Supplementary material for the second - year students. Учебное пособие

7 Which game or sport on the opposite page is the most dangerous in your opinion?

8 Which game or sport requires the most strength?

9 Which one has the biggest crowds?

11. Say the score: 1 Football: 0-0 2-1 4-4; 2 Tennis: 15-0 40-30 40-40

12. Fill the gaps in these texts with suitable words or phrases.

In the World Cup Final of 1994, Brazil … Italy 3-2 in a … shoot-out. After ninety minutes the … was 0-0; and it remained the same after thirty minutes of … , but then Italy…3-2 in the penalty shoot-out after Baresi and Baggio both missed. This was the fourth time that Brazil had …the World Cup. Ivanisevic… to Sampras in the second round. He … the first …6-4, but then … the second … on a … After that, Sampras dominated the rest of the …and won easily. The final …was 4-6, 7-6, 6-1, 6-2.

13. True or false?

1 Brazil won the football World Cup in 1994.

2 Football has an umpire.

3 A set in tennis is always decided on a tie-break.

4 If two teams have the same score at the end of the game, it is a draw. 5 Golf is played on a course.

6 If someone gives you the latest score, the game has finished. 7 Sticks are used in skiing and hockey.

8 In a knock-out competition, you can lose one or two games but still win the competition.

14. Which sport is being described in each sentence? (The underlined words are key words and you can look them up to increase your vocabulary in different sports.)

1 The referee gave the try although many people thought it was a forward pass. 2 He scored the winner with a beautiful free kick from just outside the penalty area.

3 He served fifteen aces and not one double fault.

4 The coach called a time out with just 45 seconds left and two points between the teams

5 He crashed into the car in front with just two laps remaining.

6 First he was booked (= the yellow card) for a bad tackle, and then he handled the ball inside the penalty area. so the referee had to send him off (= the red card). 7 In the 200 metres freestyle, he overtook the Russian on the final length to win the race.

8 She sprinted away from the rest of the field on the final lap and won easily.

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15. Choose the correct alternative

I never really enjoyed sports at school. I remember when I played football, I was always put in net/goal, but I used to get bored and read a book. Then when the other side scored/pointed. The rest of my club/team would shout at me. Later on I tried tennis which wasn’t much better. I used to have this habit of dropping the racket/bat each time I went to hit the ball. The worst thing was once when I actually won a play/game – I was so pleased that I ran and jumped over the line/net, but caught my foot on it, fell and broke my arm. My latest attempt to get fit was when I tried boxing at a local gym. I remember my first fight/struggle. I climbed up inside the court/ring and the bell went for the start of the first round/game. I just shut my eyes and swung my fist. Unfortunately, I hit the umpire/referee and not my opponent. Needless to say, that was the end of my boxing career.

16.Insert the words into the instructions relating to five different games: board, bounce, deal, dice, land, move, net, out, pass, piece, pitch, point, score, serve, shuffle, suit, tackle, take.

A. When you…, the ball has to…twice, once on each side of the…If your shot misses the table, it’s…and you lose the …

B. You can only…diagonally, one square at a time. You…an opponent’s…by jumping over it.

C. You throw the…,and if you get a 3, for example, you…three squares around the…If you…on a property owned by another player, you have to pay rent.

D. You can kick the ball forwards, but you can only…it backwards. The best way to…a player who is running with the ball is to grab him round the legs. If you can touch the ball down at the far end of the …,you…five…This is called a try.

E. You…the cards, and…out 13 cards to each player. Then the players sort out their cards into the four different…s.

17.In what hobbies can these materials and pieces of equipment be used?

Magnifying glass, tripod, needle, rod, easel, album, wetsuit, loom, clay, wool, glue, net.

18.What do these hobbies involve? Train-spotter, pot-holer, angler, gambler, canoeist.

19.In which sports do people do the following: wear goggles, ride on boards, get knocked out, strike out, do the crawl, make pit-stops.

