Supplementary material for the second - year students. Учебное пособие

the pot boils over. Wherever you look it's people, people, people. The trains which leave or arrive every few minutes are packed: an endless procession of human sardine tins. The streets are so crowded. There is hardly room to move on the pavements. The queues for buses reach staggering proportions. It takes ages for a bus to get to you because the traffic on the roads has virtually come to a standstill. Even when a bus does at last arrive, it's so full, it can't take any more passengers.

This whole crazy system of commuting stretches man's resources to the utmost. The smallest unforeseen event can bring about conditions of utter chaos. A power-cut, for instance, an exceptionally heavy snowfall or a minor derailment must always make city-dwellers realise how precarious the balance is. The extraordinary thing is not that people put up with these conditions, but that they actually choose them in preference to anything else.

Large modern cities are too big to control. They impose their own living conditions on the people who inhabit them. City-dwellers are obliged by their environment to adopt a wholly unnatural way of life. They lose touch with the land and rhythm of nature. It is possible to live such an air-conditioned existence in a large city that you are barely conscious of the seasons. A few flowers in a public park (if you have the time to visit it) may remind you that it is spring or summer. A few leaves clinging to the pavement may remind you that it is autumn. Beyond that, what is going on in

nature seems totally irrelevant. All the simple, good things of life like sunshine and fresh air are at a premium. Tall buildings blot out the sun. Traffic fumes pollute the atmosphere. Even the distinction between day and night is lost. The flow of traffic goes on unceasingly and the noise never stops.

The funny thing about it all is that you pay dearly for the 'privilege' of living in a city. The demand for accommodation is so great that it is often impossible for ordinary people to buy a house of their own. Exorbitant rents must be paid for tiny flats which even country hens would disdain to live in. Accommodation apart, the cost of living is very high. Just about everything you buy is likely to be more expensive than it would be in the country.

In addition to all this, city-dwellers live under constant threat. The crime rate in most cities is very high. Houses are burgled with alarming frequency. Cities breed crime and violence and are full of places you would be afraid to visit at night. If you think about it, they're not really fit to live in at all. Can anyone really doubt that the country is what man was born for and where he truly belongs?

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The argument: key words

1 'Avoid rush-hour': slogan of every large city, no one does. 2 Happens twice a day.

3 Trains packed; streets crowded; bus queues; traffic jams; buses full. 4 Commuting stretches man's resources.

5 Unforeseen events (e.g. power-cut, heavy snowfall): chaos. 6 People actually choose such conditions.

7 Large modern cities too big to control.

8 Impose their own living conditions on people.

9 City-dwellers: unnatural way of life.

10 Lose touch with land, rhythms of nature.

11 Air-conditioned existence: barely conscious of seasons: flowers: spring; leaves: autumn; nature irrelevant.

12 Simple good things (e.g. sunlight, fresh air) at a premium. 13 Distinction day, night is lost; always noise, traffic.

14 Expensive 'privilege'.

15 Accommodation: house of your own impossible; rents high.

16 Cost of living in general high.

17 Lack of security: cities breed crime and violence; houses often burgled. 18 Cities not fit to live in; man born for country.

The counter-argument: key words

1 If proposition is true, then there are millions of madmen.

2 Most people love cities: proof: man is fleeing from countryside. 3 Modem man too sophisticated for simple country pleasures.

4 It's enough to visit countryside at week-ends. 5 Objections to city living are unconvincing:

6 Commuting does not really affect those who live in cities; a small inconvenience only.

7 Noise, traffic, etc., hardly noticeable; people easily adapt.

8 Very small minority of city-dwellers ever involved in crime, violence. 9 Many reasons why city life is preferable:

10 Good to be near one's friends; never cut off by weather conditions. 11 Life is never dull; always something to do.

12 Cities offer high concentration of good things in life: big stores, restaurants, theatres, cinemas, galleries, etc.

13 Services are always better: better schools, more amenities (e.g. swimmingpools, etc.).

14 More chances of employment; greater range of jobs; more opportunity to succeed in life” (Alexander L.G., For and Against, 1968, p.16).

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Ex. 1 Match the words from A and B.

A:housing, office, flats, apartments, shopping, building, industrial, residential, commercial

B:area, precinct, site, estate, block, development, mall, centre.

Ex. 2. Define the words and use them in the sentences: rural, rustic, urban, suburb, suburban, outskirts.

a) Shanty towns are frequently found on the…of big cities. B) The decline of the inner cities often produces…squalor. C) Houses in this particular tree-lined …of London have shot up in price. D) Welsh people are fed up with English city dwellers buying their homes because of their…charm, thus putting the prices beyond the locals’ reach. E) Picture the typical…scene; the little squares of grass, the shining cars lovingly polished by their owners on Sundays and the sheer tidiness of it all. Anything would be better than that! F) One of the charms of this particular village is its idyllic…setting deep in the Somerset countryside.

