Soccer. Футбол. Учебное пособие по английскому языку для студентов вузов физической культуры, обучающихся по направлению подготовки бакалавров «Физиче
.pdfB: I prefer football.
A:Would you like to play football tomorrow?
B:Yes, very much.
A:What are you going to do now?
B:I’m going to train.
USE THESE IDEAS TO HELP YOU WRITE YOUR DIARY FOR TODAY!
My __________ is good. My ___________ is terrible. I like __________ . I don’t like _________.
The Workbook is ____________. _________ is interesting but _________ is boring. ________ is diffi cult. __________ is easy.
GENERAL PROGRESS AND RECORD OF ACHIEVEMENT
Language: • Grammar (20%) • Vocabulary (25%) • Pronunciation (20%) • General knowledge about fi gure skating (15%) and the Olympic Games (5%) • Speaking (10%) • Writing (5%).
GLOSSARY OF ASSOCIATION FOOTBALL TERMS
A
Association football (more commonly known as football or soccer) was first codified in 1863 in England, although games that involved the kicking of a ball were evident considerably earlier.
Academy: model used by some professional clubs for youth development. Young players are contracted to the club and trained to a high standard, with the hope that some will develop into professional footballers. Some clubs provide academic as well as footballing education at their academies. Also known as a youth academy.
Advantage: decision made by the referee during a game, where a player is fouled, but play is allowed to continue because the team that suffered the foul is in a better position than they would have been had the referee stopped the game.
Armband: worn by a team’s captain, to signify that role. Black armbands are occasionally worn by an entire team in commemoration of a death or tragic event.
Assist: pass that leads to a goal being scored.
Assistant referee: one of a number of offi cials who assist the referee in controlling a match.
Attacker: usually refers to a striker, but can be used to describe any player close to the opposing team’s goal line.
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B
Back-pass rule: rule introduced into the Laws of the Game in 1992 to help speed up play, specifying that goalkeepers are not allowed to pick up the ball if it was intentionally kicked back to them by a teammate.
Backheel: pass between team-mates, in which one player uses their heel to propel the ball backwards to another player. Sometimes spelt back heel.
Ball: spherical object normally kicked around by football players. Balls used in offi cial matches are standardised for size, weight, and material, and manufactured to the specifi cations set in the Laws of the Game.
Ball boy: one of several children, male or female, stationed around the edge of the pitch, whose role is to help retrieve balls that go out of play.
Ballon d’Or: may refer to the current FIFA Ballon d’Or, awarded to the player voted the best in world football, or a previous award, which recognised the best player in European football.
Behind closed doors: matches in which spectators are not present. May be imposed as a form of sanction for clubs whose supporters have behaved inappropriately.
Bench: area on the edge of the pitch where a team’s substitutes and coaches sit, usually consisting an actual covered bench or a row of seats. More formally known as the substitutes’ bench.Also sometimes called a dugout.
Bicycle kick: move made by a player with their back to the goal. The player throws their body into the air, makes a shearing movement with the legs to get one leg in front of the other, and attempts to play the ball backwards over their own head, all before returning to the ground. Also known as an overhead kick.
Booking: act of noting the offender in a cautionable offence, which results in a yellow card.
Brace: when a player scores two goals in a single match.
Break: attacking manoeuvre in which several members of a defending team gain possession of the ball and suddenly counter-attack into their opponent’s half of the pitch, overwhelming their opponents’ defence in greater numbers, usually as a result of the opposing defenders’ being out of position after having supported their attackers.
Byline: markings on the shortest side of the pitch, which run from the posts to the corners. Also known as the End line.
C
CAF: initialism for the Confederation of African Football, the governing body of the sport in Africa.
Captain: player chosen to lead a team, and in a match to participate in the coin toss before the start of play. Also known as a skipper.
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Caretaker manager: person chosen to perform managerial duties when no permanent manager is installed.
Centre circle: 10-yard radius circle around the centre spot.
Centre spot: mark in the centre of the pitch from which play is started at the beginning of each half, and restarted following the scoring of a goal.