20.Fit and Healthy. Read the texts. Underline all the terms and types of exercises.

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A.The ‘four-limb’ sports, such as rowing and cross-country skiing, seem to be especially good for the heart. ‘When all four limbs are active, more blood is pushed back to the heart than when you are using just your arms or your legs,’ says Dr Sharp. The muscles of the arms and legs use oxygen to produce energy – roughly five calories of energy for every litre of oxygen. This is how fitness experts are able to tell you that lying down, for example, you expend two calories of energy per minute, sitting – three calories, walking – four, running upwards – five calories of energy a minute.

It is not until you have been running for half an hour that you use up around 350 calories – which is roughly equivalent to the calorific content of a low calories dinner. ‘If you want to lose weight you are better off performing a lower grade form of exercise such as walking or golf. You have a lower rate of energy expenditure but since you are doing it for so much longer the total number of calories used up is much more,’ says Dr Sharp.

B.You need a lot of self-discipline to use a home-based gym properly: pumping iron can improve your body but not without determination and sweat.

Home gyms consist of a stack of iron weights on two parallel vertical runners, with a padded bench attached at right angles. The idea is that you sit or lie on the bench and, using various attachments, push and pull the weights with your arms and legs.

Weight training will improve muscle tone but it does not produce aerobic fitness and stamina, which you have to achieve by jogging or cycling. A home gym and an exercise bicycle is the ideal combination: the bike also helps you warm up before your workout.

21.Give instructions to these exercises: skipping, squat jumps, touching your toes, sit up, press-up, do splits.

22.Complete the phrasal verbs. Use them as advice for sb who is unfit, overweight or feeling generally run down.

1 You ought to cut… …cakes and biscuits for a start! 2 If I were you I’d go…a diet. 3 You are putting…too much weight. 4 You should take…a new sport – like tennis or golf. 5 You should be…a strict diet.

23.Which of the people are talking about: sb who is morbid, an architectural plan, a politician, children who watch TV, a prospective employee, a sick child?

1.I mean, they are subjected to a daily diet of violence. 2. Yes, the project looks in good shape. 3. I don’t think she’s got the stamina for the job. 4. He’s not fit to hold office. 5. Despite the temperature she’s still got a healthy appetite, thank heavens. 6. Her fascination with death is unhealthy.

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24. Fill in the blanks with the phrases from above.

1. He’s not…to be seen in public. 2. They have a very…attitude to the problem. They don’t seem to realize the damage that kind of thinking will do. 3. He has a …disregard for pompous people. 4. You need a lot of …for this job. 5. Your cat looks in pretty…You’ve obviously been looking after it. 6. If you live on a daily…of bad news you are bound to become disillusioned.

25 Find a description of a sports game

26.Find a newspaper sports report. Prepare the rendering.

27.Read the text and fill in the gaps with the verbs: to bump, to chase, to collapse, to collide, to dash, to disappear, to dive, to escort, to faint, to fall, to gallop, to jog, to jump, to leap, to limp, to somersault, to stagger, to sprint, to trip, to trot, to wander.

MATCH REPORT

“They looked superb as they (1) on to the field, battalions of green and orange. After only five minutes, however, the United number 9 (2) to head the ball, (3) with a goal-post and (4) off the pitch with blood pouring from his forehead. A few minutes later, their number 8, who had done too much pre-match (5), was (6) towards the goal-line when he (7) with cramp. He had just managed to (8) to the touch-line before the number 7 (9) into a corner flag and (10) flat on his back. The City number 10 went next, (11) over the United goalkeeper and doing a (12) into the net. The United number 9 (13) back on, suffering from concussion, just before half-time, but he was (14) off again.

At half-time, a streaker, (15) on the pitch. Five old ladies (16) a few were seen (17) up and down. Ten policemen (18) after him and (19) him for five minutes or so, until he (20) over a barrier and (21) in the crowd.

