Theory of Grammar. Учебное пособие

3.4. Verb Aspect

ная типология английского и русского языков [Текст]: учебное пособие / В. В. Гуревич. – Москва: Флинта: Наука, 2003.

REFERENCES

1.Блох, М. Я. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка [Текст] / М. Я. Блох. − Москва: Высшая школа, 2003. − М.: Высшая школа,

2003. – С. 150–168.

2.Блох, М. Я. Практикум по теоретической грамматике английского языка [Текст] / М. Я. Блох, Т. Н. Семенова, С. В. Тимофеева. – Москва: Высшая школа, 2004. – С. 167–168.

3.Гуревич, В. В. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка. Сравнительная типология английского и русского языков [Текст]: учебное пособие / В. В. Гуревич. – Москва: Флинта: Наука. – С. 30–39.

4.Иванова, И. П. Теоретическая грамматика современного английского языка [Текст] / И. П. Иванова, В. В. Бурлакова, Г. Г. Почепцов. − Москва: Высшая школа, 1981. – С. 51–66.

5.Ильиш, Б. А. Строй современного английского языка [Текст]: учебник / Б. А. Ильиш. – Ленинград: Просвещение, 1971. – С. 86–89.

6.Иофик, Л. Л. Хрестоматия по теоретической грамматике английского языка [Текст] / Л. Л. Иофик, Л. П. Чахоян. – Ленинград: Просвеще-

ние, 1981. – С. 68–74.

3.4.VERB ASPECT

QUESTIONS

1.Why are the continuous forms aspective?

2.What are the members of opposition?

3.In what way is the category of development presented in the nonfinite forms of the verb? Analyze the examples on page 156. Блох, М. Я. Тео-

ретическая грамматика английского языка [Текст] / М. Я. Блох. − Москва:

Высшая школа, 2003. – Chapter ХV.

4.What kinds of neutralization can you name? Analyze the examples on page 157 – 158. Блох, М. Я. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка [Текст]/ М. Я. Блох. − Москва: Высшая школа, 2003. – Chapter ХV.

5.Why do the perfect forms display a mixed character?

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Part 3. Verb

6.What is the opposition of the category of retrospective coordination?

7.Why is the verbal form of perfect continuous considered to be enigmatic? Analyze the examples on page 167. Блох, М. Я. Теоретическая грам-

матика английского языка [Текст]/ М. Я. Блох. − Москва: Высшая школа, 2003. – Chapter ХV.

8.How is the category of retrospective coordination neutralized? Analyze the examples on page 168. Блох, М. Я. Теоретическая грамматика ан-

глийского языка [Текст] / М. Я. Блох. − Москва: Высшая школа, 2003. – Chapter ХV.

9.How is the opposition “perfect versus imperfect” represented in verbids? Analyze the examples on page 169–170. Блох, М. Я. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка [Текст]/ М. Я. Блох. − Москва: Высшая школа, 2003. – Chapter ХV.

10.Compare the categories of aspect in the English and the Russian lan-

guage.

EXERCISES

1. Open the brackets:

A Cuckoo Clock

I ’(to like) that clock at once. It 2(to be) of an attractive shape and just the right size, so I 3(to tell) the man I 4(to want) it and how much it 5 (to be). He 6 (to say) I 7 (can not) have it because it 9 (to be) a cuckoo clock and the cuckoo ’(to break off) and 10(to lose). I 11 (to say) it 12 (not to matter) in the least and that 1 13(to take) it as it 14(to be). With the children I 15 (to have) it 14 (to lose) the cuckoo anyway by the end of the first week.

He 17(to say) it 19(not to be) a private enterprise and he ’’(can not) sell me a cuckoo clock without a cuckoo. Now I happened to have in my bag a cuckoo I 20 (to take) out of a broken clock. “You buy this cuckoo,” I suggested. “Put it into your clock and sell the clock to me. I 21 (to give) you back your money after you 22 (to sell) me the clock.”

