Petroleum engineering. Нефтегазовая инженерия. Учебное пособие

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Text 3. Read the text and fill in the glossary. Translate the text. Write the summary of the text.

Four Reasons You Should Work in the Oil and Gas Industry

The oil and gas sector offers a wide variety of career opportunities, whether you have just left school or university, are thinking about a career change or are looking to change roles within the industry. And demand for skilled people to join the industry is growing, as the sector works to meet the energy demands of a rising global population and the increased challenges in finding and extracting oil and gas. While working on an oil rig may be the first oil and gas job many would think of, this is actually just a small part of what the sector offers. In fact, more than 90% of the jobs are onshore. And as well as specialist roles, such as for engineers, scientists, divers and helicopter (вертолет) pilots, there are many roles in the wider supply chain and support jobs, including human resources, accounting, design and marketing – and worldwide opportunities.

You’ll be well paid

First thing’s first: if you want to earn more than the average salary for your role, this is the right industry for you. Not only are these professions among the highest starting salaries of any sector, they also continue to stay lucrative as your career progresses. The average salary for an oil and gas role is over £50,000, and with the right experience, that can move well into six figures.

You’ll be able to work anywhere

Well, not exactly anywhere. But with more than half a million people currently employed in the industry worldwide, the number of locations you could find yourself in is unlike almost any other industry. This global demand is also rapidly increasing, often reflecting the latest technological trends. With an estimated 1 million people needed to specialise in oil sands alone by the year 2035, not to mention those needed in every other area of the industry, it definitely shows no sign of slowing down.

You’ll have flexible working arrangements

Many employers in the industry are open to flexible hours. Onshore employees often work a standard Monday to Friday, with weekends off. If you’re

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working offshore, however, you’ll often be working 12 hour days. You’ll usually only be working for a period of around six weeks though, after which time you’ll get the same six weeks off. So, in fact, you’ll only be working half of the year. What’s not to like?

You’ll have longevity (долголетие)

Supplies of oil and gas are not yet running out, meaning people will be needed to work in the sector for many years to come. While you never know what the next digital (цифровой) trend will be, or whether a brand stays in fashion, people will always be needed to work at getting the most out of resources. In fact, technological advances in the industry not only mean that resources are used up more slowly and more efficiently, they also often need specially trained staff to operate, providing those in the know with more skills and more employment opportunities.

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Translate the sentences from English into Russian.

1. At present, there is no technology which allows gas extracting from hydrate deposits in a reliable, cost-effective manner.

There are many problems in oil industry related to estimation of potential and optimization of productivity of oil and gas wells.

3.To drill boreholes into the earth people use drilling fluid, or drilling mud. One of its functions is to lift rock cuttings out of the wellbore and to the surface.

4.According to National Iran Oil Company, Iran’s recoverable liquid hydrocarbon reserves at the end of 2006 were 138.4 billion barrels.

5.Geological effects can have an impact on the design and successful completion of oil, gas, and geothermal wells.

6.Output from mature (зрелые) oil and gas fields continues to decrease, while production growth is increasingly concentrated in a few countries, often distant from consuming regions.

7.Although there are dozens of elements and hundreds of minerals available in the earth’s crust, the actual number (фактическое количество) that we must concern ourselves with for reservoir engineering purposes is remarkably small. For most of purposes, reservoir engineers can restrict their attention to a working knowledge of quartz, feldspars, clays, calcite, dolomite and anhydrite.

8.Well engineering jobs require a high degree of technical competence, passion, innovative thinking, and the ability to work in collaboration with colleagues in other fields such as exploration and production.

Translate into English.

1.  Инженеры-нефтяники занимаются поиском месторождений нефти и газа, их освоением и эксплуатацией, используя сложные технологии для разработки новых методов обнаружения нефти и бурения скважин.

2.  Задача инженеров-нефтяников – удовлетворение растущего спроса на энергию. Именно представители этой профессии обеспечивают мир энергией и сохраняют окружающую среду для будущих поколений.

3.  Спроснановыеметоды, технологиииисточникиполученияэнергии постоянно растет, а с ним повышается и спрос на инженеров-нефтя- ников.

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4.  Инженеры-нефтяники являются экспертами в вопросах бурения на нефть и газ, управления разработкой нефтяных пластов и добычи нефти. Их конкретные обязанности могут различаться в зависимости от компании и условий работы (например, на суше или на море).

5.  Общество инженеров-нефтяников (SPE) – некоммерческая профессиональнаяассоциация, членыкоторойработаютвсфереразработки и добычи энергетических ресурсов. Миссия общества – это сбор, распространениеиобменинформацией, атакжеобеспечениеспециалистов возможностью повышать профессиональное мастерство и уровень знаний.

Text 4. a) Read the text. Make the glossary to it. Translate it from English into Russian. Make the outline of the text. Retell it to your group.

b) Write the summary of the text.

APPLYING SMART METHODS

After discussing several ways of achieving a smart well, many more smart methods and systems are available in the oil and gas services market that can deliver optimization and improve the productivity. However, it does not necessarily mean that the above-mentioned methods would be suitable for any well and deliver decent results. For example, operators need to be extra cautious when using fishbone method while drilling in highly fractured reservoirs and make sure to have sufficient and enough data to place the fishbone ribs in the right place. Wrong placement would lead to connect the wellbore with unwanted features and zones, which would lead to excessive water or gas production. Similarly, zonal isolation method has to be chosen based on knowledge of reservoirʼs properties. Choosing the wrong type of swellable packer would result in unsuccessful isolation, hence production from unwanted zones. Moreover, economics has to be taken into consideration before applying any type of smart methods. Having many gauges at the wellbore is doable but does not always have an economical return to the operator. Smart wellʼs true definition is a well that delivers the highest rate of return with the lowest expense in a safe way.