To amble, to elbow, to march, to plunge, to push, to return, to shove, to shuffle, to sink, to slip, to spring, to soar, to spring, to step, to stretch, to stroll, to surge, to trod.

After 63 minutes, the 43-year-old City winger (22) towards the United goal. Up went the ball. The number 9 (23) and thought he was going to (24) like a bird towards it. Instead, he (25) into the mud like a champion freestyle swimmer starting a race, not noticing that the opposing number 5 had accidentally (26) on the right boot. The weary referee (27) towards the scene of the accident and gave a penalty. Immediately eight orange figures (28) on top of him and he (29) to the ground.

Five minutes later, the City number 8 (30) forward to take the penalty but while (31) up to the ball he (32) on a patch of ice. About then, hundreds of spectators (33) on to the field. The United number 5 was (34) and (35) to the ground. The

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referee finally (36) his way out of the crowd and (37) off like a defeated general leaving the battlefield, never to (38). It was just another Saturday afternoon” (Wellman G., Wordbuilder, 1998, p.90).

Ex. 28. Read and translate the text into Russian

A GOLF LESSON

“Right! Now, place the tee in the ground – that thing in your left hand – yes, push it down a bit more – no, pull it out a bit – no, put it back in – now, just press it into the ground – go on, just slide it in – stop! Good. Very good. Right now, rest the ball on the tee – try again – and again. Good. Fantastic. Well done. Now, here’s your club – take it in your left hand – no, your left hand – hold it quite firmly – no, don’t grip it like that – let go of it – just grasp it like this, not too firmly – relax. Wonderful. Right, now wrap the fingers of your right hand round here – can you truck your scarf into your jacket? We don’t really want that round the club, do we? – good, well done. Now move your hands backwards and forwards a little – wiggle your fingers a bit – relax. Right, stand here and bring the club back over your shoulder – no, the other shoulder – come on, swing it back, relax, twirl it round a bit – now, in a moment, bring it down fast and try to hit the ball right here in the middle. Try and strike it just – ouch! Yes, try and wait till I’ve taken my hand away next time – right, better insert the tee again – it’s over there – good. Pop the ball on the tee. Good. Get hold of the club again. Good. Now, don’t lift your head – raise your right elbow a fraction – keep your eye on the ball – right now, go! – O.K., well, you go and fetch the club from those bushes and I’ll try and replace this piece of grass” (Wellman G., Wordbuilder, 1998, p.76).

29.Spot a mistake in each sentence

1.So Miss Cupido finally wins six-love, seven-six (after the tie-break) sevenfive.

2.Stravinski gets the white flag at the end of this year’s Monte Carlo Grand Prix.

3.The Russian gymnast, Nelli Navelikova, now on the rings…

4.And now they’re coming to the last fence of this year’s Derby…

5.Another basket for Hooper; that puts Canada into the lead for the first time in the match: 38 to 35.

6.So with this 6-2, 6-3 victory, Abdul Kabul becomes the new squash singles champion, taking over from his doubles partner, Sadiq Khan.

7.Two more gates, two more poles, he’s through them, round them. Nothing can stop him now becoming the new downhill ski champion of the world.

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8.Such a talented athlete, strong swimmer, powerful cyclist, a first-class shot, he would be almost sure to win the Modern Pentathlon if he was a better rider.

9.Uwakana, in the slightly darker shorts, Japanese judo champion for the past

four years, facing his team-mate, Onawawa…

10.After three rounds of golf, we have a three-way tie between the three Americans all on a total of 148, with Juan Carlos one shot behind.

11.In this 4 by 100 individual medley, at the end of the third leg, as they change from backstroke to freestyle, Allegro is leading by a metre from…

12.And that’s very good marks for the Olympic ice-dance champions; two 9.7s, one 9.8, two 9.9s and a 9.6.

