Supplementary material for the second - year students. Учебное пособие

мириться с риском. 13. Должно тратиться намного больше средств на прогнозирование землетрясений и извержений. 14. Природные катастрофы почти ничто по сравнению с катастрофами, виной которых является человек: войнами, преступлениями, наркотиками. 15. В Британии обычно не бывает сильных землетрясений. 16. Это землетрясение было достаточно сильным, чтобы вызвать значительные разрушения. 17. Городок лежал на пути урагана. Они спрятались в подвале и ждали там, пока ураган не прошел над ними. 18. Тайфун потопил паром и вместе с ним – 60 человек. 19. Дождь шел, не переставая, 2 недели, реки вышли из берегов. 20. К вечеру сила ветра значительно снизилась. 21. Уровень воды падал медленно. 22. Всех людей эвакуировали, так как два других вулкана по-прежнему извергались. 23. Они боялись поверить, что теперь их вулкан мертвый, что уже никогда убийственная лава не вырвется из него. 24. Власти не разрешили людям вернуться в их прежние дома, так как вулкан был просто спящим. 25. Много людей умерло от отсутствия пищи во время голода 1974 года. 26. Газеты собирали деньги в помощь голодающим людям. 27. Уровень воды достиг отметки, указывающей на наводнение. 28. Наводнение было повсеместным, покрывая огромные территории и уничтожая урожай. 29. Многие дома были похоронены под лавой. 30. Потребовалась неделя, чтобы починить крыши, поврежденные ураганом. 31. Снежная лавина сметала деревья и дома. 32. Они услышали сильный гул лавины, с грохотом катящейся со склона горы. 33. Землетрясение нанесло ущерб, оцениваемый в 300 млн фунтов стерлингов. 34. Две деревни были сожжены и разрушены пожаром. 35. От некоторых многоэтажных домов остались только руины. 36. Городок все еще лежал в руинах. 37. Повсюду лежали обломки машин. 38. Бедствие стоило 50 человекам их жизни. 39. Пострадавшие были срочно доставлены в ближайший госпиталь. 40. Его поместили в палату для пострадавших. 41. Стекло треснуло, но не разбилось. 42. После урагана остались перевернутые машины, разбитые стекла и вырванные с корнем деревья толщиной в метр. 43. Он ужаснулся, когда увидел, что его улица исчезла с лица земли. 44. Этот смерч был последним в череде стихийных бедствий прошлого года. 45. Она была в городе, когда пронесся ураган. 46. За разрушительным наводнением последовал страшный голод. 47. Все было готово к приему эвакуированных. 48. Его спасли с тонущего корабля. 49. Они мечтали о спасении, хотя понимали, что это бесполезно. 50. Много людей пришло им на помощь. 51. Спасатели услышали крики человека. 52. Только два человека выжили в этом пожаре. 53. Журналистам разрешили поговорить с теми, кто выжил в авиакатастрофе. 54. Мы видели, как смерч поднял машину на метр от земли и унес ее. 55. Вещи из домов плыли по воде, но никто не старался их вытащить. 56. Мы почувствовали, как земля задрожала. 57. Лава медленно приближалась к городу, который лежал на расстоянии двух километров от нее. Но в городе людей уже не было.

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Предупреждение об извержении поступило за пять часов до трагедии. 58. Обильное таяние снегов заставило многие реки выйти из берегов. Люди прибрежных деревень не были готовы к такому паводку. 59. Люди стояли и беспомощно наблюдали, как вода уносит их нажитое в море. 60. Благодаря своевременному предупреждению о приближающемся смерче, фермеры забаррикадировали окна и двери во всех постройках. Это спасло их жилище и скот от сильного ущерба.

Ex. 5. Find a newspaper article about a natural disaster. Prepare the rendering.

SPEAKING TOPICS

1. Natural Disasters (5 descriptions)

MODULE VIII “TRAVELLING”

Notes on Written Style

A free composition is one of the most effective exercises in good writing.

Free composition is a type of personal creativity writing, usually up to 6 pages. A student can choose the subject to write on, the style of writing (narrative or descriptive) and can select writing technique (keywords, topical sentences, connectives and expressive means).

In the process of free composition you should keep in mind the following aspects: what to say — selection of a subject and the theme, how to arrange the material in the best order, and how to express your thoughts in the best possible language.

A special care should be given to the choice of the theme and subject so that you know exactly what you want to write about and what is the purpose of your writing? whether it would be describing, entertaining, persuading or instructing.