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Text 5. a) Read the text. Make the glossary to it. Translate it from English into Russian. Make the outline of the text. Retell it to your group.

b) Write the summary of the text.

“Smart Wells” technologies are needed to enhance the profitability of unconventional reservoirs. Smart wells drive the development projects to be cost effective and increase their Net Present Value. That can be achieving by reducing the number of drilled wells, work overs and intervention operations. Fishbone technology helps in connecting far points of the formation directly to the wellbore and achieving a larger drainage area. The ribs help in achieving more exposure, which leads to increase the production from a single well and reduce the well count. Those kind of drilling technologies can be used in re-developing the fields and increase their Net Present Value. Smart technologies can optimize the overall productivity of the well by controlling the production and injection zones and delay the breakthrough of gas and water. They can also avoid water and gas coning and sand production, which lead to an increase in the productivity of the well. In addition to that, collecting data while the well is on production without the need to shut-in for intervention or data collecting campaign is a great advantage for smart technologies.

Text 6. a) Read the text. Make the glossary to it. Translate it from English into Russian. Make the outline of the text. Retell it to your group.

b) Write the summary of the text.

Improving the Productivity of the Oil and Gas Wells

Improving the productivity of the oil and gas wells has always been a priority for the energy operators. This has become even more important recently especially with the fact that most of easy conventional reservoirs have been already developed and produced. The growing demand of oil and gas makes it imperative to develop the unconventional reservoirs in order to supply enough energy to the world. In fact, that is associated with increase in the drilling and work over costs while drilling in deep waters, as well as other offshore and the horizontal wells. Unconventional reservoirs are usually high risk and require huge early investments in order to be developed which drive the investors away from investing in them. In addition to that, unconventional reservoirs are complicated, hard to develop and most of the time uneconomical to invest in. Smart ways and methods are needed to increase

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the profitability of such projects. Therefore, it is essential to develop “smart” ways to produce oil and gas from unconventional reservoir.

Smart wells would increase the profitability of the investment by driving the cost to be effective. They also are capable of increasing the Net Present Value (NPV) by reducing the number of drilled wells, work overs and intervention operations. Smart wells have the ability to optimize the overall productivity by controlling the production and injection zones and delay the breakthroughs of gas and water. They also are capable of avoiding/delaying water/gas coning and sand production. That eventually leads to an increase in the productivity of the well. In addition to that, operators can increase the drainage area and production zones with less number of wells by applying smart drilling methods. Another important smart aspect is to be able to collect data while the well is on production without the need to shut-in for intervention or data collecting campaign. That prevents losing oil for interventions and improving the overall economics of the development. Smart well technologies insure an efficient and economical solutions for most of the drilling and production issues and reduce the OPEX cost of the operators for intervention operations to the well significantly.

Therefore, the well has to be completed from the beginning in a “smart” way to insure maximum productivity and profitability thru various stages of the well life. As a result, service companies and research institutes are working hard to develop smart technologies in all stages like drilling, completion and monitoring the well while on production. These advanced technologies stand out with their abilities of controlling the fluid in the wellbore, monitoring the performance of the well through collecting and analyzing the wellbore parameters and more other abilities and advantages, which is going to be discussed further in this paper.

Lots researches define “smart well” as a well that equipped with preinstalled high-tech devices in the wellbore that help in monitoring and controlling the well from the surface electrically or hydraulically. They also would have the ability to self-control, collect and analyze the data. However, this paper would take the term and expand it more to start while drilling the well and try to apply smart ways in drilling the wells. The idea of smart wells started with real-time gauges, which can be installed down hole to read the pressure and temperature. Nowadays, there are several available smart technologies that can be applied and depend on many properties; pressure, temperature, fluid composition and characterization. They also depend on the

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objective of the operators; water shutoff, gas shutoff, eliminating conning effects or maintaining the pressure. Generally, smart wells have the ability to monitor the performance, collect and analyze down whole data.

СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

1.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_reservoir

2.https://today.tamu.edu/2020/01/13/smart-drilling-creating-a-more-intelligent- advisory-system/

3.Orlov D, Enikeev R, Nazipov D, et al. Well Placement Application to Drill Fishbone Well on Russkoe Field. Moscow, MC; Society of Petroleum Engineers; 2007.

4.Voll BA, Ismail IM, Oguche I. Sustaining Production by Limiting Water Cut And Gas Break Through with Autonomous Inflow Control Technology. Moscow, MC; Society of Petroleum Engineers; 2014.

5.Konopczynski M, Dowlatabad MM. Improving the performance of EOR in Unconventional Oil Reservoirs Using Advanced Completion Technology. Moscow, MC; Society of Petroleum Engineers; 2015.

6.Bazitov MV, Golovko SI, Konosov DA, et al. First Fishbone Well Drilling at Vankorskoe Field. Moscow, MC; Society of Petroleum Engineers; 2015.

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