Channel: empty space between the fullback and the central defender when a defense is playing with a back four. Wide-playing strikers are said to operate “in the channels”.
Champions League: annual confederation-wide tournament involving the champions and other successful teams from that confederation’s domestic leagues. The term can refer to the tournaments held in the AFC, CAF, CONCACAF or OFC, but is most commonly used in reference to the competition held by UEFA. The CONMEBOL equivalent is the Copa Libertadores.
Chance: situation where an attacking player can shoot at goal, with a realistic prospect of scoring. Also known as an opportunity.
Chip: high trajectory shot, hit with the intention of the ball going over the goalkeeper and into the goal.
Christmas tree: position employed in a 4–5–1 formation.
Clean sheet: when a goalkeeper or team does not concede a single goal during a match.
Clearance: when a player kicks the ball away from the goal they are defending.
Club: collective name for a football team, and the organisation that runs it. Coaches – individuals who oversee the training and preparation of skaters for
competitions; coaches provide fi nal advice prior to performances.
Co-ownership: system whereby two football clubs own the contract of a player jointly, although the player is only registered to play for one club.
CONCACAF: acronym for the Confederation of North, Central American and CaribbeanAssociation Football, the governing body of the sport in North and Central America and the Caribbean; pronounced “kon-ka-kaff” corner arc: one where the ball is placed when there is a corner kick, which is awarded when a defender puts the ball behind the goal line.
Corner flag: flags are placed in each of the four corners of the pitch to help mark the boundaries of the playing area.
Corner kick: kick taken from within a one-yard radius of the corner flag; a method of restarting play when a player puts the ball behind their own goal line without a goal being scored.
Corridor of uncertainty: a cross or pass which is delivered into the area in front of the goalkeeper and behind the last line of defence.
Cross: delivery of the ball into the penalty area by the attacking team, usually from the area between the penalty box and the touchline.
Crossbar: horizontal bar across the top of the goal.
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Cruyff turn: type of turn named after Dutchman Johan Cruyff; designed to lose an opponent. Specifically, the ball is gently kicked sideways by one foot, but behind the player’s own standing leg.
Cup competition: knockout competition in which teams compete for a trophy, the winners of each game eliminating the losers from the competition. A cup final sees the two remaining teams play a match, which can be two-legged, for the trophy.
Cup run: a series of wins in a cup competition, usually applied to teams from lower division.
Custodian: alternative term for a goalkeeper.
D
D: semi-circular arc at the edge of the penalty area, used to indicate the portion of the 10-yard distance around the penalty spot that lies outside the penalty area. Referred to in the Laws of the Game as “the penalty arc”.
Dead ball: situation when the game is restarted with the ball stationary, such as a free kick.
Deep: used to describe the positioning of a player (or a line of players, such as the defence or midfi eld) who is playing closer to their own goal than they traditionally would. A defence may drop deep against a team with fast attacking players, to reduce the amount of space behind the defence for fast-paced players to break into. Attacking players who traditionally play deep may be described as being a deep-lying forward or a deep-lying playmaker.
Defender: one of the four main positions in football. Defenders are positioned in front of the goalkeeper and have the principal role of keeping the opposition away from their goal.
Derby: match between two, usually local, rivals.
Direct free kick: awarded to fouled team following certain listed “penal” fouls. A goal may be scored directly from a direct free kick.
Diving: form of cheating, sometimes employed by an attacking player to win a free kick or penalty. When being challenged for the ball by an opponent, the player will throw themselves to the fl oor as though they has been fouled, in an attempt to deceive the referee into thinking a foul has been committed. Also known as a flop.
Double: most commonly used when a club wins both its domestic league and its country’s major cup competition in the same season. Also used to describe a pair of victories, home and away, by one club over another in the same league season.
Dribbling: when a player runs with the ball at their feet under close control. Dribbling on a winding course past several opponents in close proximity without losing possession is sometimes described as making a mazy run or mazy dribble.