Any prepared text should possess the main criteria: it must be unified and complete. For that the composition should have a beginning, middle, and end. Check that it is, systematic in its presentation, with reference to time, to point of view, and to situation. In the composition you can express your attitude or judgment towards the topic you describe.

The beginning or introduction expresses the occasion, the problem, and the purpose. A good beginning attracts the reader's attention, his interest and sometimes his emotions (see the beginning of "How We Kept Mother's Day" or of "A Friend in Need").

The middle or body of the composition in its turn makes the problem clear through narration, description, argument or exposition (compare different passages from this textbook). Usually the middle includes the details. It may have the turning point or climax describing the moment of greatest emotions.

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The end or conclusion is the result of that clarification. The author provides an answer to the main question. It is usually marked by a summary statement emphasizing the message (compare the final sentences in "A Day's Wait", "How We Kept Mother's Day", "Rose at the Music-hall").

Ex. 1. Study the chart

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Ex. 2. Add other words: the fast lane, a guard, Customs, roadworks, a lifeboat, a lay-by, a platform, a seat belt, a cruise, an inspector, a parking meter, a life-belt, first-class, a track, a driving test.

Ex. 3. Study the Road signs:

There’s a cross-roads ahead. There are road works ahead. There’s a crossing point for the elderly ahead. There may be low-flying aircraft overhead. The road ahead has an uneven surface.

Ex. 4. Label the diagrams: boot, tyre, steering wheel, engine, bonnet; tail, fuselage, wings, nose; mast, bridge, funnel, deck, quay, portholes, gangplank

Ex.5. Read the texts and study the vocabulary.

My journey began at home. “Dad, can you give me a lift to the station?” – “ No, it’s impossible to park there. It’s much better to go by public transport.” So I had to get the bus (time-table, bus stop). There was a really long queue at the ticket office, so I got my ticket from the ticket machine. Then I rushed to the platform and got on to the train. Fortunately my train had been delayed, so it was running late. If it had been on time, I would have missed it. The train journey was not too bad, and I managed to get some sandwiches and some coffee from the dining car. My train arrived in London. Then I had to get the underground to the airport. I was to go three stops along this line, and then change. The train was packed. I arrived at the airport, found the right terminal,

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got a trolley. Then I went to the check-in desk. I went through security where my bag was scanned. I went to the duty-free shop, and then waited in the departure lounge. I waited there a long time – my flight was delayed by 4 hours. Eventually we boarded and then took off. There was a lot of turbulence during the flight, and some of the passengers got very nervous. We landed in Athens, and I went through passport control and customs. You can fly to Crete, but it’s cheaper to go by ferry, so I got a taxi to the port. I couldn’t afford a cabin on the ferry, so I just got a seat. The ferry took 12 hours and I was seasick. Eventually I arrived at my destination, and got off the boat.

Air travel

Departures: First you go to the check-in desk where they weigh your luggage. Usually you are permitted 20 kilos, but if your luggage weighs more, you may have to pay excess baggage (extra). The airline representative checks your ticket and gives you a boarding card for the plane with your seat number on it. Then you go through passport control where an official checks your passport, and into the departure lounge. Here, you can also buy things in the duty-free, e.g. perfume, alcohol, and cigarettes. About half an hour or forty minutes before take-off, you are told to go to a gate number, e.g. 14, where you wait before you get on the plane. When you board (get on) the plane, you find your seat. If you have hand luggage, you can put it under your seat or in the over head locker above your seat. The plane then taxis (moves slowly) towards the runway, and when it has permission to take off, it accelerates along the runway and takes off.

The flight: You may want to need to understand certain announcements; these come from the captain (pilot) or from am air steward or stewardess(cabin crew, flight attendants): Please fasten your seat belt and put your seat in the upright position. We are now cruising (flying comfortably) at an altitude (height) of 10,000 metres. May we remind the passengers that there is no smoking until you are inside the terminal building. The cabin crew are now coming round with landing cards (cards you sometimes have to fill in when you enter certain countries).

Arrival: When the plane lands (arrives on the ground), you have to wait for it to stop(come to a halt). When the doors are open, you get off the plane and walk through the terminal building and go to the baggage reclaim where you collect your luggage. You then pass through customs (green-nothing to declare; redgoods to declare; blue-European Union citizens). If you are lucky, you can get a bus, taxi or train to the center of town without waiting too long. You can also hire a car (rent) at most airports.

