Theory of Grammar. Учебное пособие

2.3. Noun Number

2. Put the appropriate pronoun where necessary and the verb in the proper form.

1."My hair − grey, but not with years (is, are)." (Byron). 2. "There − always money in the hat, but she did not touch − (was, were; it, them)." (Bates).

3."We see the family and − friends engaged in idle chat... (its, their)." (Berkeley). 4. There was a confused mob of people at the big doors; ___ carrying into the house things like mattresses (it, they; was, were). (Berkeley). 5. The cattle − grazing − heads never raising (is, are; its, their). (Wordsworth). 6. "... It began to be borne in upon him as a strange and curious thing that there − so − people about (was, were; little, few)." (Jerome). 7. "The diagnosis − in every case to correspond exactly with all the sensations that I have ever felt (seems, seem)."

(Jerome). 8. "Have you played for this company before? − a lovely company to play for," said the baby [an actress] (it, they; is, are). (Mansfield). 9. ... The curtain has fallen between the acts and the orchestra − fiddling gaily away (is, are). (Broughton). 10. "My opera-glasses − in my hand, and I am turning − slowly round the house... (is, are; it, them)." (Broughton).

3.Translate into English.

1. Чьи деньги лежат на столе? 2. Фрукты и овощи полезны для здоровья. 3. В детстве ее волосы были совсем светлые; теперь они потемнели. 4. Недалеко от станции находится большой завод. 5. Он всегда следовал советам своего отца. 6. Ваша сестра делает большие успехи в учебе. 7. Можете ли вы передать содержание этого фильма? 8. Я расскажу вам очень интересную новость. 9. На лугу пасутся кони. 10. Купите мужу несколько пар перчаток и две дюжины шерстяных носков. 11. Какова ваша заработная плата? 12. Ваши часы отстают (to be slow). 13. Наша футбольная команда в хорошей спортивной форме (to be in good form). 14. В этих лесах водятся олени. 15. Не было никакого способа это доказать.

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REFERENCES

1.Блох, М. Я. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка [Текст] / М. Я. Блох. − Москва: Высшая школа, 2003. – С. 64–69.

2.Блох, М. Я. Практикум по теоретической грамматике английского языка [Текст] / М.Я. Блох, Т. Н. Семенова, С. В. Тимофеева. – Москва: Высшая школа, 2004. – С. 111.

3.Иванова, И. П. Теоретическая грамматика современного английского языка [Текст] / И. П. Иванова, В. В. Бурлакова, Г. Г. Почепцов. − Москва: Высшая школа, 1981. – С. 22–25.

4.Гуревич, В. В. Существительное. Категория числа в английском и русском языках. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка. Сравнительная типология английского и русского языков [Текст]: учебное пособие / В. В. Гуревич. – Москва: Флинта: Наука, 2003.

2.4. NOUN CASE

Relational meaning of the Genitive in English.

The Genitive in English can have various relational meanings.

The “genitive of possessor” – Christine’s room. It is transformed into – the room belongs to Christine.

The “genitive of integer” – Jane’s busy hands. It is transformed into – the busy hands as part of Jane’s person.

The “genitive of agent” – Peter’s insistence. It is transformed into –

Peter insists.

The “genitive of author” – Beethoven’s sonatas. It is transformed into – Beethoven composed the sonatas.

The “genitive of patient” – The champion’s sensational defeat. It is transformed into – the champion is defeated.

The “genitive of destination” – Women’s footwear. It is transformed into – footwear for women.

The “genitive of dispensed qualification” – a girl’s voice – a voice characteristic of a girl.

The “genitive of adverbial” – The evening’s newspaper – the newspaper issued in the evening.

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2.4. Noun Case

The “genitive of quantity” – Two month’s time – a time lasting two months.

(М. Я. Блох)

QUESTIONS

1.Define the category of case in the English language.

2.What constitutes opposition the category of case in English?

3.How many case theories are there in modern linguistics?

4.What meanings does the Genitive case in English have?

5.What is the correlation between the category of case in Russian and in

English?

EXERCISES

1. Define the meanings of the genitive case in the following phrases and translate the sentences:

1."The two vivid years of his love for Caroline moved back around him like years in Einstein’s physics." (Fitzgerald).

