудь да отличаются. Вот хоть памятник, что мы сегодня вечером видели, – продолжал Харрис, – до того, как пошли на концерт. Он представляет собой человека, сидящего на лошади. В Праге есть и другие статуи людей на лошадях, но ничего отдаленно похожего на эту.
–А вот и нет, – упорствовал Джордж, – они все похожи. И лошадь одна и та же, и человек один и тот же. Все похожи, как две капли воды. Полная чушь утверждать, что они отличаются.
Он как будто рассердился на Харриса.
–С чего ты взял? – спросил я.
–С чего я взял? – возмутился Джордж, теперь набрасываясь на меня. – Да ты посмотри на эту пакость!
Я сказал: – На какую пакость?
–Да вот на эту самую! – сказал Джордж. – Посмотри на нее. Все та же лошадь с обрубком хвоста, и стоит на задних ногах; и все тот же человек без шляпы; и так же … Харрис сказал: – Ты про статую, которую мы видели там на площади?
–Нет, не про ту, – ответил Джордж,
–я говорю об этой статуе, вон там.
–Какой такой статуе? – спросил Харрис.
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Part 5. Simple Sentence
REPORTS
1.Структурные типы предложения в английском и русском языках. – Гуревич, В. В. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка. Сравнительная типология английского и русского языков [Текст]: учебное пособие / В. В. Гуревич. – Москва: Флинта: Наука, 2003.
2.Коммуникативные члены предложения в английском и русском языках. – Гуревич, В. В. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка. Сравнительная типология английского и русского языков [Текст]: учебное пособие / В. В. Гуревич. – Москва: Флинта: Наука, 2003.
3.Порядок слов в английском и русском предложении. – Гуревич, В. В. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка. Сравнительная типология английского и русского языков [Текст]: учебное пособие / В. В. Гуревич. – Москва: Флинта: Наука, 2003.
4.Classification of speech acts (J. Austin, J. R. Searle) / Новое в зарубежной лингвистике. Теория речевых актов, в. XVII в. – Москва, 1986.
REFERENCES
1.Блох, М. Я. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка [Текст] / М. Я. Блох. − Москва: Высшая школа, 2003. − Москва: Высшая школа,
2003. – С. 272–291.
2.Блох, М. Я. Практикум по теоретической грамматике английского языка [Текст] / М. Я. Блох, Т. Н. Семенова, С. В. Тимофеева. – Москва: Высшая школа, 2004. – С. 107–113.
3.Гуревич, В. В. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка. Сравнительная типология английского и русского языков [Текст]: учебное пособие / В. В. Гуревич. – Москва: Флинта: Наука, 2003. – С. 39–41.
4.Иванова, И. П. Теоретическая грамматика современного английского языка [Текст] / И. П. Иванова, В. В. Бурлакова, Г. Г. Почепцов. − Москва: Высшая школа, 1981. – С. 173–181.
5.Ильиш, Б. А. Строй современного английского языка [Текст]: учебник / Б. А. Ильиш. – Ленинград: Просвещение, 1971. – С. 183–188.
6.Худяков, А. А. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка [Текст]: учебное пособие / А. А. Худяков. – Москва: Академия, 2005. –
С. 128–137.
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5.3. Simple Sentence. Constituent Structure
5.3. SIMPLE SENTENCE. CONSTITUENT STRUCTURE
The semantic classification of simple sentences
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statal |
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perceptional |
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neutral or potentially |
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the syntactic person) |
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John lives in London |
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John reads a book |
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John reads |
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(М. Я. Блох) |
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QUESTION
1.What is the basic predicative meaning of the typical English sentence expressed by?
2.How many predicative lines does the simple sentence have?
3.What parts of the sentence can you name?
4.What are the drawbacks of the traditional scheme of sentence?
5.Define the constituents of the IC-model?
6.What are the basic versions of IC-model?
7.What are the two types of subordinate relations?
8.What is the category of elementary sentence?
9.How are the expanded and unexpanded simple sentences differen-
tiated?
10.What are the axes of the sentence?
11.How are the two-axis and one-axis constructions differentiated?
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Part 5. Simple Sentence
12. What is the semantic classification of simple sentence on the basis of the subject categorical meaning / of predicative categorical meaning / of the subject-object relation?
EXERCISES
1. Say a) if the sentences are unextended or extended,
b) if the two-member sentences are complete or incomplete.