Ex. 6. Read and translate into Russian:

Last week he flew to New York. It was an early-morning flight. The plane was to take off at 6 a.m. and land at 7 a.m. local time. He was stranded at the airport

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overnight. The plane was delayed by fog. Air passengers often suffer such delays.

Trains always run on time here. You have to change trains at Crewe.

We are sailing on the QE2 (Queen Elizabeth 2). It sets sail at noon. It will dock in New York at 6 p.m. and we shall disembark as soon as possible.

The ship was wrecked. The passengers were marooned on a desert island. Our car does 10 km to the litre. It goes quite fast. We can overtake other cars. The car swerved into the middle of the road to avoid the cyclist.

He backed the car into the drive and parked in front of the house.

Ex. 7. Read and insert a suitable word: mechanic, boot, passengers, garage, departure lounge, run out, delayed, bonnet, ferry, train, deckchair, flight, check, galleys

Yesterday John was supposed to take a … from London to Paris. He got up very early, put his luggage in the … of his car and tried to start the engine. It wouldn’t start. John lifted the … but he couldn’t see what the matter could be. He immediately called the local … to ask them to send a … at once. Fortunately, the garage had a man free and he was with John within ten minutes. He quickly saw what the matter was. “You’ve …of petrol”, he said. John felt very foolish. “Why didn’t I … everything last night?” he wondered. Despite all this, he got to the airport, checked in quite early and then went straight through to the … to read a newspaper while he waited. Soon he heard an announcement. “Passengers on flight BA 282 to Paris are informed that all flights to and from Paris are …because of a heavy snowfall last night”. “If only I had decided to go by …”, John thought. “It would probably have been quicker in the end and even if I sometimes feel sick on the …across the Channel, it can be quite pleasant sitting in a …on the deck, watching the seagulls and the other… The …on a ship seem to produce much better food than those on an aircraft too”.

Ex. 8. Study and memorise the travelling collocations:

To go by car, boat, plane, train - to travel in a train,… – to take a train,…

Air, rail,…fare – to collect fare ( in a bus); fast buses (run non-stop) – “Red Arrows”

One-way/single ticket, round-trip/return ticket (to a place and back), season ticket (every day for a period of time).

Arrivals – the area in the airport where you go after you get off the plane – departures (before to get on a plane) – departure lounge (sit and wait) - terminal (a large building in airports and ports).

Arrivals board – at an airport or station to show information about which planes or trains are arriving and at what time – departures board.

To board – to get on a plane, ship, train, bus

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Boarding card – a piece of card with your name and seat number printed on it when you get on a plane or ship.

To check in – to show your ticket, give your bags and get a boarding card. Duty-free shops – you buy goods cheaper because there’s no tax on them. To get on/off – a bus, train, plane, ship

To get into/out – a car, a taxi.

Trolley/ a baggage cart – a metal basket/frame on wheels that you put your bags on to move around in an airport or station.

A rush hour, to be caught in a traffic jam, a road accident, to start the engine, to release the hand brake, to put the car in first gear, to change to second gear, to speed up, to pull over to the side of the street, to roll down the window.

To fasten your seatbelt-to loosen-to unfasten

SPEAKING TOPICS

1.Travelling (by plane, train, ship)

2.A Car Ride

3.Traffic Regulations

Part 2 CRIMES Ex. 1. Study the topical vocabulary

A the difference between the verbs: steal (stole, stolen) and rob. The object of the verb 'steal' is the thing which is taken away. They stole my bike. The object of the verb 'rob' is the person or place from which things are stolen. I was robbed last night. A masked man robbed the bank.

B

Add: child abuse, embezzlement, fraud, bodily harm, homicide, car theft

C Some more useful verbs connected with crime and law.

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to commit a crime or an offence: to do something illegal to accuse someone of a crime: to say someone is guilty

to charge someone with (murder): to bring someone to court

to plead guilty or not guilty: to swear in court that one is guilty or otherwise. to defend/prosecute someone in court: to argue for or against someone in a trial to pass verdict on an accused person: to decide whether they are guilty or not

to sentence someone to a punishment: what the judge does after a verdict of guilty

to acquit an accused person of a charge: to decide in court that someone is not guilty

(the opposite of to convict someone)

to fine someone a sum of money: to punish someone by making them pay to send someone to prison: to punish someone by putting them in prison

to release someone from prison/jail: to set someone free after a prison sentence to be tried: to have a case judged in court.

to sue sb

D Some useful nouns.

