Theory of Grammar. Учебное пособие

1.2. Morphemic Structure of Words

The distributional morpheme types

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Part 1. The Systemic Conception of Language

QUESTIONS

1.What are the definitions of the word?

2.What is the word?

3.What is the morpheme?

4.What groups are morphemes divided into?

5.What do prefixes and lexical/grammatical suffixes express?

6.What types of stems are preferable in Everyday English?

7.Define the formal morphemic model of most English words?

8.How are free and bound morphemes distinguished?

9.What are the productive bound morphemes in English?

10.What types of morphemes are distinguished on the basis of formal presentation / segmental relation / grammatical alteration?

EXERCISES

1.Try to divide the words into the smallest possible units having meaning. Check your answer in a dictionary:

wizard, strengthen, speaker, often, rightful.

2.Analyze the words according to the traditional and distributional classifications (See the tables above).

Plentiful, imperishable, unprecedented, oxen, embodiment, outlandish,

inexplicable, quiet, perceptions, bell, glassy, uncommunicative, insufficiency, to prejudge, undoubtedly, children's, inconceivable, preamplifier, southernism, semidarkness, adventuresses, ineptitude, unreproved, incomparable, dismissed, underesimated, surroundings, presume, kingdom, brotherhood.

3.Classify the words into different types of morphemic distribution. turning – turns – turned;

cook – cooked – cooking – cooker;

managed – manages - managing - manager - managable.

4.Group the words according to a type of morphemic distribution: anthems, classes, lice, handkerchiefs, handkerchieves, bereft, bereaved,

grouse, cleaved, cleft, clove;

geese, dogs, chickens, deer, mats, bade, bid, phenomena, formulae, formulas, genii, geniuses, scissors;

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1.2. Morphemic Structure of Words

genera, brethren, brothers, trout, gestures, blessed, blest, tins, pots, matches, antennae, antennas;

mice, leapt, appendices, kittens, cats, witches, leaping, children, leaped, leaps, formulae, stimuli, matrices, sanatoria.

5.The word antidisestablishmentarianism is one of the longest words in English. Define its morphems and describe their meanings. Check your suppositions in a dictionary.

6.Divide the words into groups according to the meaning the morpheme ‘-(e)s’ renders.

Alps, ashes, books, Brussels, civics, corps, lots, fists, odds, news, hu-

man’s, linguistics, official’s, pants, proceeds, speaks, stays, spectacles, stops, statistics, takes, tidings, vitals.

REPORT

The procedures for revealing morphemes suggested by Z. Harris and Ch. Hockett.

REFERENCES

1.Блох, М. Я. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка [Текст] / М. Я. Блох. − Москва: Высшая школа, 2003. – С. 20−29.

2.Блох, М. Я. Теоретические основы грамматики [Текст] / М. Я. Блох. − Москва: Высшая школа, 2004. – С. 74−91.

3.Блох, М. Я. Практикум по теоретической грамматике английского языка [Текст] / М. Я. Блох, Т. Н. Семенова, С. В. Тимофеева. – Москва: Высшая школа, 2004. – С. 45−64.

4.Гуревич, В. В. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка. Сравнительная типология английского и русского языков [Текст]: учебное пособие / В. В. Гуревич. – Москва: Флинта: Наука, 2003. – С. 88−103.

5.Иванова, И. П. Теоретическая грамматика современного английского языка [Текст] / И. П. Иванова, В. В. Бурлакова, Г. Г. Почепцов. − Москва: Высшая школа, 1981. – C. 4−9.

6.Ильиш, Б. А. Строй современного английского языка [Текст]: учебник / Б. А. Ильиш. – Ленинград: Просвещение, 1971. – С. 21−23.

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Part 1. The Systemic Conception of Language

1.3. CATEGORIAL STRUCTURE OF THE WORD

QUESTIONS

1.What characteristics define the grammatical form of the word?

2.What does the categorical meaning unite?

3.What is the grammatical category?

4.What does the set of grammatical forms constitute?

5.What is the grammatical opposition?

6.Grammatical opposition: what is the most common type?

7.Define the weak/ strong member of opposition. How do they differ?