2."Nobody lived in the old Parker mansion, and the driveway was used as a lover’s lane." (Cheever).

3.The culmination of Hargraves’s audacious imitation took place in the third act (O. Henry).

4.Here Major Talbot’s delicate but showy science was reproduced to a hair’s breadth – from his handling of the fragrant weed…(O. Henry).

5.In his opinion, the ruble’s devaluation is no reason for panic because “this country’s potential is tremendous.

2. Comment upon the meaning of the Absolute Genitive.

1. He could not hope for a meal at Ruth's. (London). 2. It is the Prince of Wales', the one theatre where one may enjoy a pleasant certainty of being rationally amused. (Broughton). 3. I sit down in another arm-chair, not far from Roger's. (Broughton). 4. There is a characteristic touch of cynicism in this remark of Palmerston's. (Berkeley). 5. They had people coming to dinner: a very sound couple − and a "find" of Bertha's called Pear Fulton. (Mansfield). 6. There's an old gold watch of your father's in my desk. (Dreiser). 7. There were but four rooms in the little house − three when Martin's was subtracted.

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Part 2. Noun

(London). 8. The money would solve his mother's problem as fully as it would Hortense's. (Dreiser). 9. " This old woman walked very slowly, and we were twenty minutes getting to her lady friend's." (Jerome).

3. Open the brackets and explain the choice of the case.

Model: "It's men such as you that hamper the (world) progress." (Jerome). − "It's men such as you that hamper the world's progress."

1.It is one of (Harris) fixed ideas that he can sing a comic song. (Jerome). 2. If he had had the courage, if George and Miss Sedley had remained, according to the (former) proposal. Joseph (Sedley) bachelorhood would have been at an end. (Thackeray). 3. We had gone out for a (fortnight) enjoyment on the river. (Jerome). 4. That is really most annoying, the manner in which these rowing boats get in the way of (one) launch up the river. (Jerome). 5. I never minded those things [smoking], but it seemed odd to me, in (somebody else) room. (Du Maurier). 6. (Isabel) friends could hardly go sneaking up to the nursery at the (children) meal-times. (Mansfield). 7. "For all I can tell, instead of paying a dividend we ought to be setting this (year) profits against a certain loss next year". (Galsworthy). 8. See the glories of (India) past. ("Sevika").

9.The old donkeys and engines were "so dreadfully sentimental" and "so appallingly bad for the (babies) sense of form." (Mansfield). 10. Oh,... to be covered up in anything, one of those (women) shawls even. (Mansfield).

4.Translate into English, using the genitive case wherever possible.

Дневное путешествие было окончено. Охотники подошли к берегу

реки. Неподалеку стоял дом лесника. У дома − сарай и собачья будка. Охотников встретил сын лесника. При виде ружей лицо мальчугана просияло. Вскоре все сидели в кухне и пили теплое козье молоко. Потом хозяин с сынишкой осмотрели добычу охотников. Мальчик любовался ружьями и всем охотничьим снаряжением. Отдыхали у лесника целый день. Рано утром, с первыми солнечными лучами, охотники покинули уютный домик. Мальчик проводил их через лес, потом, следуя указаниям провожатого, охотники повернули влево. Через час они добрались до ближайшей станции.

5. Suggest names for the following genitives:

A mile's trip; a friend of Tom's; an hour's detention; the town's MP; the union's declaration; Britain's government; a week's holidays; the event's aim.

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2.4. Noun Case

TRANSLATION TASKS

Переводческие трудности. Падежные формы представляют особую трудность при переводе с русского языка на английский, т.к. в русском языке 6 падежей. В английском языке при переводе используются различные предложные словосочетания. При переводе с английского языка на русский следует также обращать внимание на порядок слов в английском предложении.

1. Analyze the casal meaning of the describing component in the following constructions and translate the sentences:

1.The culmination of Hargraves’s audacious imitation took place in the third act (O. Henry).

2.Here Major Talbot’s delicate but showy science was reproduced to a hair’s breadth – from his handling of the fragrant weed…(O. Henry).

3.In his opinion, the ruble’s devaluation is no reason for panic because this country’s potential is tremendous.