Ex. 30. Decide to which sport each group of words can refer:

1.table, net, bat, backhand

2.court, baseline, serve, volley

3.pool, butterfly, breaststroke, turn

4.foil, epee, saber, hit

5.course, hole, flag, clubs

6.reins, fence, whip, winning post

7.bow, arrow, target, bull

8.boat, rope, ramp, tricks

9.mat, horse, bars, beam

10.table, pocket, cue, red

11.track, pedals, handlebars, lap

12.corner, goal-kick, striker, goalkeeper

13.ring, ropes, corner, bell

14.board, square, pawns, queen

15.racket, shuttlecock, smash, lob

16.rink, puck, stick, goal

Ex. 31. Read and discuss the text

'Vicious and dangerous sports should be banned by law'

“When you think of the tremendous technological progress we have made, it's amazing how little we have developed in other respects. We may speak contemptuously of the poor old Romans because they relished the orgies of slaughter that went on in their arenas. We may despise them because they mistook these goings on for entertainment. We may forgive them condescendingly because they lived 2000 years ago and obviously knew no better. But are our feelings of superiority really justified? Are we any less blood-thirsty? Why do boxing matches, for instance, attract such universal interest? Don't the spectators who attend them hope they will see some violence?

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Human beings remain as blood-thirsty as ever they were. The only difference between ourselves and the Romans is that while they were honest enough to admit that they enjoyed watching hungry lions tearing people apart and eating them alive, we find all sorts of sophisticated arguments to defend sports which should have been banned long ago, sports which are quite as barbarous as, say, public hangings or bear-baiting.

It really is incredible that in this day and age we should still allow hunting or bullfighting, that we should be prepared to sit back and watch two men batter each other to pulp in a boxing ring, that we should be relatively unmoved by the sight of one or a number of racing cars crashing and bursting into flames. Let us not deceive ourselves. Any talk of 'the sporting spirit' is sheer hypocrisy. People take part in violent sports because of the high rewards they bring. Spectators are willing to pay vast sums of money to see violence. A world heavyweight championship match, for instance, is front page news. Millions of people are disappointed if a big fight is over in two rounds instead of fifteen.

They feel disappointment because they have been deprived of the exquisite pleasure of witnessing prolonged torture and violence. Why should we ban violent sports if people enjoy them so much? You may well ask. The answer is simple: they are uncivilised. For centuries man has been trying to improve himself spiritually and emotionally - admittedly with little success. But at least we no longer tolerate the sight madmen cooped up in cages, or public floggings or any of the countless other barbaric practices which were common in the past. Prisons are no longer the grim forbidding places they used to be. Social welfare systems are in operation in many parts of the world. Big efforts are being made to distribute wealth fairly.

These changes have come about not because human beings have suddenly and unaccountably improved, but because positive steps were taken to change the law. The law is the biggest instrument of social change that we have and it may exert great civilising influence. If we banned dangerous and violent sports, we would be moving one step further to improving mankind. We would recognise that violence is degrading and unworthy of human beings.

The argument: key words

1 Great technological progress; little in other respects.

2 We may despise the Romans: orgies of slaughter; entertainment 2000 years ago.

3 Are we less blood-thirsty?

4 E.g. boxing matches: spectators hope to see violence.

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5 The Romans: honest enjoyment: lions eating people alive.

6 We have sophisticated arguments to defend barbaric sports. 7 We allow hunting, bull-fighting, boxing, car-racing.

8 'Sporting spirit': sheer hypocrisy.

9 Participants take part for big rewards.

10 Spectators pay vast sums to see violence.

11 E.g. boxing matches: front page news.

12 Two rounds, not fifteen: disappointment.

13 Spectators deprived of pleasure: prolonged torture and violence.

14 Must ban violent sports: uncivilised.

15 Man: trying for centuries to improve spiritually, emotionally.

16 E.g. do not tolerate mad men in cages, public floggings, other barbaric practices.

17 Improvements: prisons, social welfare, fair distribution of wealth.

18 Positive steps to change society through the law.

19 Law: instrument of social change, civilising influence.

20 Ban sports: improve mankind; violence degrading.

The counter-argument: key words

1 Who is to decide which sports are violent and dangerous? 2 E.g. is football violent? What about unruly crowds?

3 Isn't deep-sea diving dangerous?

4 All the sports mentioned (boxing, etc.): thrilling to watch.

5 Sports like car-racing: not violent; explore limits of human skill and endurance. 6 Small element of violence does no harm: part of human nature.