8.What does the oppositional reduction mean?

9.Define the synthetical/analytical grammatical forms. How do they

differ?

10.Name the groups synthetical grammatical forms are divided into?

11.What do the productive means of affixation amount to?

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1.3.Categorial Structure of the Words

12.Why is the number of synthetical forms considered to be small in

English?

13.What components do analytical grammatical forms consist of?

14.What are grammatical categories divided into? (referent relation / changeability factor).

15.Define the declension and conjugation. How do they differ?

16.What categories are declensional / conjugational?

EXERCISES

1. Name the types of the oppositions. am - is;

he - it, he - she, he - they, we - they; he listens - he is listening;

I understand - I am understood;

intelligent - more intelligent − the most intelligent; k - g, m - w, s - n, a: - a - i:

tooth – teeth.

2. Pick up the reduced grammatical forms and define the type of the oppositional reduction.

E.g.: You should remember that your friend will be a what-you-call-him. The opposition is "word - phrase" is used for by a stylistic effect: to

convey the meaning of contempt. It belongs to a colloquial register.

1."But I hadn't much faith in looks, so I was certainly surprised when she pulls out a document with the great seal of the United States on it, and "William Henry Humble" in a fine, big hand on the back." (O. Henry)

2."On the left of me was something that talked like a banker, and on my right was a young fellow who said he was a newspaper artist." (O. Henry)

3."So they draws up open-air resolutions and has them O.K.'d by the Secretary of Agriculture, Mr. Comstock and the Village Improvement Mosquito Exterminating Society of South Orange, N.J." (O. Henry)

4."... it was not Italian she was speaking, it was a bastard language of a little Spanish and a little something that Clementina had never heard before." (Cheever).

5."But she would remember it. "Where's the what's-its-name?" she would ask. "Don't tell me you forgot the what's-its-name?" (Thurber)

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Part 1. The Systemic Conception of Language

6."Did you ever see such a thing in your lives?" (Coppard)

7."He would find him to-morrow and ask for the position. He would be somebody in the world." (O. Henry).

8."Many a happy hour she had spent planning for something nice for him" (O. Henry).

9."She had been brought out of her simple yeses and noes and had grown used to fulsome explanations." (Forster).

10."She is too good, too kind, too clever, too learned, too accomplished, too everything." (James).

11."She was different - there was a breach between them. They were hostile worlds." (Lawrence).

12."The waters leaped up at him for an instant, but after the first shock it was all warm and friendly ..." (Fitzgerald).

13."Twenty dollars a week doesn't go far." (O. Henry).

14."Women are Scheherazades by birth, predilection, instinct, and arrangement of the vocal cords." (O. Henry).

REPORT

The role of the Prague linguistic school in the development of the systemic conception of language.

REFERENCES

1.Блох, М. Я. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка [Текст] / М. Я. Блох. − Москва: Высшая школа, 2003. – С. 30−41.

2.Блох, М. Я. Теоретические основы грамматики [Текст] / М. Я. Блох. − Москва: Высшая школа, 2004. – С. 120−142.

3.Блох, М. Я. Практикум по теоретической грамматике английского языка [Текст] / М. Я. Блох, Т. Н. Семенова, С. В. Тимофеева. – Москва: Высшая школа, 2004. – С. 65−78.

4.Иванова, И. П. Теоретическая грамматика современного английского языка [Текст] / И. П. Иванова, В. В. Бурлакова, Г. Г. Почепцов. − Москва: Высшая школа, 1981. – C. 9−13.

5.Ильиш, Б. А. Строй современного английского языка [Текст]: учебник / Б. А. Ильиш. – Ленинград: Просвещение, 1971. – С. 24−26.

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1.4.Grammatical Classes of Words

6.Худяков,А. А. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка [Текст]: Учебное пособие / А. А. Худяков. – Москва: Академия, 2005. –

С. 15–25.

1.4.GRAMMATICAL CLASSES OF WORDS

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Part 1. The Systemic Conception of Language

QUESTIONS

1.What basis are parts of speech discriminated on?

2.What do semantic/formal/functional criteria concern?

3.What are words on the upper level of classification divided into?