REPORTS

1.Case. G. O. Curme. Иофик, Л. Л. Хрестоматия по теоретической грамматике английского языка [Текст] / Л. Л. Иофик, Л. П. Чахоян – Ленинград: Просвещение, 1972.

2.Case. O. Jespersen. Иофик, Л. Л. Хрестоматия по теоретической грамматике английского языка [Текст] / Л. Л. Иофик, Л. П. Чахоян – Ленинград: Просвещение, 1972.

3.Case. H. Whitehall. Иофик, Л. Л. Хрестоматия по теоретической грамматике английского языка [Текст] / Л. Л. Иофик, Л. П. Чахоян – Ленинград: Просвещение, 1972.

4.Афанасьев П. А. The category of Case. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка [Текст] /: Учебное пособие / П. А. Афанасьев. – Таганрог: Эсперо, 1997.

5.Ильиш, Б. А. Case. Строй современного английского языка [Текст]:

учебник / Б. А. Ильиш. – Ленинград: Просвещение, 1971.

6.Мороховская, Э. Я. Kinds of cases in some languages. Практикум по тео-

ретической грамматике (на английском языке) [Текст] / Э. Я. Мороховская. – Ленинград: Просвещение, 1973.

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Part 2. Noun

7.Гуревич, В. В. Существительное. Категория падежа в английском и русском языках. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка. Сравнительная типология английского и русского языков [Текст]: учебное пособие / В. В. Гуревич. – Москва: Флинта: Наука, 2003.

REFERENCES

1.Блох, М. Я. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка [Текст] / М. Я. Блох. − Москва: Высшая школа, 2003. – С. 70–82.

2.Блох, М. Я. Практикум по теоретической грамматике английского языка [Текст] / М. Я. Блох, Т. Н. Семенова, С. В. Тимофеева. – Москва: Высшая школа, 2004. – С. 111–112.

3.Гуревич, В. В. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка. Сравнительная типология английского и русского языков [Текст]: учебное пособие / В. В. Гуревич. – Москва: Флинта: Наука, 2003. – С. 8–11.

4.Иванова, И. П. Теоретическая грамматика современного английского языка [Текст] / И. П. Иванова, В. В. Бурлакова, Г. Г. Почепцов. − Москва: Высшая школа, 1981. – С. 25–28.

5.Ильиш, Б. А. Строй современного английского языка [Текст]: учебник / Б. А. Ильиш. – Ленинград: Просвещение, 1971. – С. 41–48.

2.5. NOUN ARTICLE DETERMINATION

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION

1.What are the four stages to analyze the characteristics of articles in the English language?

2.What characterises the nounal referent?

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2.5.Noun Article Determination

3.What is the classification of the semantic absence of article?

4.Describe common place of nouns in the sentence, when nouns are modified by articles (indefinite/ definite).

5.What is the reflection of articles in view of the oppositional theory?

EXERCISES

1. Comment on the oppositional reduction of the category of article determination.

1. A family of ten children will be always called a fine family... but the Morlands... were in general very plain... (Austen). 2. "It's so awful to think nothing in there has ever been broken before. It had to be me." – "Better you than the luckless Robert." (Du Maurier). 3. Is there a Henry in the world who could be insensible to such a declaration? Henry Tilney, at least, was not. (Austen). 4. "When a Forsyte was engaged, married or born, the Forsytes were present." (Galsworthy). 5. We got a big Gladstone for the clothes... (Jerome). 6. Perhaps he was killed... because he knew General The. (Greene). 7. He was... not the Maxim I had first met, not the stranger who sat alone at the table in the restaurant. (Du Maurier). 8. "She never told him they (letters) were from a husband." (James). 9. "He closed his eyes again and remembered, with mild astonishment, a time when he had been in the trouble." (Sheckley). 10. "It was a white world on which dark trees and tree masses stood under a sky keen with frost." (Lawrence). 11. "Has he any relatives in England?" "Two aunts. A Mrs. Everard, who lives at Hampstead, and a Miss Daniels, who lives near Ascot." (Christie)

2. Insert articles where necessary.

Explain your choice using the substitution test.