Drop ball: method used to restart a game, sometimes when a player has been injured accidentally and the game is stopped while the ball is still in play.
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E
Equaliser: goal that makes the score even.
European night: night-time game in a UEFA club competition.
Extra time: additional period, normally two halves of 15 minutes, used to determine the winner in some tied cup matches.
F
FA Cup: English knockout competition – the oldest cup tournament in the world.
False nine: A centre forward who regularly drops back into midfi eld to disrupt opposition marking.
Favourite: team that is expected to win a particular match or tournament. Opposite of underdog.
FC: initialism for football club, used by teams such as Watford FC.
FIFA: acronym for Fédération Internationale de Football Association (International Federation of Association Football), the world governing body of the sport; pronounced “fee-fa”.
Fifty-fifty: a challenge in which two players have an equal chance of winning control of a loose ball.
Final whistle: see full-time.
Flag: small rectangular fl ag attached to a handle, used by an assistant referee to signal that they have seen a foul or other infraction take place. One assistant referee’s flag is a solid colour (often yellow), and their colleague’s has a two-colour (often red and yellow) quartered pattern. Some fl ags have buttons on the handle, which will activate an alarm worn by the referee to attract their attention. Can also refer to the corner fl ag. The action of an assistant referee signalling with the fl ag is called flagging.
Fixture: scheduled match which has yet to be played.
Flat back four: defensive positioning system, in which the primary fi rst position of each member of a four-man defense is in a straight line across the pitch; often used in conjunction with an offside trap. In formations with three centre backs, the phrase “fl at back three” is sometimes used.
Flick-on: when a player receives a pass from a teammate and, instead of controlling it, touches the ball with their head or foot while it is moving past them, with the intent of helping the ball reach another teammate.
Football: a widely used name for association football. Can also refer to the
ball.
Football League: English league competition founded in 1888, the oldest such competition in the world.
Football programme: also known as match programme; booklet purchased
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by spectators prior to a football match containing information relevant to it, including lists of players, short articles penned by commentators and the like. Older programmes may have a considerable value as a collectable.
Formation: how the players in a team are positioned on the pitch. The formation is often denoted numerically, with the numbers referring to the corresponding number of players in defensive, midfi eld and attacking positions.
Forward: see Striker.
Fourth offi cial: additional assistant referee, who has various duties and can replace one of the other offi cials, in case of injury.
Fox in the box: see Goal poacher.
Foul: breach of the Laws of the Game by a player, punishable by a free kick or penalty. Such acts can lead to yellow or red cards depending on their severity.
Free kick: the result of a foul outside the penalty area, given against the offending team. Free kicks can be either direct (shot straight towards the goal) or indirect (the ball must touch another player before a goal can be scored).
Freestyle football: art of a player expressing themself with a football, while performing various tricks with any part of their body. Similar in style to keepie-uppie and kemari, it has become a widespread sport across the world and is practised by many people.
Friendly: match arranged by two teams with no competitive value, such as a player’s testimonial or a warm-up match before a season begins.
Fullback: position on either side of the defence, whose job is to try to prevent the opposing team attacking down the wings. Also spelt full back or full-back.
Full-time: either (1) the end of the game, signalled by the referees whistle (also known as the fi nal whistle), (2) a professional footballer or club i.e. their only profession or (3) a word used to describe a permanent coach.
G
Game of two halves: expression used by commentators to describe a close match where one team dominates each half.
Game 39: proposal to play an extra round of Premier League matches played outside of the United Kingdom. Also known as the 39th game. Named as such because, since the Premier League is played by 20 teams, and the competition system is the double round-robin (see round-robin tournament), each team plays 38 games in a season.
Giant-killing: cliché used to describe a lower division team defeating another team from a much higher division in that country’s league.
Give-and-go: see One-two.
Goal: the only method of scoring in football; for a goal to be awarded the ball must pass completely over the goal line in the area between the posts and beneath the crossbar.
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Goal average: number of goals scored divided by number of goals conceded. Used as a tie-breaking method before the introduction of goal difference.