1. Ben closed his eyes to think clearly for a moment. (Aldridge.) 2. "Two cups of coffee, please, ... young Flynn timidly ordered. ... "What else do you want?" – "Jam turnover," replied the child. (Coppard). 3. "Why did you leave her [the baby] in that mill?" – "Out of the rain." – "In her pram?" – "Naturally. She's asleep." ...The mystery was awful and complete. Abandoned perambulator! Total disappearance of a baby! Rapine! Brigandage! Ransom! Horror! Martyrdom! Death! (Bennett). 4. Scene I – A room in Harley Street furnished as the Superintendent's Office in a Nursing Home. (Berkeley).
2. Analyse the given sentences.
1. Passengers getting out of the open doore were bowled along the Platform. (Cronin). 2. Trasker had been watching her with an inexplicable flush on his face ... (Wilson). 3. Dinner at the Traskers' had become by this time almost a family routine for the Gorins. (Wilson). 4. Several shutters were put up in the windows of the shop to indicate a death. (Bennett). 5. The customer sent up by Constance had occupied the surface of her life for ten minutes, trying on hats. (Bennett). 6. She saw him put a piece of folded white paper on the top edge of the screening box and flick it down to her. (Bennett). 7. One winter afternoon she had been buying something in a little antique shop in Curzon Street. (Mansfield). 8. ... this time he allowed me to touch him and pull hold of his collar. (Du Maurier). 9. The southern rivers also rise near the coast and have short and rapid courses. (Wide World Reader). 10. The valley of the Tweed is remarkable for its magnificent trees. 11. The ebb and flow to and from the great shallow of the North Sea produces an alternating tidal race, running with a speed of from six to ten knots an hour. 12. The well-known cyclone on the 28 of December in 1879 was a real storm, the wind amounting in some places to a severe gale. 13. From the Pennine Chain good building stone, marble, and lime are obtained in large quan-
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5.3. Simple Sentence. Constituent Structure
tities. 14. Birmingham, England's "Second City", has the reputation of being able to make anything from an ancient relic to the automobile. 15. Stratford- upon-Avon is an irresistibly attractive country town.
3. Comment on the kind of the predicate as in the given model.
MODEL: Ben ... took a quick look to see that Davy was not ill ... and went to sleep. (Aldridge).
"took a quick look" – a simple predicate expressed by a phraseological
unit;
"was ... ill" – a compound nominal predicate expressed by the link-verb "was" and its predicative, the adjective "ill";
"went to sleep" – a compound verbal predicate of aspect containing the finite verb "to go", which expresses the beginning of tne action, and an infinitive.
1.When he came on deck next morning they were close to land, (Maugham). 2.In fancy he ... saw himself and her stealing forth at night ... till London swallowed them up, and the dreams of love came true. (Galsworthy).
3."Hullo, Davison! You look hot. Have a cup of tea?" (Aldington) 4. "You've been a little brick, Chris, the whole way through our bad times." (Cronin).
5.Father Brown made no answer. (Chesterton). 6. He had no impulse to explore the countryside. (Warner). 7. ... He was afraid of arriving home alone ...
He began to loiter on purpose to be noticed ... (Greene). 8. He seemed scared about something. (Greene). 9. A table had been set up under a tree. (Lawrence).
4.Define the type of subjects and the predicates
in the following sentences.
1."... Now the only thing to do is to admit the error." (Du Maurier).
2."Don't be an old stay-at-home ." (Cronin).
3."I hope M. Dominguez is well?" (Greene).
4."I was asleep at first, and then I didn't want to be disturbed. But I am disturbed, so come in." (Greene).
5."It's not worth explaining ." (Greene).
6."She's no child. She's tougher than you'll ever be". (Greene).
7."That's all," be said. (Du Maurier).
8.All morning he was in a mood of high satisfaction. (Cronin).
9.He's a sticky sort of chap. (Du Maurier).
10.It was all gone; and he was forty-three. (Aldridge).
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Part 5. Simple Sentence
11.My hand was hot, damp. (Du Maurier). 3. Manderley was news ...
(Du Maurier).
12.The air was full of thunder. (Du Maurier).
13.They were wider apart than before. (Cronin).
5. Draw the IC-model of the sentences.
MODEL: The exhausted boy greeted his father rather unwillingly.