Ex. 3. Explain the idioms.

a) It’s become a ghost town. B) Let’s really go to town on this project. C) Who’s for a really good night on the town? D) Let’s go and paint the town red! E) She’s really slumming it at the moment. F) It’s not a huge company, only a cottage industry.

SPEAKING TOPICS

1.Historic Places in London (7 places)

2.Parks and Squares in London

3.A Map Tour Around London

4.My Attitude to Living in a Big City

Part 2 MONEY A Personal finance

Sometimes in a shop they ask you: 'How do you want to pay?' Yon can answer: 'Cash / By cheque / By credit card.'

In a bank you usually have a current account, which is one where you pay in your salary and then, withdraw money to pay your everyday bills. The bank sends you a regular bank statement telling you how much money is in your account. You may also have a savings account where you deposit any extra money that you have and only take money out when you want to spend it on something, special. You usually try to avoid having an overdraft or you end up paying a lot of interest (on). If your account is overdrawn, you can be said to be in the red (as opposed to in the black or in credit).

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Sometimes the bank may lend you money - this is called a bank loan. If the bank (or building society) lends you money to buy a house, that money is called a mortgage.

When you buy (or, more formally, purchase) something in a shop, you usually pay for it outright but sometimes you buy on credit. Sometimes you may be offered a discount or a reduction on something you buy at a shop. This means that you get, say, £10 off perhaps because you are a student. You are often offered a discount if you buy in bulk. It is not usual to haggle about prices in a British shop, as it is in, say, a Turkish market. If you want to return smth which you have bought to a shop, you may lie given a refund, i.e. your money will be returned, provided you have a receipt.

The money that you pay for services, e.g. to a school or a lawyer, is usually called a fee or fees; the money paid for a journey is a fare.

If you buy something that you feel was very good value, it's a bargain. If you feel that it is definitely not worth what you paid for it, then you can call it a rip-off (very colloquial).

B Public finance

The government collects money from citizens through taxes (on). Income tax is the tax collected on wages and salaries. Inheritance tax is collected on what people inherit from others. Customs or excise duties have to be paid on goods imported from other countries. VAT or value added tax is a tax paid on most goods and services when they are bought or purchased. Companies pay corporation tax on their profits. If you pay too much tax, you should be given some money back, a tax rebate.

The government also pays out money to people in need, e.g. unemployment benefit (also known informally as the dole) disability allowances and student grants to help pay for studying. Recipients draw a pension / unemployment benefit or are on the dole or on social security.

Every country has its own special currency. Every day the rates of exchange are published and you can discover, for example, how many dollars there are currently to the pound sterling.

A company may sell shares to members of the public who are then said to have invested in that company. They should he paid a regular dividend on their investment, depending on the profit or loss made by the company.

C When Kevin left school he opened a bank account. The bank gave him a cheque book and a bank card. Kevin enjoyed himself a lot… but unfortunately, he wasn’t very good with money and he got into debt. One day he went to the cashpoint, and discovered that he couldn’t get any money out because he was 100 overdrawn. The bank agreed to give him an overdraft. Soon Kevin had gone over his overdraft limit and couldn’t withdraw any more money. And so he got a credit card with a 2000 credit limit and went off to the Caribbean. Soon he got a bank statement and understood that he was in serious financial

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difficulties. He had to borrow money from his mother. She lent him 10, but he already owed her 20. Kevin got a second job to help him to pay off his debts. [8]

Cashpoint / ATM (Am) – a machine in the wall of a bank, shop etc that lets you take money out of your bank account using a special card.

Bank card – which you show when you write a cheque or use a cashpoint. It may be used as a debit card.

Cash card – you use to get money out of a cashpoint.

Credit card – lets you pay for things with money, and then pay what you owe to the organization later.

Debit card – you use to pay for things which allows the money to be taken directly from your bank account.

Bank statement – a printed list that your bank sends you regularly which shows what money you have paid into and taken out of your bank account.

Credit limit – the largest amount of money you can borrow using your credit card. Overdraft – an amount of money that you owe your bank, when you have spent more money than you have in your account.

Overdraft limit – the largest amount that the bank has agreed to lend you. – to go over the limit.

Overdrawn – you have spent more money than you have in your account, so that you owe the bank money. – to be 100 overdrawn.

To pay off – your debts, overdraft, credit card. Money – to spend, save, earn, win, make, lose.