Goalkeeper: player closest to the goal a team is defending. A goalkeeper has the job of preventing the opposition from scoring. They are the only player on the pitch that can handle the ball in open play, although they can only do so in the penalty area. Known informally as a keeper or a goalie.
Goal kick: method of restarting play when the ball is played over the goal line without a goal being scored.
Goal line: line at one of the shorter ends of the pitch, spanning from one corner flag to another, with the goalposts situated at the halfway point. Also spelt goal-line.
Goal poacher: type of striker, primarily known for excellent scoring ability and movement inside the penalty area.
Goalmouth: the section of the pitch immediately in front of the goal. Goalmouth scramble: when multiple players from both teams attempt to gain
control of a loose ball in the goalmouth. This often results in a short period of chaotic play involving attackers shooting towards goal and defenders blocking shots, balls ricocheting around the goalmouth, and players falling over. Also known as a scrimmage.
Goal of the century: usually used to refer to Diego Maradona’s second goal against England in the 1986 FIFA World Cup.
Goalpost: vertical bars at either side of the goal.
Golden Generation: an exceptionally talented set of players who are expected to achieve a high level of success, or who have been part of a highly successful squad in a team’s history.
Golden goal: method of determining the winner of a match which is a draw after 90 minutes of play. Up to an additional 30 minutes are played in two 15-minute halves, the fi rst team to score wins and the match ends immediately. See also Silver goal.
Grand Slam: achieved by a club that wins all official international competitions.
Groundhopping: hobby among fans, in which the objective is to visit as many football stadiums and grounds as possible. Participants are known as groundhoppers or simply hoppers.
Group of death: group in a cup competition which is unusually competitive, because the number of strong teams in the group is greater than the number of qualifying places available for the next phase of the tournament.
H
Half-back: position employed in a 2–3–5 formation, half-backs would play in front of the full-backs and behind the forwards. The middle half-back was known as a centre-half; those on either side were known as wing-halves.
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Half-time: break between the two halves of a match, usually lasts 15 minutes.
Half-volley: pass or shot in which the ball is struck just as, or just after, it touches the ground.
Handbags: colloquialism, especially in the United Kingdom, used to describe an event where two or more players from opposing teams square up to each other in a threatening manner, or push and jostle each other in an attempt to assert themselves, without any actual violent conduct taking place.
Hand-ball or handball: when a player other than a goalkeeper deliberately touches the ball with their hand in active play. A foul is given against the player if spotted.
Hat-trick: when a player scores three goals in a single match. Header: using the head as a means of playing or controlling the ball.
High foot: colloquialism for what is described in the Laws of the Game as “Playing in a dangerous manner”. A foul is awarded if the referee determines that a player’s foot has moved into a dangerously high position while trying to play the ball, especially if the foot threatens or causes an injury to an opponent.
Holding role or Holding midfi elder: central midfi elder whose primary role is to protect the defence.
Hold up the ball: when a player, usually a forward, receives a long ball from a teammate, and controls and shields it from the opposition, with the intent of slowing the play down to allow teammates to join the attack.
Hole: space on a pitch between the midfi eld and forwards. In formations where attacking midfi elders or deep-lying forwards are used, they are said to be “playing in the hole”.
Hollywood ball: a spectacular-looking long range pass, but one which rarely achieves what the passer hopes.
Home and away: a team’s own ground and their opponent’s, respectively. The team playing at their own stadium is said to have “home advantage.”
I
IFAB: initialism for the International Football Association Board, the body that determines the Laws of the Game of association football.
Indirect free kick: type of free kick awarded to the opposing team following “non-penal” fouls, certain technical infringements, or when play is stopped to caution or dismiss an opponent without a specifi c foul having occurred. Unlike in a direct free kick, a goal may not be scored directly from the indirect kick.
Inside forward: position employed in a 2–3–5 formation.
International break: period of time set aside by FIFAfor scheduled international matches per their International Match Calendar. Also known as FIFA International Day/Date(s).