trial: the legal process in court whereby an accused person is investigated, or tried, and then found guilty or not guilty

case: a crime that is being investigated

evidence: information used in a court of law to decide whether the accused is guilty or not

proof: evidence that shows conclusively whether something is a fact or not verdict: the decision: guilty or nor guilty

judge: the person who leads a trial and decides on the sentence

jury: a group of twelve citizens who decide whether the accused is guilty or not

Ex.2. Read and translate into Russian The work of the police

When a crime is committed someone reports it to the police. The police carry out an investigation, and try to catch the criminal involved. They interview the victim (of a crime), and they interview any (key) witnesses. They collect evidence, search buildings (for fingerprints) and interview any suspects. When they have enough evidence, they arrest someone, and take them in for questioning. The police hold them in custody and question them. If the police think that the suspect is guilty, they charge them with the crime. Then the suspect is either kept on remand, or released on bail until the trial.

The work of the court

If sb is arrested by the police and charged with a crime, they have to go to court and stand trial. The trial takes place in a courtroom and the person who is on trial is called the defendant. The defendant pleads either guilty or not guilty. The

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defendant is represented by lawyers who try to prove that he/she is innocent.

These lawyers are known as the defence. (Your honour, my clients could not have committed this crime). The defense calls witnesses to give evidence.

The prosecution tries to prove that the defendant is guilty. (Your honour, this man is obviously guilty). They call witnesses who give evidence against him.

The jury listens to all the evidence, and decides whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty. Then they give their verdict.

If the defendant is found guilty, the judge passes sentence. (I sentence you to one year in prison).

Ex. 3. Study the meaning of the topical vocabulary

Bail – money left with the court, so that someone who is waiting for their trial is allowed to stay out of prison until the trial. If the person does not come back for the trial, the court keeps the money. – to refuse sb bail, to release sb on bail.

Charge – to tell sb officially that they believe he or she is guilty of a crime. – with sth.

Evidence – information that helps to prove whether sb. is guilty of a crime. + that +clause. – to collect, gather; against, piece of.

In custody – to be kept in a police station or in prison because the police think they have done sth illegal.

Interview / interrogation room – where people are asked questions about a crime. Investigation into – when the police try to find out who committed a crime by asking questions and looking for evidence

On remand – to be kept in prison while waiting for the trial.

To take sb in for questioning/ to bring in – the police are sure they are guilty and want to get information from them.

Trial – a process in a law court in which it is officially decided whether or not sb is guilty.

Client – the person a lawyer is paid to work for during a trial.

To appear in court – to be in a court; - you have committed a crime or know sth about it.

To go to court – officially ask to have a legal problem dealt with by a judge or jury in a court.

Lawyer/attorney – who represent people in court.

To plead guilty/ not guilty – the defendant officially tells a court at the beginning of a trial that he either did or did not commit a crime (“How does the defendant plead? – Not guilty, your honour. – If you plead guilty you might get a lighter sentence”)

To sentence sb to sth (to a 6-month sentence, a life/death…)

Ex.4. Put rob or steal:1 Last night an armed gang .. the post office. They

..£2000. 2 My handbag .. at the theatre. 3. Every year large numbers of banks

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...4.Jane.. of the opportunity to stand for president.

Ex. 5. Complete the table.

Ex. 6. Fill in the blanks.

One of the two accused men ...at yesterday's trial. Although his lawyer ... him very well, he was still found guilty by the jury. The judge... him to two years in prison. He’ll probably …after eighteen months. The other accused man was luckier. He …and left the courtroom smiling broadly.

Ex. 7. Divide the words into three groups:

Theft, witness, detective, probation, drunken driving, prison, hi-jacking, traffic warden, lawyer, judge, fine, flogging, death penalty, smuggling, bribery, community service, rape.

Ex. 8. Write a paragraph to fit this newspaper line. Give as many details as possible about the crime, the court. Local girl’s evidence gets mugger two years prison

Ex. 9. Explain the words:

A:thief, kidnapper, mugger, shoplifter, pickpocket, blackmailer, hijacker, forger, smuggler, arsonist, rapist

B:a court, judge, jury, witness, defence lawyer, a prosecution lawyer, the accused, a verdict, a plea.

C:a fine, Community Service, capital punishment, corporal punishment, suspended sentence, jail sentence

D:to arrest, to question, to accuse, to deny, admit, put on probation, execute, release on bail, acquit.

Ex. 10. Correct the mistakes, use the correct words

1. A forger sets fire to buildings. 2. A mugger threatens to make secrets known to the public. 3. A shoplifter steals things from people's pockets, especially in a

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