7 Millions watch boxing matches: an emotional outlet.

8 Sports like this do good to community: help to get violence out of our systems. 9 Barbaric practices of the past (floggings, etc.): nothing to do with modern sports.

10 Sports have rarely been enforced or banned by law.

11 Sports evolved slowly and are refined: e.g. boxing: bare fists and today.

12 Elements of real danger removed: e.g. boxing matches are stopped; crashes on race tracks fairly rare.

13 There are elements of danger in all sports: that is their point.

14 Supreme tests of human skill: universal enjoyment” (Alexander L.G., For and Against, 1968, p.58).

SPEAKING TOPICS

1.Vicious and Risky Sports

2.A Sports Game

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MODULE VII “GEOGRAPHY”

Notes on Written Style

Written prose can be of different styles. A group of paragraphs constitutes more complex compositions, such as essays, short stories, accounts, letters, classcompositions as a special exercise in written communication, etc.

Essay is a short prose composition (5—20 pages) on a particular subject. Usually it is of explanatory and argumentative nature or informal essays.

Unity of essays is built up around the central idea. Any addition of unimportant details or afterthoughts destroy the unity.

Coherence is achieved through skilful arrangement of details according to the following rules: a) present your material from "the general to the particular"; b) try the order of enumeration, that is, arrange several points of view according to their importance, or interest, or order of happening; c) use key-words as connectives and transitions.

The following is a brief list of transitional words and phrases that help to connect paragraphs of an essay: on the one (other) hand, in the second place, on the contrary, at the same time, in particular, in spite of this, in like manner, in contrast to this, in the meantime, of course, in conclusion to sum up, in addition, moreover, finally, after all, and truly, in other words.

Emphasis is achieved with the help of concrete details. Avoid generalities and abstractions.

Before writing an essay consider the following:

1.Study the materials about the topic.

2.Think of the main idea you are going to develop in your essay.

3.Make a plan (topic plan, sentence plan. paragraph plan).

4.Develop the paragraph plan into an essay according to the rules of unity, coherence and emphasis.

5.Go over the essay for self-editing purpose and see if it meets the main requirements of good writing: clarity and communication.

Part 1 NATURAL DISASTERS

Ex.1. Define the following natural disasters and say they happen:

earthquake, hurricane/tornado, typhoon, volcano eruption, famine, drought, flood, epidemics, blizzards.

Ex. 2. Speak about the damage of natural disasters using the phrases:

Ex. 3. Answer the questions:

What other natural disasters or extreme weather do you know? What happens when the disaster strikes? What could be people’s experience? What other damages could natural disasters or extreme weather cause?

Ex. 4. Translate.

1. Лава, несущаяся с горы, покрывала все на своем пути. 2. Пламя лесного пожара уничтожило деревья на большой территории. 3. Вид падающих зданий был ужасающим. 4. Вода легко переворачивала машины. 5. Здания проваливались сквозь трещины в земле. 6. Они копали с надеждой найти живых людей. 7. Когда пожар был потушен, все увидели обожженные дома

иурожай. 8. Британские газеты подробно сообщали о катастрофе. 9. Английский ученый и два местных проводника отправились изучать кратер вулкана. Когда они стояли на его краю, англичанин внезапно поскользнулся

иупал в кратер. 10. Верующие люди рассматривают природные катастрофы как действия бога. Поэтому люди ничего не могут сделать, чтобы избежать их. 11. Стихийные бедствия напоминают людям о ценности человеческой жизни. 12. Бесполезно просить людей покинуть места, подвергающиеся наводнениям, землетрясениям, извержением вулканов. Они предпочитают

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