1. Mighty river lay like – ocean at – rest. (Twain).

2. Peggotty, who had not said – word or moved–finger, secured – fastenings... and we all went into – parlour. (Dickens).

3."Good-bye, – little Johnny," whispered old Mrs. Grainger, and she gave him two new pennies. Johnny kept them sacredly in – box for many – long day. (Coppard).

4.Andrew replaced – receiver with – deepening sense of – indignation and – distress... It was – time for evening surgery. For – hour and – half he sat in – little back-shop room... (Cronin).

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Part 2. Noun

5.Expected Monday was – wild, wet morning...

6.On – terrace was – broad wooden bench running round – walls. (Voynich).

7.When I see – spade I call it – spade. (Wilde).

8.Your first impression is that – end of – world has come. (Jerome).

9.Cloud passed over – moon, darkening the Folly for – moment.

(Braine).

10.I caught – bus at – station. It smelled of – wet clothes and – stale tobacco, and there wasn't – seat vacant. (Braine).

11.What – morning that was among... – wonders of – nature and – art!

(Howitt).

3.Comment on the absence of the article before some

nouns in the following sentences.

1. There were cuckoo-flowers in this meadow too. (Moore). 2. "And now there came the chock-chock of wooden hammers." (Mansfield). 3. "He had to stay in bed when he was ill and eat chicken and custards and hot-house grapes." (Jerome). 4. "Drawing-room in Lord Windermere's house. Door U. opening into ball-room. Door L. opens on to illuminated terrace." (Wilde). 5. The 1914–18 war made little impression on our family. Father joined a Lancashire regiment. (Walsh). 6. ...the footman told her that a gentleman and lady had called and inquired for her... (Austen). 7. The thing is as clear as day – and as dark as night. (Bennett). 8. "Day after day, week after week, month after month, I was coldly neglected." (Dickens). 9. They sat side by side at the table. Constance... continually made little nervous movements. (Bennett). 10. Time would have flown so fast that we'd have to leave off to get dinner ready. (Walsh).

TRANSLATION TASKS

Переводческие трудности. Артикль является безэквивалентной грамматической единицей, поэтому чтобы интерпретировать артикли на русский язык, используются различные средства. Определенный артикль может переводиться указательными местоимениями то, тот, этот и т.д., так как исторически произошел от местоимения that и сохранил свою семантику в современном английском языке. Неопределенный артикль

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2.5. Noun Article Determination

происходит от староанглийского one – один, переводится, при необходимости, словами один, какой-то и др. Чаще всего артикли не передаются отдельными частями предложения на русский язык. Тем не менее значение артикля нужно всегда иметь в виду при интерпретации предложения на русский язык, иногда используя при переводе лексические средства, а иногда и разные синтаксические трансформации, такие как смена отправной точки высказывания, перенос центра высказывания в предложении.

1. Read the article from Internet sites. Give your translation of the English and Russian parts. Compare the way English and Russian nouns establish their determination.

REPORTS

1.The Article. Ильиш, Б. А. Строй современного английского языка [Текст]: учебник / Б. А. Ильиш. – Ленинград: Просвещение, 1971.

2.Существительное. Категория определенности – неопределенности в английском и русском языках. – Гуревич, В. В. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка. Сравнительная типология английского и русского языков [Текст]: учебное пособие / В. В. Гуревич. – Москва: Флинта: Наука, 2003.

REFERENCES

1.Блох, М. Я. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка [Текст] / М. Я. Блох. − Москва: Высшая школа, 2003. − С. 83−94.

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Part 2. Noun

2.Блох, М. Я. Практикум по теоретической грамматике английского языка [Текст] / М. Я. Блох, Т. Н. Семенова, С. В. Тимофеева. – Москва: Высшая школа, 2004. – С. 112–113.

3.Гуревич, В. В. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка. Сравнительная типология английского и русского языков [Текст]: учебное пособие / В. В. Гуревич. – Москва: Флинта: Наука, 2003. – С. 12–21.

4.Иванова, И. П. Теоретическая грамматика современного английского языка [Текст] / И. П. Иванова, В. В. Бурлакова, Г. Г. Почепцов. − Москва: Высшая школа, 1981. – С. 29–33.

5.Ильиш, Б. А. Строй современного английского языка [Текст]: учебник / Б. А. Ильиш. – Ленинград: Просвещение, 1971. – С. 52−62.

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