Money – cash, a fortune (to be worth a fortune), a sum, currency, change (in change, to have change for … note)

Money that you receive regularly - Income – to be on a low income; pension, (unemployment, sickness, maternity)

benefit/Social Security(on benefit); welfare, allowance/pocket money, grant (from the government)/ scholarship (from university).

Ex. 1. Answer the questions: 1. What currencies are used in Japan, Australia, India, Russia? 2. What does the expression “hard currency” mean? 3. Name two credit cards which are usable world-wide. 4. Give two examples of imports that most countries impose customs duties on. 5. Give three examples of kinds of income that would be classed as unearned. 6. What is the Dow Jones index and what are its equivalents in London and Japan? 7. Give an example of smth that is priceless and smth that is valueless. 8. Name the coins and banknotes used in Russia, England, The USA.

Ex. 2. Match the words and definitions: 1. interest, mortgage, an overdrawn account, savings account, current account, pension, disability allowance, child benefit, grant; 2. a) a bank account with minus money in it; b) money paid

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helps other people by giving money; a person who buys and sells goods; someone who tries to make money by taking business risks.

Ex. 8. Describe your visit to a bank. Use the phrases: to cash a cheque, to go over to a counter, to write a cheque, to sign at the bottom, to go and get in the queue/line, to wait, to move up, to walk to the window, to hand the cheque to the teller, to say what you need, to take the cash, to count it, to put it away.

Ex. 9. Give the word for the definitions: to take out money you have put in the bank; to use money to make a profit out of smth that will increase in value; to give smb the use of smth such as money for a limited period of time; to get money by working; to have enough money to do or buy smth without difficulty; to have to pay money to smb because they lent it to you; to risk your money or property on horse races, in card games or in business; to receive money, goods or property from smb who has died; smth that you owe to smb else.

Ex. 10. Translate: 1. Кассир не хотел давать мне денег с моего счета, так как у меня уже был банковский долг в 50 фунтов. 2. Не могли бы вы разменять мне 20-фунтовую банкноту? 3. Вы заплатите наличными, выпишите чек или по кредитной карточке? 4. Я бы не стал покупать акции этой компании. Они работали с убытком в прошлом году. 5. Официанты получают маленькую зарплату, но они делают кучу денег на чаевых. 6. Вы можете снять деньги с банковского счета или выписку о состоянии счета по банкомату. 7. Если вы хотите купить дом, вам надо обратиться в строительное общество для ссуды. 8. Проблемы в экономике страны сильно повлияли на курс обмена валюты. 9. Сейчас я в стесненных финансовых обстоятельствах. Не мог бы ты одолжить мне 20 фунтов? 10. Давая деньги в благотворительные организации, вы можете получить значительное снижение налогов. 11. Сигареты и вино облагаются пошлинами.

Ex. 11. Give English: торговаться, банкомат, проценты, пособие по нетрудоспособности, страховка, возвращение стоимости товара, наследник, благотворительная орган., рисковать деньгами.

Ex. 12. Give the same: to withdraw, a discount, to deposit, to buy, to be in the red, to owe, a loan, an unemployment benefit.

Ex. 13. Give opposite: priceless, interest, to be hard-up, to borrow, to invest, profit, a bargain, to earn, to buy on credit, to collect money.

Part 3

Ex. 1. Put each of the following words in its correct place: a)numismatist

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b)counterfoil c)legal tender d)standing order e)counterfeit f)currency g)statement h)expenditure i)bounce

1. You can change your – at any bank or large hotel. 2. She held the note up to the light to make sure it wasn’t -. 3. He collects coins and banknotes. He is a - . 4. I always fill in the – when I write out a cheque. Otherwise I would lose track of my - .5. I don’t trust him. I’m sure his cheque will - .6. I pay my rent by - .It saves me having to write a cheque every month. 7. The bank sends me a detailed – every month. 8. Don’t worry. Scottish banknotes are – in England, too.

Ex. 2. Personal spending. Instructions as above: a)broke b)mortgage c)quid d)I.O.U. e)hire purchase f)chickenfeed g)make ends meet h)installments.

1.I’m afraid I have no money at all. I’m completely - .2. She finds London very expensive. She says she can’t – on less than $100 a week. 3. to a multimillionaire $100 is -. 4. Can you lend me a couple of - ? 5. I managed to get a – to buy a house. I’ll be paying it back for the next 20 years. 6. He lent me the money but he didn’t trust me completely and asked me to give him an - . 7. I couldn’t really afford the car so I got it on – and paid monthly – until it was finally mine.

Ex. 3. Make five pairs of opposites: credit, debit, deposit, export, import, loss, pay in , profit, take out, withdraw.

Ex. 4. Which word is the odd one? Why?