But he would not do it. He 23(to say) that the cuckoo was private property and the clock state property and that he 24(to be punished) if it 25(to become known) that he 20(to sell) a state-owned clock with a private cuckoo. I 27 (to notice) another cuckoo clock on the wall and the man 29 (to say) that it 29 (to be) a private clock. Someone 30 (to bring) it in to have a new cuckoo put in. They usually 31 (to have) spare cuckoos for sale but 32(to sell) the last one to that client.

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3.4. Verb Aspect

“That’s right,” said I. “Here I 33(to take) his state owned cuckoo out of that private clock and put my private cuckoo in. Is that all right?”

He 34 (to say) doubtfully that he”(to think) it 39 (to be). “Then I 87 (to Dut) the state-owned cuckoo into the state-owned clock. And now will you please sell me this cuckoo clock?” - “Yes,” said the man who 88 (to become) rather wild-eyed. “It is two thousand and three hundred zlotis.

Shall I pack it up for you?” - “Do, please,” 1 39 (to say). “But first take the cuckoo out. I 40 (to hate) cuckoo clocks.”

(After Yanush Osenka)

2. The following passage contains 10 errors in verb tense. The first paragraph has no errors, but each of the remaining paragraphs contains at least one faulty verb form. Identify and correct these errors. When you're done, compare your answers with the key below.

The Worst Tourist

The least successful tourist on record is Mr. Nicholas Scotti of San Francisco. In 1977 he flew from America to his native Italy to visit relatives. En route, the plane made a one-hour fuel stop at Kennedy Airport. Thinking that he has arrived, Mr. Scotti got out and spends two days in New York believing he was in Rome.

When his nephews are not there to meet him, Mr. Scotti assumes they had been delayed in the heavy Roman traffic mentioned in their letters. While tracking down their address, the great traveller could not help noticing that modernization had brushed aside most, if not all, of the ancient city’s landmarks.

He also noticed that many people speak English with a distinct American accent. However, he just assumed that Americans were everywhere. Furthermore, he assumed it was for their benefit that so many street signs were written in English. Mr. Scotti spoke very little English himself and next ask a policeman (in Italian) the way to the bus depot. As chance would have it, the policeman came from Naples and replies fluently in the same tongue.

After twelve hours traveling round on a bus, the driver handed him over to a second policeman. There followed a brief argument in which Mr. Scotti expresses amazement at the Rome police force employing someone who did not speak his own language.

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Part 3. Verb

Even when told at last that he was in New York, Mr. Scotti refuses to believe it. He was return to the airport in a police car and sent back to California.

(Adapted from Stephen's Pile's Book of Heroic Failures, 1979)

3.Draw timelines for the following sentences:

1.He gets up at 7 o'clock every day.

2.They're having dinner just now.

3.They're having a party on Friday.

4.I was having a shower when the water went off.

5.They're in France now and after that, they go to Spain.

6.I've been in Glasgow for two weeks.

7.I've been to Laos twice.

8.Have you ever eaten armadillo?

9.They were sitting in the garden while we were having lunch.

10.I went to Hawaii six years ago.

TRANSLATION TASKS

Переводческие трудности. Перевод глагольных видовых форм обычно не представляет особых трудностей при переводе. Часто используются лексические способы передачи законченности, продолжительности действия.

Translate the text paying attention to the aspect forms of the verbs:

Computers and epidemiology

Computer viruses have bugged their hosts for half a dozen years or so. Massive outbreaks have been rare. But as society comes to rely ever more heavily on computers, contagious programs are beginning to seem nearly as frightening as biological diseases.

The situation is being remedied in two ways: by the collection of statistics from actual incidents, and by computer simulation of virus spread. This epidemiological approach – characterizing viral invasions at the macro level – has led to some insights and tools that may help society to cope better with the threat.

Centralized reporting and response within an organization is an extremely effective defense. These policies have more than halved the average incident size within the population.

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3.4. Verb Aspect

REPORTS

1.Different interpretations of the continuous forms. Блох, М. Я. Теорети-

ческая грамматика английского языка [Текст] / М. Я. Блох. − Москва: Высшая школа, 2003.

2.The auxiliary do in the form of the verb. Блох, М. Я. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка [Текст] / М. Я. Блох. − Москва: Высшая школа, 2003.

