Petroleum engineering. Нефтегазовая инженерия. Учебное пособие

READING COMPREHENSION

4. Answer the questions.

1.What created the necessary prerequisites for HF? When and where did it happen for the first time? Can you name the pioneers (people and companies)?

2.Is HF widely used? Can you list the companies involved in the process nowadays?

3.Why is HF important?

4.What is meant under “other tight-rock formations”?

5.Doesn’t HF present a serious threat to the environment?

6.How are the fluids kept away from aquifers and drinking water wells?

7.Can some fractures form naturally? Please, give examples.

8.What is proppant? What is it for?

9.Who regulates HF? How many times may HF be performed?

10.Why should communities allow HF?

5. Complete the following sentences.

1.After the invention of fracking a new stage of oil and gas industry has started. It unlocked …

2.It takes … from preparing the site for development to production itself. Then the well can be in …

3.In order to protect groundwater a steel pipe … and numerous protective measures are …

4.Small holes in the casing perforated in the horizontal part of the pipe are filled by … which creates …

5.All state regulations are extremely important for the effective and secure hydraulic fracturing as they …

6.In order to make hydraulic fracturing be environmental friendly with minimal risks to humans, the industry …

6. Find English equivalents to the following word-combinations.

1.десятки тысяч;

2.теоретически/формально извлекаемый сланцевый газ;

3.энергетически независимая страна;

4.самая верхняя часть скважины;

5.многочисленные меры предосторожности;

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6.сливать в открытые водоемы;

7.ежедневная работа;

8.чувствительные звукоулавливатели;

9.очистка с повторением одинаковых процессов;

10.первостепенной важности;

11.инвестирует значительные средства;

12.геологические разломы/разрывы;

13.возможности текущего контроля и моделирования.

7.Translate the following word combinations into Russian. Make up your own sentences with them.

1.tight-rock formation;

2.recoverable shale oil and gas;

3.energy-secure country;

4.well pad;

5.hydraulic fracturing proppant;

6.flowback;

7.fault line;

8.well-completion procedure.

WORD BUILDING

8. Give the initial words of the following derivatives.

Example: different -to differ

1.relatively

2.typically

3.ceaselessly

4.probably

5.magnetic

6.ultraviolet

7.announcement

8.occurence

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9. Form nouns adding the suffixes a)-age, b)-ment to the given verbs and adjectives and translate them.

Example:

a)to leak – течь leakage – утечка

b)to equip – оборудовать equipment – оборудование

1.to use, to cover, to store, to break, to pass, to carry, to link, to stop, to assemble, to short(en);

2.to develop, to arrange, to achieve, to move, to measure, to improve, to manage, to establish, to excite, to require.

TRANSLATE

10. Translate the sentences from English into Russian.

1.This oil play is still under active development.

2.Casing is a large diameter pipe that is inserted into a drilled section of a well.

3.A proppant is a solid material which consists of sand or man-made ceramic materials.

4.Liquid chemicals runoff during the drilling operations contaminates the

soil.

5.Historically, most drillers dug two pits prior to drilling a well.

6.Pits are used for toxic elements storage.

7.Recycling reduces energy usage, air and water pollution and lowers greenhouse gas emissions.

8.Improper disposal of hazardous waste products can cause harmful chemicals to enter the environment and contaminate our land and water.

9.Spills and flowback can contaminate the surface lands.

10.Liquefied petroleum gas is commonly referred to as LPG.

11.You cannot enter the drilling site without a permit.

12.Our company can offer products tailored to the needs of our clients.

13.Water is relatively plentiful but disposal of wastewater has been bureaucratically difficult and expensive, while the sites that can collect it are scarce. Thus states are scrambling to draft regulations for the new recycling systems.

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14.According to a recently published Chamber of Commerce study of the largest energy-consuming nations, Mexico is the most energy secure country of the 25 countries in the large energy user.

15.The function of the proppant when injected into fractures is to keep them open after the fracturing pressure dissipates.

16.Containment pit with air collar, also known as containment, are perfect for the collection of hazardous runoff associated with decontamination, drums, small equipment and storage.