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J
Jew goal: term used to describe a goal scored when a player “passes the ball when two-on-one with the keeper in order to provide the receiver with an open goal.
Journeyman: player who has represented many different clubs over their career. Opposite of one-club man.
K
Keepie-uppie: the skill of juggling a football, keeping it off the ground using the feet, the knees, the chest, the shoulders or the head.
Kick and rush: style of play. See also Long ball.
Kick-off: method of starting a match; the ball must be played forwards from the centre spot with all members of the opposing team at least 10 yards from the ball. Also used to restart the match when a goal has been scored.
Kit: football-specifi c clothing worn by players, consisting at the minimum of a shirt, shorts, socks, specialised footwear, and (for goalkeepers) specialised gloves. Also known as a uniform or a strip.
L
Last man: situation where an attacking player is in possession, with only one opposing defender between the ball and the goal. If the defender commits a foul on the attacker, a red card is usually shown.
Lay-off pass: short pass, usually lateral, played delicately into the space immediately in front of a teammate who is arriving at speed from behind the player making the pass; the player receiving the pass will then be able to take control of the ball without breaking stride, or (if they are close enough to the goal) attempt to score with a fi rst-time shot.
Laws of the Game: codifi ed rules that help defi ne association football. These laws are published by the sport’s governing body FIFA, with the approval of the International Football Association Board, the body that writes and maintains the laws. The laws mention: the number of players a team should have, the game length, the size of the fi eld and ball, the type and nature of fouls that referees may penalise, the frequently misinterpreted offside law, and many other laws that defi ne the sport.
League: form of competition in which clubs are ranked by the number of points they accumulate over a series of matches. Often structured as round-robin tournaments.
Linesman: see Assistant referee.
Loan: when a player temporarily plays for a club other than the one they are currently contracted to. Such a loan may last from a few weeks to one or more
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seasons. This often occurs with young players who are commonly loaned to lower league clubs in order to gain valuable experience. The loaning club often takes over the responsibility of paying the player’s wages so it can also occur when the originating club seeks to cut down expenses.
Long ball: attempt to distribute the ball a long distance down the fi eld via a cross, without the intention to pass it to the feet of the receiving player. Often used to speed up play, the technique can be especially effective for a team with either fast or tall strikers.
M
Manager: the individual in charge of the day-to-day running of the team. Duties of the manager usually include overseeing training sessions, designing tactical plays, choosing the team’s formation, picking the starting eleven, and making tactical switches and substitutions during games. Some managers also take on backroom administrative responsibilities such as signing players, negotiating player contracts. Sometimes these tasks are also undertaken by a two separate individuals: a Head coach for on-fi eld tasks, and a General manager or Director of Football for off-field administrative duties.
Man-to-manmarking:systemofmarkinginwhicheachplayerisresponsiblefor an opposing player rather than an area of the pitch. Compare with zonal marking.
Marking: Defensive strategy, aimed at preventing an attacker from receiving the ball from a teammate.
Match fixing: expression used to describe the situation when a match is played to a completely or partially pre-determined result motivated by fi nancial incentives paid to players, team offi cials or referees in violation of the rules of the game.
Mazy run: see Dribbling.
Medical: mandatory procedure undertaken by a player prior to signing for a new team which assesses the player’s fi tness and overall medical health. Usually the procedure includes muscle and ligament/joint examinations, cardiovascular tests to identify potential heart problems, respiratory tests, and neurological tests to identify possible concussions or other such problems.
Mexican wave: self-organised crowd activity in which spectators stand up, raise their hands in the air, and sit down in sequence, creating a ripple effect that moves around the stadium’s stands. Despite having been carried out in stadia for many years previously, it was fi rst brought to world-wide attention during the 1986 FIFA World Cup in Mexico, hence its name.
Midfielder: one of the four main positions in football. Midfi elders are positioned between the defenders and strikers.
Multiball system: the use of several balls during a game, intended to reduce the amount of time the ball is not in play. Historically, the same ball was used throughout the entire game, and had to be retrieved every time it went out of play.
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