3.The tense view by H. Sweet, G. Curme, M. A. Ganshina, N. F. Irtenyeva and others.: Блох, М. Я. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка [Текст] / М. Я. Блох. − Москва: Высшая школа, 2003.

4.The aspect view by Deutschbein, G. N. Vorontsova and others. Блох, М. Я.

Теоретическая грамматика английского языка [Текст] / М. Я. Блох. − Москва: Высшая школа, 2003.

5.The tense-aspect blend view by I.P. Ivanova. Блох, М. Я. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка [Текст] / М. Я. Блох. − Москва: Высшая школа, 2003.

6.The time correlation view by A.I. Smirnitsky. Блох, М. Я. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка [Текст] / М. Я. Блох. − Москва: Высшая школа, 2003.

7.Модель темпоральной референции Г. Райхенбаха. Рaйхенбах, Г. Философия пространства и времени [Текст] / Г. Райхенбах. – Москва: Про-

гресс, 1985. – 344 с.

8.Глагольный вид и временная отнесенность действия в английском и русском языках. – Гуревич, В. В. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка. Сравнительная типология английского и русского языков [Текст]: учебное пособие / В.В. Гуревич. – Москва: Флинта: Наука, 2003.

REFERENCES

1.Блох, М. Я. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка [Текст] / М. Я. Блох. − Москва: Высшая школа, 2003. – С. 167–190.

2.Блох, М. Я. Практикум по теоретической грамматике английского языка [Текст] / М. Я.Блох, Т. Н. Семенова, С. В. Тимофеева. – Москва: Высшая школа, 2004. – С. 169–170.

3.Гуревич, В. В. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка. Сравнительная типология английского и русского языков [Текст]: учебное пособие / В. В. Гуревич. – Москва: Флинта: Наука, 2003. – С. 30–39.

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Part 3. Verb

4.Иванова, И. П. Теоретическая грамматика современного английского языка [Текст] / И. П. Иванова, В. В. Бурлакова, Г. Г. Почепцов. − Москва: Высшая школа, 1981. – С. 51–66.

5.Ильиш, Б. А. Строй современного английского языка [Текст]: учебник / Б. А. Ильиш. – Ленинград: Просвещение, 1971. – С. 77–85, 90–98.

3.5. VERB VOICE

QUESTIONS

1.What does the category of voice show?

2.What is the voice of the English verb expressed by?

3.Why is the category of voice a full-representative category?

4.Why does the category of voice have a neutralizing effect on the category of development?

5.What is the difference of this category from other categories?

6.What does the problem of medial voices mean?

7.What is the difference between the passive voice and the pure link be?

8.Compare the category of voice in the English and the Russian lan-

guage.

EXERCISES

1. Translate into Russian explaining the passive verb forms.

1. He worked from 8 a. m. to 8 p. m. every day and was delighted if he was given week-end work. (Walsh). 2. He was paid by the Commercial Television Stock Company. (Aldridge). 3. He can have food in, too; but he is not allowed to smoke. (Galsworthy). 4. "Can these bumps smash the plane?" – "Only if the plane has not been looked after and periodically checked." (Aldridge). 5. The maid Smither, ... was spoken of as "Smither – a good girl – but so slow!" ... (Galsworthy). 6. He wouldn't like it to be talked about, I'm sure. 7. Ilearned from Steerforth that I had been sent for. (Dickens). 8.The wonderful charm of it [the boat] was that it... had never been intended to be lived in on dry land. (Dickens). 9. "I've been told something about her..." (Cronin). 10.... I was certainly shown the way to a destination quite different from one I had in mind for myself at that' time. (Braine). 11. He said in English, "I'm so sorry I had to

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3.5. Verb Voice

ask you to come." "I wasn't asked. I was ordered." (Greene). 12. "Look, Max," she would have said, "look what we've been sent." (Du Maurier). 13. "... all we assistants think our salary percentage payments to you unfair... I – I'm going to propose they are done away with." (Cronin). 14. Their conference was put an end to by the anxious young lover himself. (Austen). 15. Who wants to be foretold the weather? (Jerome). 16. ... they were marched off to the nursery. (Mansfield). 17. "... I am not going to be talked to like this." (Bennett). 18. "...ask Peggotty if I didn't do very well when I wasn't interfered with!" (Dickens).