4.What are the features of the noun/adjective/numeral/pronoun/verb/

adverb?

5.What are the features of words of incomplete nominative meaning?

6.What does subcategorization of parts of speech mean?

7.What does the syntactico-distributional classification of words mean?

8.What series is named the lexical paradigm of nomination?

9.Identify nomination paradigms.

10.Compare the grammatical classes of words in the English and Russian languages.

EXERCISES

1. Sometimes in English form is not equal to function. Consider the function and meaning of the words in each pair.

1. He talks every morning before the practice.

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1.4. Grammatical Classes of Words

He practices his talk every evening.

2.All the students are present. He presents many speeches. He gave her a nice present.

2. State the part of speech of the words in bold.

1."I don't suppose it was more than a couple of ticks later before she was thanking me brokenly and I was not-at-all-ing." (Wodehouse).

2."I just housekeep for him," she said. (Bates).

3."Let him stop Dulcing me all day long. Dulce this, Dulce that, where's Dulce? I'll Dulce out of here one of the days." (Bates)

4."No, no," said Racksole quickly. "I don't want any I'm afraid's. This is business". (Bennett).

5."She is worried... about your cousin Ugremont." – "Well, of course," I tut-tutted sympathetically. (Wodehouse).

6."What on earth are you doing in Hollywood?" – I came to see you" – "You did." – "Yes" – "Pretty cousinly." (Wodehouse).

7."What's for afters, Margaret?" ...the girl said that there were gooseberries... He detected... that south-country... expression ... by which afters signified dessert. (Bates).

8."Already the men had shouldered their staves and were making for the place." (Mansfield).

9."Dear Frank. I think I had shocked him. What a Frankish expression, too, "above board"! (Du Maurier).

10."His complexion is too dark for yellows. Yellows won't suit him." (Je-

rome).

11."I thought of Phuong, who would be haggling over the price of fish in the third street... before going for her elevenses to the milk-bar." (Greene).

12."Poor wretch... He did not know what he was talking about. He had a child's mentality too, regarding likes and dislikes." (Du Maurier).

13."She would finger the volumes a little suspiciously." (Du Maurier).

14."The Grand Babylon... stood an easy first among the hotels of Europe..." (Bennett).

15."What a face for wrappers' Sort of Mona Lisa-ish!" (Galsworthy).

3.Explain the ambiguousness of these headlines' meaning.

British Left Waffles on Gibraltar.

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Part 1. The Systemic Conception of Language

City Fires Director for New Look.

EMT Helps Raccoon Bite Victim.

Kidnapped Child Found by Tree.

Kids Make Nutritious Snacks.

4. Look at the list of neologisms. Can you explain their meaning? spam televangelist start up crowdfunding to google blading go postal.

5.Explain how the preposition changes the meaning of each sentence.

Iraqi Head Seeks Arms/ Head of Iraq Seeks Arms

Angry Bull Injures Farmer with Axe/ Angry Bull Injures Farmer Axe Man Struck by Speeding Car/ Man Struck Speeding Car

Police Help Fire Chief/ Police Help to Fire Chief.

6.Define part-of-speech characteristics of the underlined words. Give your reasons.

1."I don't know why it should be, I am sure: but the sight of another

man asleep in bed when I am up, maddens me." (Jerome).

2."Poor dears, they were always worrying about examinations..."

(Christie)

3."After all, I married you for better or for worse and Aunt Ada is decidedly the worse.'' (Christie)

4."Good thing, too. He'd have gone to the bad if he'd lived." (Christie).

5."When I'm dead and buried and you've suitably mourned me and taken up your residence in a home for the aged. I expect you'll be thinking you are Mrs. Blenkinsop half of the time." (Christie).

6."The little work-table dispossessed the whatnot - which was relegated to a dark corner of the hall." (Christie).

7."Look here, Tuppence, this whole thing is all somethings and someones. It's just an idea you've thought up." (Christie)

8."Tommy came back to say a breathless goodbye." (Christie).

9."Although it was dim, there was a faded but beautiful carpet on the floor, a deep sage-green in colour." (Christie).

10."I thought it was something wrong when his wife suddenly up and left him." (Christie).

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