17.The fluid, which returns to the surface relatively quickly, and in high volumes, is referred to as flowback.

18.The figure below is an indicative representation of how multiple horizontal wells from a single pad are able to access gas in shale and tight rock formations.

19.Technically recoverable oil resources are those producible using currently available technology and industry practices.

20.An application for a wastewater discharge permit shall be filed in accordance with Section 4 of this Chapter prior to the date upon which any discharge will or is reasonably expected to begin.

21.Nonetheless, the government still has to decide on daily production levels and the export pipeline route.

22.As such, many considerations must be taken into account during the development and implementation of protective measures and programs that may be used by the oil and gas Sector.

11. Translate the text from English into Russian. Write the summary of the text. Retell the text to the groupmates.

Smart Drilling

Since most of the easy oil and gas reservoirs are already developed, the need of smart ways to access unconventional reservoirs is undoubted. The best way to achieve a “smart well” is to think smartly from the beginning. Therefore, smart technologies have to be applied in the early stages of the well, precisely when drilling the well. To drill smartly, the ultimate objective is to reduce drilling cost by reducing the well count and access most of the pay zone with the drilled wellbore . In another word, it is a goal for the operators to apply new economical smart methods to drill a well that is

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capable of producing an amount of production equal to more than one well if drilled in a conventional way. Here we start with a smart drilling method that has a promising future in adding smart and economical values to the well; that method is the Fishbone. This drilling method is one of the smart newly developed technologies that are used in drilling the horizontal wells. Fishbone can be obtained by drilling each branch (rib) using the advanced rotary steerable drilling systems or by installing numbers of ribs inside the drill pipe which penetrate the formation with the help of the acid stimulation operation

. Fishbone technology helps in connecting far points of the formation directly to wellbore and achieving a larger drainage area. The ribs help in achieving more exposure, which leads to increase the production from a single well. They also help in increasing the Net Present Value (NPV) of oil and gas horizontal production wells by increasing the productivity of the well especially in low-permeability reservoirs and challenging formations. In addition to that, the number of drilled wells is less with fishbone technology because the larger drainage area achieved from one fishbone well. Another main advantage is ensuring the right placement of the fracture, assure fracture opening and increase the efficiency of fluid transportation from the reservoir to the wellbore, unlike multi and hydraulic fracture methods. That would lead to a delay in the decline of the productivity of the well . Moreover, fishbone operations are considered more efficient compared to multi and hydraulic facture when it comes to operation time and overall project economics . However, pre job designing has to be precise in obtaining the number, length and angles of the ribs to optimize production from the reservoir and to avoid accessing unwanted formations/features. That would be obtained from understanding the reservoir characterizations and using simulation software to predict the optimal fishbone design . Fishbone can be considered as a type of commingle production since it can access different zones especially in compartmentalized reservoirs.

On the other hand, with this kind of drilling methods, which allow extra accessibility to different zones in the reservoir, it is essential to take into consideration the downsides of them. Some serious production issues can occur such as cross flowing between different zones, early water/ gas breakthrough and high-unwanted water/gas production. Therefore, the zonal isolation methods have to be applied and installed in those kinds of wells to avoid such issues. The next section of this research is going to elaborate more on those kinds of isolation systems.

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12. Match the words with their definitions

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13. Fill in the gaps with words from the chart above

1.The Smartplex system was designed mainly for dry tree applications commonly used in land wells and is suitable for extended reach horizontals with narrow____________.

2.The RNG Company successfully implements the drilling of horizontal wells using the __________ technology.

3.ACAM ___________ enables oil and gas companies to analyze these operations from end to end and explore what-if scenarios to make smart decisions.

4._________technology involves down-hole measurement and control of well bore and reservoir flow.

5.Most ___________________ are developed by means of high-pressure water injection and advanced water injection.

6.An increase in production is facilitated by the _____ of fishbone well providing more exposure.

7.In ____________________, resources like oil and gas are produced from multiple pools beneath the ground. They are brought to surface together through a common wellbore.

8._______________________is generally programmed by the measurement while drilling (MWD) engineer or directional driller who transmits commands using surface equipment (typically using either pressure fluctuations in the mud column or variations in the drill string rotation) which the tool responds to, and gradually steers into the desired direction.