2. Indicate where to be + participle II is a simple predicate expressed by a verb in the Passive Voice and where a compound nominal predicate.

1. "Sam's body was twisted and deformed." (Abrahams). 2. Calling-off time depended on the state of the oast-house (сушилка для хмеля). Sometimes it was filled early. ... Then work was stopped. (Maugham). 3. I was sent in to get my tea. (Dickens). 4. "Even when the lessons are done, the worst is yet to happen, in the shape of an appalling sum." (Dickens). 5. The whole body of the bird was shattered. (Aldridge). 6. He was wrapped up from head to foot...

(Wells). 7. At this point a maid announced that dinner was served and instantly Gilbert took his departure. (Dreiser). 8. "That's very kind of you," said Dinny, icily, "but the harm is done, Professor." (Galsworthy). 9. At this point he was called out of the room. (Jerome). 10. I darted back into the morning-room again, just in time. I had not been seen. (Du Maurier).

3.Define the type of middle voice using transformations:

1.They never quarreled at work.

2.She rose unexpectedly.

3.The day ended, calm and bluish.

4.More than 50 years later, the book still sells well.

5.The new Holden Berlina handles like a junior sports sedan (...).

6.And it's latex paint, so it cleans up quickly and easily with soap and

water.

7.[alarm system:] Installs quickly and easily--no wiring, no mains con-

nection!

8.When no longer required, the discs remove easily.

9.The Waves, whose poetic prose now reads very awkwardly....

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Part 3. Verb

10.The top quality rods from Montegue, H&I, South Bend etc are good rods, fish well and look good.

11.That whole wheat flour bakes wonderful bread.

12.This wood carves beautiful …

REPORTS

1.Voice. H. Sweet. Иофик, Л. Л. Хрестоматия по теоретической грамматике английского языка [Текст] / Л. Л. Иофик, Л. П. Чахоян. – Ленинград: Просвещение, 1972.

2.The Passive Voice. H. Poustma. Иофик, Л. Л. Хрестоматия по теорети-

ческой грамматике английского языка [Текст] / Л. Л. Иофик, Л. П. Чахоян. – Ленинград: Просвещение, 1972.

3.Voice. G. O. Curme. Иофик, Л. Л. Хрестоматия по теоретической грамматике английского языка [Текст] / Л. Л. Иофик, Л. П. Чахоян. – Ленинград: Просвещение, 1972.

4.Категория залога в английском и русском языках. – Гуревич, В. В. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка. Сравнительная типология английского и русского языков [Текст]: учебное пособие / В. В. Гуревич. – Москва: Флинта: Наука, 2003.

REFERENCES

1.Блох, М. Я. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка [Текст] / М. Я. Блох. − Москва: Высшая школа, 2003. − М.: Высшая школа,

2003. – С. 191–200.

2.Блох, М. Я. Практикум по теоретической грамматике английского языка [Текст] / М. Я. Блох, Т. Н. Семенова, С. В. Тимофеева. – Москва: Высшая школа, 2004. – С. 170.

3.Гуревич, В. В. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка. Сравни-

тельная типология английского и русского языков [Текст]: учебное пособие / В. В. Гуревич. – Москва: Флинта: Наука, 2003. –

С. 25–30.

4.Иванова, И. П. Теоретическая грамматика современного английского языка [Текст] / И. П. Иванова, В. В. Бурлакова, Г. Г. Почепцов. − Москва: Высшая школа, 1981. – С. 74–80.

5.Ильиш, Б. А. Строй современного английского языка [Текст]: Учебник / Б. А. Ильиш. – Ленинград: Просвещение, 1971. – С. 114–122.

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3.6. Verb Mood

3.6. VERB MOOD

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION

1.Give the definition of the category of mood in the English language?

2.How is the opposition presented?

3.Why is the category of mood similar to the category of voice and different from other immanent verbal categories?

4.Analyze Subjunctive I/ II/ III/ IV. Give examples. Comment on them.

EXERCISES

1. Study the table:

Zero conditional

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Part 3. Verb

First conditional

Third conditional

60