1. cash, coin, note, prize 2. cheque, credit card, fine, money order 3. bargain, discount, fare, reduction 4. bill, inflation, invoice, receipt 5. broke, comfortable, rich, well-off 6. badly-off, bankrupt, penniless, wealthy 7. allowance, grant, interest, scholarship 8. invaluable, priceless, worthless, valuable 9. bribe, charge, duty, income 10. cost, expense, pension, price.

Ex. 5. Study the idioms: To feel the pinch, to tighten one’s belt, to keep your head above water, to make ends meet, down the drain, on a shoestring, in the red.

Ex.6. Complete the following with the correct idiom.

1. If you say sth is going – you mean that it is getting worse or being destroyed and that it is unlikely to recover. 2. If you do sth – you do it using very little money. 3. If you find it difficult to – you find it difficult to pay for the things you need in life, because you have very little money.

Ex. 7. Select a b c

1.Steve is 27 years old. He says he has trouble …because he can’t find work and he’s been unemployed for three months. a) on a shoestring b) feeling the pinch c) making ends meet.

2.Kemp said Americans and industry shouldn’t be asked to pay new taxes.

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Instead, he said, government should … . a) tighten its belt b)feel the pinch c)go down the drain.

3.There’s no more urgent problem in Britain today than the small businesses which are going … because of the failed economic policies of the Government. a) down the drain b)to make ends meet c) on a shoestring.

4.One week after coming to Berkeley, I was living in the attic with my friend Duane. I was regularly attending classes and had found two jobs to …. a) feel the pinch b) be in the red c) keep my head above water.

5.There may be room for reform at the UN, but that doesn’t justify countries not paying their dues. I don’t know of one single institution of excellence, whether academic, corporate, governmental, that is run … basis or hand to mouth. a) on a shoestring b) down the drain c) in the red.

Ex. 8. Explain in what way these people are connected with money. Money people: banker, accountant, moneylender, stockbroker, bookmaker, gambler, forger, cashier, tax inspector, economist, financial journalist, wages clerk, speculator, trader, investor.

Ex. 9. Translate into English.

1.Если вы заплатите наличными, вам предоставят скидку на 30%. 2 .Не покупай сразу же, походи по магазинам. Наверняка, ты найдешь выгодную цену. 3. Банк предоставил ему кредит на покупку машины. Он должен его выплатить в течение пяти лет с 10%. 4. Ей очень был нужен компьютер, и она смогла купить его в кредит, выплачивая каждый месяц по 50 долларов. 5. Они боялись брат кредит на покупку дома, так как полагали, что уйдут годы, чтобы выплатить его. 6. Я бы хотел открыть у вас текущий счет. Вы платите проценты на текущий счет? 7. Сумма денег на его сберегательном счете постоянно росла за счет процентов по счету. 8. Он взял взаймы большую сумму денег под 25%. 9. Компания дала ему беспроцентную ссуду. 10. Я превысил банковский кредит в этом месяце на 300 фунтов. 11. В период засухи они продавали зерно в кредит и со скидками. 12. Правительству пришлось взять дальнейший кредит, чтобы спасти экономику страны. 13. Он вложит деньги в это предприятие с надеждой, что они (деньги) будут работать. 14. Не может быть, чтобы они заложили их землю для получения займа. 15. Они остановились в отеле, который предоставлял значительные скидки студентам. 16. Они могла бы поторговаться из-за цены, но не захотела. Это и так было выгодной покупкой. 17. После долгих дискуссий им удалось договориться о размере его гонорара. 18. Они сохраняют чек на каждую купленную вещь. 19. У него уходит 50 фунтов в месяц на оплату проезда. 20. Местные торговцы всегда старались содрать побольше с туристов. 21. Он не понимал, как люди могут жить на маленькие доходы. 22. Правительство увеличило ставку

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подоходного налога. 23. Он вступит в наследство в возрасте 30 лет. 24. Он был состоятельным человеком. Но это богатство было не заработанное, а унаследованное. 25. Таможенные пошлины обычно платятся на границе. 26. Он надеялся получить возврат части налога. 27. Ей положено пособие на ребенка. 28. Последние полгода она жила на пособие по безработице. 29. В прошлом году компания работала с прибылью и выплатила 20 пенсов дивидендов на каждую акцию. 30. Компания объявила об огромных потерях. 31. Вам не положено пособие по нетрудоспособности.

Ex. 10. Find a newspaper article on money matters. Prepare the rendering.

Ex. 11. Read a typical monthly budget of an English Family. See where their money is coming from and how much is going out. Note down how they could save, whether they could cut out a few luxuries or just generally cut down a bit. Compare it with a typical Russian budget.

tax free):

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