14. Read the text and fill in the glossary to it. Translate the text from English into Russian. Write the summary of the text. Retell the text to the groupmates.

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cutting/ cuttingchipping

4rolling cutter bit

blast holes

5diamond drill

6female taper

7rotary-blade drill

8forged body

Drill Bits

A drill bit is the basic element of a drilling tool for the mechanical breakup of rock during the drilling operation. The term “bit” dates from the early period in the development of drilling technology, when the only method of sinking wells was percussion drilling.

Drill bits are classified into:

a)in three groups according to purpose or use: for continuous drilling, for core drilling and for special purposes;

b)into four classes according to their effect on rock: crushing, crushingchipping, abrasive-cutting, and cutting-chipping action;

c)in three types, based on the working part used: rolling cutter bits, diamond bits, and rotary-blade bits.

Rolling cutter bits are widely used in well drilling for oil and gas; this type is efficient for driving boreholes in geological prospecting and blast holes in hard rock. The rolling cutter bit consists of one or several conical, spherical, or cylindrical rolling cutters on roller or sliding bearings. The outside surface of the rolling cutter is equipped with rock-crushing elements, which may be in the form of milled teeth or press-fitted.

Diamond drill bits consist of a hard-alloy working part - matrix, on which the diamonds are mounted, and a steel body with a female taper lock joining

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thread. Diamond bits are differed according to the shape of the working part, the diamond quality, and the flushing system. The use of diamond drill bits is expedient at great depths - more than 3,000 m.

Rotary-blade drill bits consist of a forged body onto which three or more blades are welded. Rotary-blade bits are used for drilling in soft and mediumhard rock. The bits used for churn drilling are also of the rotary-blade type.

Well-drilling efficiency is increased by the removal of rock debris from the hole and by cooling the working elements of the drill bit. This is done by blowing air or flushing.

Developments in drill-bit technology are directed toward the improvement of designs, the use of new materials, and the equipping of cutting elements with diamonds, high-strength hard alloys, and superhard materials.

GRAMMAR

VERB PATTERNS. THE GERUND

The Gerund is a non-finite form of the verb.

The Gerund is a non-finite Герундий – это неличная форма глагола. form of the verb. The other Другиенеличныеформыглагола– инфини- non-finite verb forms are the тив и причастие.

Infinitive and the Participle.

Gerunds are formed from Герундий образуется от глаголов прибавлеverbs by adding ING: be – ниемING: be – being; go – going; play – playbeing; go – going; play – ing; talk – talking; write – writing. Герундий playing; talk – talking; можнообразоватьотбольшинстваглаголов write – writing. Gerunds can (кроме модальных глаголов).

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be formed from most verbs (except modal verbs).

The simple active form and

the passive form usually ex- Простаяактивнаяформаипассивнаяформа press an action that is simul- обычно выражают действие, одновремен- taneous with the action ex- ное с действием, выраженным основным pressed by the main verb. глаголом. Перфектная форма и перфектная The perfect form and the per- пассивнаяформавыражаютдействие, пред- fect passive form express an шествующее действию, выраженному осaction that precedes the ac- новным глаголом.

tion expressed by the main verb.

The simple form of the Ger- Простая форма герундия наиболее употре- und is the most common. The бительна. Сложные формы герундия упо- compound forms of the Ger- требляются реже, в основном в письменной und are used more rarely, речи.

mostly in writing.

I completely forgot having Я совсем забыл, что попросил его подо- asked him to wait for me ждать меня там. (having asked – перфектная there. (having asked – perfect форма)

form)

She doesn't like being asked Она не любит, когда ей задают такие во- such questions. (being просы. (being asked – пассивная форма) asked – passive form)

The simple active form of the Простая активная форма герундия часто Gerund is often used instead употребляется вместо перфектной формы of the perfect form in those в тех случаях, где не нужно подчёркивать, cases where it is not neces- чтодействие, выраженноегерундием, пред- sary to stress that the action шествует действию, выраженному основexpressed by the Gerund pre-

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