1. Within ten minutes he had been awakened by his servant. (Aldington). 2. The doctor was feeling wan and nervous. (Maugham). 3. "By this time to-morrow she'll be gone." (Maugham). 4. The gramophone which had been silent for so long was playing. (Maugham). 5. Everything seemed new and clear. (Galsworthy). 6. He had been polite enough to the Macphails during the journey. (Maugham). 7. The sick man had been brought ashore ... (Maugham). 8. He looked pale and tired. (Du Maurier). 9. Davidson looked scared, and his yellow drawn face. went paler. (Aldington). 10. That peaceful sky hung arched over a desperate death-struggle of the nations. (Aldington). 11. The blanched skin was slowly turning pink. (Cronin).
REFERENCES
1. Блох, М. Я. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка [Текст] / М. Я. Блох. − Москва: Высшая школа, 2003. − Москва: Высшая шко-
ла, 2003. – С. 292–302.
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5.4.Simple Sentence. Paradigmatic Structure
2.Блох, М. Я. Практикум по теоретической грамматике английского языка [Текст] / М. Я. Блох, Т. Н. Семенова, С. В. Тимофеева. – Москва: Высшая школа, 2004. – С. 309–336.
3.Гуревич, В. В. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка. Сравнительная типология английского и русского языков [Текст]: учебное пособие / В. В. Гуревич. – Москва: Флинта: Наука, 2003. – С. 50–53.
4.Иванова, И. П. Теоретическая грамматика современного английского языка [Текст] / И. П. Иванова, В. В. Бурлакова, Г. Г. Почепцов. − Москва: Высшая школа, 1981. – С. 183–230, 238–250.
5.Ильиш, Б. А. Строй современного английского языка [Текст]: учебник / Б. А. Ильиш. – Ленинград: Просвещение, 1971. – С. 188–190, 198–253.
6.Худяков, А. А. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка [Текст]: учебное пособие / А.А. Худяков. – Москва: Академия, 2005. –
С. 100–110.
5.4.SIMPLE SENTENCE. PARADIGMATIC STRUCTURE
QUESTIONS
1.Where does paradigmatics find its expression?
2.What is a kernel sentence?
3.What are the stages of transformational steps?
4.What are the types of derivational relations of the kernel sentences in the paradigmatic sentence?
5.What is the difference of clausalization and phrasalization?
6.What are the principal predicative functions?
7.What does the predicative load mean?
8.What loads are considered as common?
EXERCISES
1.Define the predicative load of the sentences.
1."Why didn't you murder him?" (Chesterton)
2.Can't you let a man die? (Hemingway)
3.Couldn't I read to you? (Hemingway)
4.How should I know? (Maugham)
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Part 5. Simple Sentence
5.It might have been a model of the Holy Grail (Chesterton).
6.It must be settled once for all (Maugham).
7.She began to giggle (Maugham).
8.Wouldn't you like me to read? (Hemingway)
9.You might make a story out of it (Maugham).
10.You might think about someone else (Hemingway).
11.You shouldn't drink (Hemingway).
12.You're not going to die (Hemingway).
2.Build up the constructional paradigm based
on the two primary sentences.
1.It was stuffy in the room. I opened the window.
2.Our work is completed. We may have a good rest.
3.There was a snowstorm in the mountains. The geologists managed to carry out their work.
4.She spoke in a low voice. She avoided disturbing the patient.
5.That day the sea was too stormy. People didn’t bathe.
6.During the holidays I went to Moscow. I saw an old friend of mine.
7.It was a nice little place. The host and the hostess were rather proud of it.
8.We stayed a bit longer. Mike enjoyed it.
9.Jennifer heard him. He walked downstairs.
10.The girl grew up. She became quite a beauty.
REPORTS
1.The Simple Sentence in Classical Scientific Grammar. H. Sweet. Ио-
фик, Л. Л. Хрестоматия по теоретической грамматике английского языка [Текст] / Л. Л. Иофик, Л. П. Чахоян – Ленинград: Просвеще-
ние, 1972.
2.The Simple Sentence in Structural Grammar. Ch. C. Fries. Иофик, Л. Л.
Хрестоматия по теоретической грамматике английского языка [Текст] / Л. Л. Иофик, Л. П. Чахоян – Ленинград: Просвещение, 1972.
3.The Simple Sentence in Transformational Grammar. Иофик, Л. Л. Хрес-
томатия по теоретической грамматике английского языка [Текст] / Л. Л. Иофик, Л. П. Чахоян – Ленинград: Просвещение, 1972.
4.Proposition. Presupposition.
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